...Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Acknowledgements I give my sincere gratitude to Jehovah God for his love and care throughout my life and the fifteen months I have been here. With much honour I sincerely thank my Supervisor, Prof M.Grimm, truth be told it was a blessing to have a supervisor like him, I am short of words to describe him, I would simply say he has been tremendously wonderful. Always there for me and giving me feedback in less than I expect, all I can say is that, ‘thank you very much’. I am equally humbled and grateful to my reader Dr Bridget O’Laughlin for her guidance and wonderful suggestions which largely contributed to the progress of this paper. Thank you To the NZP+ women, I feel indebted to you for your wonderful...
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...HIV Introduction H - Stands for Human. The virus is only found in humans and not in animals or insects. I - stands for Immunodeficiency – This means the virus weakens the bodies' ability to fight other infections. In time this leads to the group of illness called AIDS. V - Stands for Virus. It is an infectious agent that is non cellular. It is capable of self replicating only inside living cell. They are therefore parasitic because they rely on the host cell multiplication mechanism. AIDS A-Acquired an acquired condition is the one that is not inborn. AIDS patient acquire a condition that makes them not able to fight infections. I - Immune A normal human being has an immune system that helps them fight disease. The immune system involves structures such as the skin to keep away entry bacteria and other pathogens. The environment we live is full of micro organisms some living in the air, others water and others in food. Our bodies are well adopted to keep away these micro organisms. D – Deficiency. When it comes to HIV AIDS there is deficiency of adequate immunity. HIV virus infect immune cell (to be particular T-helper or CD4+ cells). T - Helper cells are very instrumental in the immune system thus when they are attacked by the virus they deplete in number. S - Syndrome: A variety of different symptoms and illness. The grouping of well recognized illness connected with AIDS makes a syndrome. TYPES OF HIV Two types of HIV are currently recognized: HIV-1, HIV-2. - Transmission...
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...director of HIV/AIDS Prevention at Population Services International (PSI) India, walked the streets of Mumbai's red-light district, he felt as though there was probably no other place like it in the world. Although dirty, crowded, and run-down, the district known for its brothels and the local Indian mafia was also a vibrant area that included shops, restaurants, and movie theaters. At any time of the day or night and at any time of the year, the redlight district was an area that was always alive and open for business. This particular afternoon in March 2002 was not unlike any other day in this area of Mumbai. To Sanjay and his colleagues at PSI, however, the red-light district of Mumbai was also ground zero for the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in India—something that the nonprofit organization was fully committed to prevent. Over the past 10 years, PSI had worked to educate sex workers in Mumbai about HIV and the significantly lower transmission rates that resulted from the use of condoms. It was estimated that there were between 20,000 and 30,000 sex workers within a 10-block area of the red-light district. Since roughly 85% of all HIV transmission in India occurred through intercourse with sex workers, for PSI the red-light district was a major battleground in the fight to prevent the spread of HIV. To reach as many sex workers in the district as possible, PSI employed a group of Interpersonal Communicators, or IPCs, to personally carry its safe-sex message. Even...
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...HIV/AIDS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY By: Tina Green HIV/AIDS Hook & Thesis statement What is AIDS? I. How is it contracted? A. Where did AIDS come from B. Who is at risk of infection? II. Transfer of the virus A. Is anyone safe from the virus? B. Is there a cure? III. Statistics A. How many people living with HIV? B. How many people living with AIDS? IV. Conclusion A. Medication B. Prevention What exactly is HIV? HIV is an abbreviation for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). According to Aids.gov, more than 1.1 million people in the United States are living with HIV infection, and almost 1 in 6 (15.8%) an unaware of their infection. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is an infectious virus that destroys the Immune system and makes it harder to fight off infections. Where did HIV come from? The aidsinstitute.org states, “Scientists identified a chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. The chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus or SIV) was most likely transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts...
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...September/November 2008 Patrick Eba One size punishes all… A critical appraisal of the criminalisation of HIV transmission Lauded by lawmakers as an expression of their strong will to ‘fight AIDS’, HIV-specific laws have become a ubiquitous feature of the legal response to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa1 As of 1st December 2008, twenty countries in ECOWAS Parliament, the West African Health Organisation sub-Saharan Africa had adopted HIV-specific laws.2 (WAHO), the Center for Studies and Research on HIV-specific laws or ‘omnibus HIV laws’, as they are Population for Development (CERPOD), the Network of sometimes ironically referred to, are legislative provisions Parliamentarians in Chad for Population and Development that regulate, in a single document, several aspects of HIV and the USAID West African Regional Programme.3 and The stated objective of these HIV-specific laws, as communication; HIV testing, prevention treatment, care provided under several of their preambulary provisions, and support; HIV-related research; and the protection of is to and AIDS, including HIV-related education people living with HIV. The emergence of HIV-specific …ensure that every person living with HIV or laws in sub-Saharan Africa can be traced to the adoption presumed to be living with HIV enjoys the full of the Model Law on STI/HIV/AIDS for West and Central protection of his or her human rights and freedoms.4 Africa in September...
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...Research Proposal on HIV Posted at: February 9, 2010 under: Sample Research Proposals by admin @ 7:04 am Problem Twenty years ago, the subject of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which has been found to be the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), would not have been the topic of a major and serious worldwide catastrophe. Twenty years ago, people were not phased by the effects that would be caused by this ever so populating disease, and no one would have ever realized that this disease would not be curable or helped without expensive medicine. Like a simple exponential growth equation, the AIDS virus has increased victim numbers by about forty million all over the world. AIDS has also shown that it is not discriminating; it has infected all races and all heritages. The AIDS crisis extends far beyond its death toll, because more than seventy percent of the thirty-six million people with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Last year alone, the disease killed 1.5 million people in Africa. One third of these victims are between the ages of ten and twenty-four. The disease has been described as a development crisis; it is profoundly disrupting the economic and social bases of families and entire nations at a rate of infection at 16,000 per day. Without immediate action, AIDS will surpass the effect of the Black Plague that killed forty million people in the late fourteenth century. It is estimated that only ten percent of the death that this disease...
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...immune system and quality of life. Psychosocial support is an intervention that enhances the wellbeing of a person affected by life threatening events. Being healthy in this context is much more than the mere absence of disease or infirmity. A healthy person is the one who; * is socially integrated and accepted, has friends and a social network, and has a recognised and acceptable social status in the community * is socially competent; which means that he/she is able to cooperate with others and can also deal with pain, tension and conflicts * Can express feelings, has good self esteem and is confident, can manage stress and is able to make decisions. HIV disease is among the most devastating of illnesses, having multiple and profound effects upon all aspects of the bio-psychosocial and spiritual being. HIV as an illness affects the person first and foremost at the biological level in the form of an aggressive virus that compromises immunity. Every illness experience represents a unique and dramatic negative experience for the patient; it is associated with a profound and authentic psychological engagement of patients themselves and the significant people in their lives. According to a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill scientist, Psychosocial influences such as stress, depression and trauma have been neglected in biomedical and treatment studies involving people...
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...The emergence of the Child Sex Market: The market for children prostitutes has been created by a number of factors. During the 1970"s pedophiles from Western countries were attracted to Thailand because of its lenient laws against prostitution and the high currency exchange rate (Jubilee, p. 3). The supply of customers caused pimps to acquire children through sale and through kidnapping to meet their demand. Widespread rural poverty and the low socioeconomic status of children caused the influx of a large supply of rural children that could be acquired relatively cheep. To prevent the interference of the government Thai officials were bribed or in some cases offered a portion of the profits of the trade. When the AIDS epidemic severely hit the sex industry during the 1980"s many sex tourist began to engage in child sex tourism because children were seen as a safe alternative to adults. Child prostitutes were seen as being less risky due to their young age. Contrary to this notion sex with child prostitutes actually increases the likelihood of the transmission of AIDS due to the immature bodies of children (Jubilee, p. 4). In the past decade the media, most specifically the travel industry, has developed a taste for women with "girly" qualities. The result of this trend is a steadily increasing demand for underage prostitutes as well as the continual decline in the desired age for child prostitutes. Due to these unfortunate circumstances the child sex trade has steadily grown...
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...with her, unfortunately she died from HIV. His Mother also died of HIV two weeks before his aunt had passed, and his father abandoned him and his sister. He and his sister are now left with no relatives; fortunately, they will be living with a friend and his mother. This tragic story is just an example of the pain and despair some children have to go through in Africa. This chaos occurs throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Millions of children in Africa everyday are being born with HIV and as a result, many children lose their parents or relatives. Each child knows that their life is limited and eventually they will die sooner or later. Although the HIV epidemic is spreading, some programs like UNAIDS were established to assist the worldwide fight against Aids. Many people have to take medication and live with this burden for the rest of their life. The spread of Aids in Africa has become an epidemic due to its progression and continuous spread despite the help, HIV has affected South Africa society and economy severely, and the epidemic continues to spread in South Africa due to the Governments lack of attention and misinformed people. Many people are unaware of the true facts about the virus and its reality. Aids is an acquired immune deficiency syndrome, which is a Retrovirus. This condition severely weakens the immune system. It becomes so weak and damaged that it becomes unable to fight off any infections. Imagine having no hands and having to box, that is basically what happens...
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...Decisions in Paradise, Part I MGT/350 January 9, 2012 Kevin McPhee Kava is an important island country located in South Pacific. One disaster on top of another plagued the country. Kava needs help to get on the road of recovery. Alex, director of strategic planning, and I will represent The Hermitage at Cedarfield as we strive to help Kava recover, grow, and succeed. To do my part in this project in Kava, I will use my decision-making skills to assist Alex and me in making sound decisions to help the country get back on its feet. The first step I will take to find a solution for Kava’s problems is determining the issues that hinder Kava. Next, I will discuss what created the problems. Last, I will describe the environmental and organizational obstacles that will impact key stakeholders. When Alex and I put our heads together, Kava will be on its way to being the country it once was, paradise. Issues that Appear in Kava and their Formulation Upon arriving in Kava, I did not expect to see what I did. The disaster within the country was devastating. The country was a complete mess. I realized that Kava was in dire need of help and knew that the Hermitage at Cedarfield would do a great deal of good for the country. After touring most of the country and discussing the condition of the country with Alex, the importance of making our company present in this part of the world is clearly visible. Kava not only faces economic...
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...Decisions in Paradise, Part I MGT/350 January 9, 2012 Kevin McPhee Kava is an important island country located in South Pacific. One disaster on top of another plagued the country. Kava needs help to get on the road of recovery. Alex, director of strategic planning, and I will represent The Hermitage at Cedarfield as we strive to help Kava recover, grow, and succeed. To do my part in this project in Kava, I will use my decision-making skills to assist Alex and me in making sound decisions to help the country get back on its feet. The first step I will take to find a solution for Kava’s problems is determining the issues that hinder Kava. Next, I will discuss what created the problems. Last, I will describe the environmental and organizational obstacles that will impact key stakeholders. When Alex and I put our heads together, Kava will be on its way to being the country it once was, paradise. Issues that Appear in Kava and their Formulation Upon arriving in Kava, I did not expect to see what I did. The disaster within the country was devastating. The country was a complete mess. I realized that Kava was in dire need of help and knew that the Hermitage at Cedarfield would do a great deal of good for the country. After touring most of the country and discussing the condition of the country with Alex, the importance of making our company present in this part of the world is clearly visible. Kava not only faces economic struggles...
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...Magic Johnson & HIV Caesar Lozano Human Sexuality Mrs. Polites December 3, 2012 What is HIV? HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, a retro virus that causes AIDS. Statistics indicate there are more than one million people living with HIV in the United States. HIV was discovered in June 1981. Since then approximately 1.7 million in the United States are estimated to have been infected with the virus. Every 9.5 minutes someone in the United States is being infected with HIV. How does HIV work? In order to survive, HIV must enter a healthy human cell and uses the cell’s machinery to make copies of itself. HIV attaches to the cell and uses a special chemical as a key to enter. Once inside, HIV uses a chemical called reverse transcriptase to disguise itself. Wearing this disguise, HIV is ready to sneak into the cell’s control center. Then HIV uses another chemical called integrase to gain access to cell’s control center. HIV then adds its own information into the cell’s machinery and starts making copies of itself. Another chemical, called protease, cuts out and puts together the new copies of the virus. Once the new virus leaves the cell, they are ready to find and attack more cells. Anyone is capable of contracting the virus. One person who stands out with the virus is Earvin Johnson but you may know him by another name, Magic Johnson. Earvin “Magic” Johnson is a retired American professional basketball player. He played for the Los...
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...SOCIAL EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS AMONG THE YOUTHS IN KENYA; A SURVEY STUDY OF ELDORET TOWN GROUP MEMBERS REG No. FAITH TOMNO BTM/1008/08 MERCY RUTO BTM/1077/08 CAROLINE KOECH BTM/13/08 EVA NADUPOI BTM/1076/09 JOSPHINE MARITIM BTM/ 116/09 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the previous studies on the related field, acknowledges the contribution made by the scholars’ publication (seminar papers, conference proceedings, business journals text books and periodicals) the literature review has been categorized under various sub headings. 2.2 Past studies Epidemics like HIV/AIDS are both a social phenomenon and a biological reality, and therefore occur within a specific social context. The process through which individuals decide either to take or not to take an HIV test takes place in a social context. HIV/ AIDS have become one of the most serious challenges facing human development and achievement of National and Millennium Development Goals in Kenya. 2.2.1 Characteristics of the youth without HIV and AIDS Personality characteristics They are successful in the way they present themselves to the surrounding environment, and most importantly their target. There are a great many books and resources about how to have a positive personal...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is a real pleasure to thank the people who helped me and guided me through this study, first I would like to thank my supervisor Mr. K.D Moloi and the staff of department of statistics for your technical support. I would like to thank my mother for your firm and emotional support, my sister and brothers for encouraging me and being exemplary in everything you do. Lastly but not least I would like to thank my friends and class mates for putting up with me all through the year. DEDICATION To my late father M.I Sibuyi, your legacy lives on and to the almighty God, your unconditional love reflects through my achievements Declaration I hereby declare that sexual Risk behavior, knowledge, perception and awareness of first year student residing at the university of Limpopo campus is my original work and effort. Sources and quotes used in this stud are indicated and acknowledged. ______________ ______________ Sibuyi J Date ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS ...
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...departure from the CDC. It provides viewers with the truth about the discovery of HIV and AIDS, shedding light on the cover ups and lack of concern of numerous government officials in the 1980s. I found the film to be an eye-opener, providing me with a history lesson on AIDS while showing me just how corrupt people can be. The Facts I learned a great deal about the disease and its beginnings that I probably never would have known had it not been for the film. Before viewing the film, I was unaware of the details surrounding the discovery of AIDS. I knew that it was a growing concern during the 1980s and that it was mostly linked with homosexual males, but I did not know anything specific. From the film, I learned that the first case was a woman in 1977 (Pillsbury, Sanford & Spottiswoode, 1993). Though I was aware that AIDS was never a disease that only affected homosexual men, I still found this surprising. Bathhouses were also a major concern during the AIDS crisis, which I was also news to me (Pillsbury et al., 1993). I was unaware that bathhouses where many gay men met others for anonymous sex were so commonplace in San Francisco in the 1980s, let alone that there was a push to close them because of their role in the spread of HIV. The role of blood transfusions in the spread of the disease was also a surprise. I vaguely recall hearing about a few cases of individuals contracting HIV from tainted blood, but the fact that there were 5,879 confirmed transfusion transmitted...
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