...Gestalt psychology reflection Paper Barrie Bogatov Psy/310 14 March, 2015 Since its inception, psychology has taken many twists and turns from the theories of Skinner, Thorndike, experiments from Watson, Pavlov etc. and from them we have learned a great deal. Nevertheless, according to Schultz & Schultz (2012) “at approximately the same time the behaviorist revolution was gathering strength in the United States, the Gestalt revolution was taking hold of German psychology” (Schultz & Schultz, 2012 pg 262). When it comes to Gestalt psychology, one can say that this field had many influences from many different founders with many different views and theories. Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Ernst Mach, and Kurt Koffka are some of the ones that had a huge impact on the development of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt psychology as we know is “the study of perception and behavior from the standpoint of an individual's response to configurationally wholes with stress on the uniformity of psychological and physiological events and rejection of analysis into discrete events of stimulus, percept, and response” Max Wertheimer was a young scholar who was going to school to study law. But during his time at the University of Prague he decided to change his major to a field of study that he found rather interesting and that field was philosophy and psychology. As per different students, who took his lectures or had been to his office said that the way he saw...
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...Influences of Gestalt psychology were Immanuel Kant’s study on the focuses of perception as a whole, Ernst Mach’s influence of sensation thinking, and Christin von Ehrenfel’s further exploration and experimentation on Mach’s sensations theory. Max Wertheimer studied Ehrenfel’s work and used it as the bass for his movement of the Gestalt theory. In addition, the two other founders of Gestalt psychology, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler, studied elements of consciousness and artificial abstractions that furthered Gestalt research and movement. “After Wertheimer initiated the studies on the perception of apparent movement, Gestalt psychologists seized on other perceptual phenomena. The experience of perceptual constancies afforded additional support for their views” (Schultz, 2011, p. 271). The idea of perceptual constancy is having completeness and or wholeness not very even if information is missing. Gestalt psychology is theory of the mind being so complex and dynamic that sensory elements such as vision and sound interact in order to fill in missing information that is perceived by an individual who is perceiving the information given. The founders of Gestalt psychology explain perceptual and a few defining principles. The first law is similarity, meaning items are perceived as being together such as forming a group. For example, if an individual were to see a group of squares and circles the law similarity would allow the individual to group the squares and circles separately...
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...Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Příbor (German: Freiberg in Mähren), Austrian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic, the first of their eight children.[10] His father, Jakob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel (1833–1914) and Philipp (1836–1911), from his first marriage. Jakob's family were Hasidic Jews, and though Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition, he came to be known for his Torah study. He and Freud's mother, Amalia (née Nathansohn), 20 years her husband's junior and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a rented room, in a locksmith's house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born.[11] He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as a positive omen for the boy's future.[12] In 1859 the Freud family left Freiberg. Freud’s half brothers immigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the “inseparable” playmate of his early childhood, Emanuel’s son, John.[13] Jacob Freud took his wife and two children (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, had died in infancy) firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters (Rosa, Marie, Adolfine and Paula) and a brother (Alexander) were born. In 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors...
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...2011 Problem Formulation and Decision-Making Tool The importance of using decision making tools has been helpful throughout man kind, although the stated theories came about not too long ago in 1927 by Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Fechner. Naturally, a person will make a decision based on what they see fit to be the best fit for their needs or wants. Paired comparison is an effective method of decision making. “When our pattern of decision-making is irrational, we live an irrational life. Rational decisions maximize the quality of life without violating the rights or harming the well-being of others. Rational decisions maximize our chances for happiness, successful living, and fulfillment” (Paul & Elder, 2006, p. 1). Decision-Making Tool Paired comparison decision making is a tool used to come to a decision. This allows one to see two people, items or options and compare “apples with oranges”. With this tool, one would take pairs of items and choose the preferred item from the pair; either the preferred item, or the item that has been established to hold the most value. Strengths of this tool The advantages of this tool are for the individual to provide ample information for the decision at hand and to make a sound decision. One must research the options whether they are in regard to employment of an individual, the selection of a candidate running for office in an election, or what to have for dinner. In regard to the individual that may...
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...John Steinbeck Research Paper: Final Draft John Steinbeck is regarded as the “quintessential American writer.” He created many works of literature that “evoke life in the 20th century with compassion and lyrical precision” (Li). John Steinbeck’s most popular works such as Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Grapes of Wrath (1939) explore the darker side of life in America for farm laborers. Though these works were considered highly controversial, they gained him major recognition. Of Mice and Men was adapted as a play in 1938 and was declared the best play by New York Drama Critics’ Circle. He went on to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1940 for The Grapes of Wrath. In 1962, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature (Schultz & Li). As a child and youth, Steinbeck spent a lot of time working on farms and interacting with other migrant workers. His experiences with migrant farm workers created the foundation for Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. John Ernst Steinbeck was born on February 27th 1902 in Salinas California to John Ernst Steinbeck Sr. and Olivia Hamilton Steinbeck. Steinbeck Sr. managed a flour mill, and his mother Olivia was a teacher in a school, thus securing the family a middle class income (Bender). His mother Olivia looked to “mold him into a man of broad intellectual capacity” (Kiernan). She read him several books as a child and, by the age of five, he could read. In school he was teased for “his large ears…so he withdrew into books.” His...
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...Date: EVENT 1867: Parents Hermann and Pauline marry. 1879 Born 14th March, Ulm, Germany. 1880 Move to Munich. Hermann and brother Jakob establish an electrical engineering firm. 1881 Sister Maria (Maja) born. 1884 Sense of wonder at a compass given to him by his father. Private tuition. 1885 Starts catholic school and violin lessons (until 14.) Jewish religious instruction at home. 1888 Passes entrance exam for Luitpold Gymnasium, Munich. 1889 Meets 21 year old student Max Talmud, introduces Einstein to key science and philosophy texts including Kant’s "Critique of pure reason" 1891: 2nd major sense of wonder with Euclidean geometry. Wrote later: “If Euclid fails to kindle your youthful enthusiasm, you were not born to be a scientific thinker.”Begins to excel in maths and science, despite hating regimentation of school and rote learning. 1892 Einstein is not bar mitzvahed so not technically a member of the Jewish community. 1894 June – Parent’s engineering company go into liquidation, the family move to Milan while Einstein remains in Munich with distance relatives to finish his schooling. 29th December - Einstein leaves school early with a medical certificate, joins family in Milan. He had no school leaving certificate but a letter from his maths teacher confirming his excellent maths abilities. 1895 Essay “On the investigation of the state of the Ether in a magnetic field” in summer sent to his uncle Caesar Kock in Belgium. Einstein’s family...
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...Swiss Patent Office (Bern) * University of Zurich * Charles University in Prague * ETH Zurich * Caltech * Prussian Academy of Sciences * Kaiser Wilhelm Institute * University of Leiden * Institute for Advanced Study | Alma mater | * ETH Zurich * University of Zurich | Thesis | Folgerungen aus den Capillaritatserscheinungen (1901) | Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner | Other academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber | Notable students | * Abdul Jabbar Abdullah * Ernst G. Straus * Nathan Rosen * Leó Szilárd * Raziuddin Siddiqui[1] | Known for | * General relativity and special relativity * Photoelectric effect * Mass-energy equivalence * Theory of Brownian Motion * Einstein field equations * Bose–Einstein statistics * Bose–Einstein condensate * Bose–Einstein correlations * Unified Field Theory * EPR paradox | Notable awards | * Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) * Matteucci Medal (1921) * Copley Medal (1925)[2] * Max Planck Medal (1929) * Time Person of the Century (1999) | Spouse | Mileva Marić (1903–1919) Elsa Löwenthal (1919–1936) | Children | "Lieserl" (1902–1903?) Hans Albert (1904–1973) Eduard "Tete" (1910–1965) | Signature | Albert...
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...Electron Commerce Res (2006) 6: 57–73 DOI: 10.1007/s10660-006-5988-7 Community based innovation: How to integrate members of virtual communities into new product development Johann Fuller · Michael Bartl · Holger Ernst · ¨ Hans Muhlbacher ¨ C Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2006 Abstract Online consumer groups represent a large pool of product know-how. Hence, they seem to be a promising source of innovation. At present, except for open source software, little is known about how to utilize this know-how for new product development. In this article we explore if and how members of virtual communities can be integrated into new product development. We explain how to identify and access online communities and how to interact with its members in order to get valuable input for new product development. This approach we term “Community Based Innovation.” The Audi case illustrates the applicability of the method and underscores the innovative capability of consumers encountered in virtual communities. Keywords Online communities . User innovations . New product development . Virtual customer integration Customers’ wants and their acquired knowledge through the actual use of products make them an essential external resource for new product development (NPD) [12, 13, 37, 47, 65, 57, 71]. Some customers are not only knowledgeable but also able to develop their own new products [22, 50, 58, 67, 69]. Such innovative customers can be found in online communities J. F¨ ller...
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...diverse challenges of the corporate world. The program is specifically designed for mid-career managers, and it emphasizes on their personal development, enhanced productivity and strategic thinking. Participants’ Eligibility In-service professionals having: - 16 years education with three years’ post qualification work experience; or - 14 years education with six years’ post qualification work experience - Minimum 45% aggregate marks in the last degree. Satisfactory performance in the IBA admission test and interview. Ideal Group Size is Thirty (30) in-service professionals/mid-career managers. Executive MBA degree from IBA Karachi shall be awarded on qualifying: − Course work with minimum 2.2 CGPA − Comprehensive exam − Completion of two research projects Duration Format Group size Degree Minimum 2 years and maximum 5 years − Learning sessions are scheduled on: Saturdays Sundays 6:00 pm to 9:15 pm 10:00 am to 5:15 pm − 18 core courses of three/four credit hours and two term reports / projects of...
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...between the weights of calcium and barium, elements possessing similar chemical properties. In 1829, after discovering the halogen triad composed of chlorine, bromine, and iodine and the alkali metal triad of lithium, sodium and potassium he proposed that nature contained triads of elements the middle element had properties that were an average of the other two members when ordered by the atomic weight (the Law of Triads). This new idea of triads became a popular area of study. Between 1829 and 1858 a number of scientists (Jean Baptiste Dumas, Leopold Gmelin, Ernst Lenssen, Max von Pettenkofer, and J.P. Cooke) found that these types of chemical relationships extended beyond the triad. During this time fluorine was added to the halogen group; oxygen, sulfur,selenium and tellurium were grouped into a family while nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth were classified as another. Unfortunately, research in this area was hampered...
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...RESPONSIBILITY DOES AN INDIVIDUAL MANAGER HAVE FOR THE ETHICAL CULTURE OF HIS/HER ORGANISATION? Ram Visvanathan Business Ethics May 28, 2014 Introduction. Ethics is very important for the prosperity of any organization. Every employee or stakeholder of an organization has got an important role to play in nurturing an ethical culture in an organization. This research paper discusses the level of responsibility that an individual manager has in the ethical culture of his or her organization. This is done with close attention to academic journals and research. The paper will derive its arguments from veteran theories like the Utilitarian and the Kantian theories. The paper will also relate its discussions with the case study about Enron a USA company that collapsed as a result of unethical behavior in the management. Some of the components that will be highlighted in the paper include; the importance of an ethical culture in an organization, the dangers of lack of ethics in an organization and the strategies that can be used to promote ethics in an organization. Justification of the research. The study of the role of individual managers in the ethical culture of an organization is a justified venture. This is because of the increased calls for ethical behaviors in organizations. The expectations of the staff and the society at large on ethical behaviors have increased tremendously over the past decade (Kansas & Plain 2002). Organizations also have a constitutional...
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...HISTORY 4C: WESTERN CIVILIZATION: 1715-PRESENT Description of the Course: This course surveys the history of Europe from the beginning of the 18th century until the end of the 20th century. We will study major political, economic, social and intellectual developments that affected European societies during that time period and changed lives of people throughout the world. Major themes of the course will include the French and Industrial Revolutions, emergence of ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and socialism as well as their practical impact on politics and culture, the rise and fall of European global dominance, wars and revolution of the 20th century. Goals of the Course: I. Understanding Historical Heritage of our Civilization: The major purpose of this course is to familiarize you with heritage of the western civilization and help you understand significance of its impact on contemporary world. This class will aim to illustrate how the past impacts people’s lives in the present and how our actions, ideas, and self-image are shaped by historical developments. II. Acquiring Critical Thinking: History consists of more than just memorization of names, dates and narratives of historical events. Although knowledge of factual information is imperative, it is important to realize that history is interpretation of facts, trends and ideas. Therefore, neither professor nor Teaching Assistants will give you “right” or “wrong” answers. Instead, another major...
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...Peeters3 The Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, USA; 2Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 3 Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Brussels, Belgium Correspondence: AY Lewin, The Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, 1 Towerview Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC 27708, USA. Tel: þ 1 919 660 7654; Fax: þ 1 919 660 7769 1 Abstract This paper empirically studies determinants of decision by companies to offshore innovation activities. It uses survey data from the international Offshoring Research Network project to estimate the impact of managerial intentionality, past experience, and environmental factors on the probability of offshoring innovation projects. The results show that the emerging shortage of highly skilled science and engineering talent in the US and, more generally, the need to access qualified personnel are important explanatory factors for offshoring innovation decisions. Moreover, contrary to drivers of many other functions, labor arbitrage is less important than other forms of cost savings. The paper concludes with a discussion of the changing dynamics underlying offshoring of innovation activities, suggesting that companies are entering a global race for talent. Journal of International Business Studies (2009) 40, 901–925. doi:10.1057/jibs.2008.92 Keywords: offshoring; innovation; product development; global talent; co-evolution; survey Received: 27 June 2007 Revised: 5 August 2008 Accepted:...
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...V O LU M E 1 9 | N U M B E R 2 | S PRING 2007 Journal of APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE A MO RG A N S TA N L E Y P U B L I C AT I O N In This Issue: Valuation, Capital Budgeting, and Disclosure Enterprise Valuation Roundtable Presented by Ernst & Young 8 Panelists: Richard Ruback, Harvard Business School; Trevor Harris, Morgan Stanley; Aileen Stockburger, Johnson & Johnson; Dino Mauricio, General Electric; Christian Roch, BNP Paribas; Ken Meyers, Siemens Corporation; and Charles Kantor, Lehman Brothers. Moderated by Jeff Greene, Ernst & Young. The Case for Real Options Made Simple 39 Raul Guerrero, Asymmetric Strategy Valuing the Debt Tax Shield 50 Ian Cooper, London Business School, and Kjell G. Nyborg, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration Measuring Free Cash Flows for Equity Valuation: Pitfalls and Possible Solutions 60 Juliet Estridge, Morgan Stanley, and Barbara Lougee, University of San Diego Discount Rates in Emerging Markets: Four Models and an Application 72 Javier Estrada, IESE Business School Rail Companies: Prospects for Privatization and Consolidation 78 James Runde, Morgan Stanley A Real Option in a Jet Engine Maintenance Contract 88 Richard L. Shockley, Jr., University of Indiana A Practical Method for Valuing Real Options: The Boeing Approach 95 Scott Mathews, The Boeing Company, Vinay Datar, Seattle University, and Blake Johnson, Stanford University Accounting for Employee...
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...ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division 2005 Fall Technical Conference: ARES-ARICE Symposium on Gas Fired Reciprocating Engines September 11 – 14 ,2005, Ottawa, Canada ICEF2005-1352 Laser Ignition - a New Concept to Use and Increase the Potentials of Gas Engines Dr. Günther Herdin/GEJenbacher GmbH & Co OHG Prof. Ernst Wintner/Technical University of Vienna DI Johann Klausner/GEJenbacher GmbH & Co OHG Josef Graf/Technical University of Vienna DI Martin Weinrotter/Technical University of Vienna Kurt Iskra/Technical University of Graz ABSTRACT Due to market demands aimed at increasing the efficiency and the power density of gas engines, existing ignition systems are rapidly approaching their limits. To avoid this, gas engine manufacturers are seeking new technologies. From the viewpoint of gas engine R&D engineers, ignition of the fuel/air mixture by means of a laser has great potential. Especially the thermodynamic requirements of a high compression ratio and a high power density are fulfilled well by laser ignition. Results of measurements on the test bench confirm the high expectations – with a BMEP of 1.8 MPa it was possible to verify NOx values of a non-optimized system of 30 ppm (70 mg/Nm³ @ 5 % O2) with very high combustion stability. In the meantime, GEJ can look back at 6 years of excellent experience and can see itself as the “technological leader” in the field of laser ignition. Despite this, considerable developmental steps are still necessary to adapt...
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