...Meningitis is a neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord which protect the central nervous system (Rowland, Pedley, and Merritt, 2010). These membranes are; the dura mater, the pia mater, and the arachnoid mater. Determining whether the condition is viral or bacterial is important because while viral meningitis does not cause serious illness, bacterial meningitis is very serious. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment because it can lead to death or brain damage. Viral meningitis, which is also known as aseptic meningitis, causes prolonged seizures and fever and a patient can get well within two weeks. It is also important to know the type of bacteria causing meningitis...
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...Spinal Meningitis Meningitis instantly can strike and the impact of that strike can forever last a lifetime. Meningitis is the inflammation and infection of the meninges that surround your brain and spinal cord. It can cause the tissues around the brain to swell and could be life threatening. In this research paper I will discuss the different kinds of meningitis and how they affect you. Meningitis is a dangerous infection because the brain is so delicate and fragile. Meningitis can advance very quickly because of the infection around the brain and spinal cord. This infection can be bacterial, viral or fungal. People and children under the age of 20 are at a higher risk. The antibiotics given are very strong and powerful and often can...
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...Bacterial meningitis occurs when the protective lining around the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges, becomes infected by a virus, fungus, or bacteria. While viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis, bacteria is often the most severe etiology. If left untreated, meningitis can be fatal, causing inflammation and swelling around the brain. This increases intracranial pressure, which can lead to stroke, seizures, or herniation of the brain into the foramen magnum. The proximity of the infection to the brain and spinal cord means the early detection and treatment of bacterial meningitis is crucial in treatment of patients. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of bacterial meningitis through the use of pertinent,...
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...At the age of two months old my brother was diagnosed with meningitis in the year of 1978. He had a fever of 104.0 and was taken to St.Christopher’s hospital but then after a few hours was released by staff, stating there was nothing more that they could do. My mother then took him to CHOP Children’s Hospital Of Philadelphia where they immediately started running test on him. The results were in. the doctor’s had concluded that he had a rare case of meningitis, and would need to stay in the hospital for a while before they could find a cure or treatment. In the mean time the staff did everything they could to break the fever, and once it was broken they realized something. My brother wasn’t making any sounds or noises even when they called his name. The social worker came into the room, and spoke to my mother regarding our experience at St.Christopher’s hospital.She was told to speak to a lawyer at once to take legal action for the safety of her child. My mom was grateful to the staff and she thanked them for saving my brothers life. The Er nurses and doctors explained to us that he would have died if he hadn’t come to the Er the time that he did. This is a very serious condition and at this time very less about it was known. Several weeks later the fever finally dropped and stabilized but his hearing was lost. This was such a big transition for us to adjust to but, without knowing how we were going to communicate...
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...well-being. Two of the main infectious diseases that affect child are meningitis and tuberculosis. ‘Studies have also found a direct link between childhood tuberculosis infection and overcrowding’ ODPM, The impact of overcrowding on health and education: a review of the evidence and literature, 2004. Findings: There are countless research papers that show how housing has an effect on a Childs health and well-being; throughout this discussion I will be focusing on how poor housing can affect a Childs physical health by living in overcrowded, damp and mould conditions. According to stanwell-smith there is direct link between overcrowded housing conditions and heightened risks of contracting meningitis. Bristol and Western Health found that children living in overcrowding conditions increases their chances of developing life threatening diseases such a meningitis, while the national child development study found that babies grow more slowly and have a greater tendency for abnormal growth. when they do not have enough space. Overcrowding can also lead to a stressful home environment, making basic everyday tasks from cooking to sleeping a challenge. Bristol and Western health authority also found a six-fold increase in the risk of contracting bacterial meningitis in overcrowded conditions, with another study by stanwell smith finding that children under five particularly vulnerable to contracting meningitis when living in overcrowded conditions. British medical association...
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...diseases. So how could children protect themselves from diseases one may ask? Taking vaccination early will not only protect you from diseases, but greatly improve your immune system to counter all the other diseases. The invention of medical immunizations has not only been used to heal from the disease, but also to keep the spread of disease low. Having immunizations available have greatly lowered the amount of deaths in the world. Vaccination should continue to stay mandatory because it keeps diseases from spreading and eventually killing everyone. Bacteria and viruses infect humans in many different ways. Breathing in bacteria and viruses is one way. This can cause chest pain and coughing which is a symptom of Meningitis, one of most popular diseases in children. Meningitis is an infection in the cerebro-spinal fluid which surrounds the brain and spinal cord. During the infection, people...
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...Vaccines: The Right Choice? Alex Hauke Walmart Pharmacy Abstract This research paper takes an in depth look at the question of whether vaccines are the right choice when it comes to your health and staying healthy. Opposing views say that vaccines are unsafe and pose more risks than benefits, this paper explores those claims using rebuttable sources and helps readers to better understand vaccines and what their benefits and risks are. Most believe that the benefits of vaccines far outweigh the risks but some still have doubts and some very rare cases of vaccines causing disease have added to this doubt. This paper explores the world of vaccines in an effort to educate the less knowledgeable. Research Findings Introduction The history of vaccines begins with the long history of infectious disease in humans, and usually it is reported that the origin goes back as far as Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, 400 B.C. He described diphtheria, mumps, and epidemic jaundice among other conditions (Hussein, et al. 2015). The earliest methods of immunization and protection against smallpox dates back to about 1000 A.D., and are attributed to the Chinese. It has been said that the son of a Chinese statesmen was inoculated against smallpox by blowing powdered smallpox sores into his nostrils. Another way of inoculation was the removal of fluid from the sores of an infected person and then rubbing it into a cut or scratch of a healthy individual. It took almost six centuries...
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...Business Ethics across cultures The first of the two articles that will be reviewed for this paper is by Tamar Lewin of the New York Times. In August of 2001 thirty Nigerian families sued the large drug company Pfizer in the Federal Court of the United States. The families alleged that Pfizer conducted an unethical trial on their children during the meningitis epidemic of 1996 The Pfizer Company sent a research team to the Infectious Disease Hospital in Kano, Nigerian in 1996 to test an experimental antibiotic, Trovan, on 100 children that had come down with meningitis. Pfizer want to ascertain whether this drug would be effective on the disease; until this point the drug had never been tested on children. For their control group Pfizer administered the very best treatment, ceftriaxone, too 100 other children. The suit states that Pfizer did not even administer the full dose of the ceftriaxone. The results from this trial left 11 children dead and many others brain damaged, paralyzed, or deaf. Pfizer’s only comment on the suit was that the fatality rate was less from the trial, than the overall fatality rate from the epidemic. Their spokeswoman also said that the trial had been a humanitarian mission and not a self-serving action. The suit against the company however, states that the company took opportunity from the chaos caused by the crises. They were able to quickly test a potentially dangerous drug without proper approval. The suit also claims that Pfizer also falsified...
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...Skip to Navigation Skip to Content TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research DocumentsThe Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Search A Humanistic Approach To Working With A Terminally Ill Patient In: Psychology A Humanistic Approach To Working With A Terminally Ill Patient A Humanistic Approach to Working with a Terminally Ill Patient “Humanistic psychology . . . emphasizes the independent dignity and worth of human beings and their conscious capacity to develop personal competence and self respect” (Humanistic Psychology Overview, 2001). This view of humanistic psychology shows why a humanistic approach is valuable and effective when working with patients who have a terminal illness, such as cancer. This paper will provide an example of a humanistic approach by a medical professional in providing care to a terminally ill patient. This paper will also provide a reflection of my feelings on the approach, my thoughts on how I would prefer a human service worker to work with me in such an instance, and discuss how unconditional positive regard would be presented under these circumstances. The following example is from Jill Preston’s article in the Journal of Community Nursing, Using Reflective Practice in Palliative Care (2001). Brenda is a patient who was diagnosed with breast cancer and was treated with a mastectomy and radiotherapy. Three years later, Brenda presented back pains to her physician. It was discovered that...
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...USED IN ANIMAL TESTING? Thesis statement: This paper discusses research on how animal testing brings more medical advancement and less human-based experiments and sees if there are any alternatives to the use of animals in research since it is a practice of animal cruelty. Introduction Animal Testing refers to strategies done on living creatures for reasons of exploration into fundamental science and ailments, surveying the adequacy of new drugs, and examining the human health. The processes involved in this testing, even those that are seen to have no significant effect, still cause the animals bodily as well as mental pain and suffering. Often these processes cause a great deal of distress. Some animals are re-used in the succeeding experiments while others are killed at the end of the experiment. Approximately 115 million animals are estimated to be used every year in the world for laboratory experiments (Dawkins, 2012). However, only a few countries assemble and publish the data about the use of animal in testing and research. For instance, about 90 percent of the animals are used in laboratories in the United States. This statistics excludes species, for example, mice and birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates, thus these figures presented by the U.S, Department of Agriculture is considerably underestimated. Countries in Europe such as France, United Kingdom, and Germany are among those using animals highly in their research with over 12million animals used every year (Kadambi...
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...Introduction This aim of this research review paper is to discuss the various types, causes and cost for medical errors. After reading this paper, the reader should be able to realize the importance of understanding the know how of medical errors and also understand how various interventions can be used effectively to prevent such errors. The paper also aims to stimulate critical thinking in terms of awareness about medical errors. I have worked in the critical care field for eight years in the past and have been a part of policy implementation with regards to medical errors. Most of the thoughts discussed in this paper are research-based, however, a few are from my personal and professional experiences working in the intensive care field. Causes of Medical Errors A. Diagnostic 1. Error or delay in diagnosis Failure to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy causing rupture and possible acute abdomen. The reason could be either because the obstetrician did not feel the need to order an ultrasound thinking the mild complain of pain to be insignificant to warrant an ultrasound or on the other hand, the radiologist fails to identify an ectopic pregnancy while performing an ultrasound, either due to incompetency or due to negligence. 2. Failure to employ indicated tests Failure to check blood glucose levels for a known hypertensive patient who presented with altered or loss of consciousness. Delayed checking of blood sugar was found to be 20mg/dl] 3. Use of outmoded tests...
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...Referencing In-text: All students will use the Harvard System of referencing. References are indicated in the text as either “Recent work (Smith 1970)” or “Recently Smith (1970) has found.” Where a direct quotation is used the page number should be noted e.g. (Smith 1970 pg. 17). All such references should then be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper in accordance with the following conventions: 1. Books surname, forename and/or initials, (year of publication), title, place of publication: publisher, e.g. Baker, Michael J. and Hart, Susan J. (1989), Marketing and Competitive Success, Hemel Hempstead: Philip Allen. 2. Journal Articles surname, forename and/or initials, (year) “title”, journal name, vol, issue, pages, e.g. O’Malley, L. and Tynan, C. (1999), “The Utility of the Relationship Metaphor in Consumer Markets: A Critical Evaluation”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 587-602. 3. Contributions in books, proceedings, etc. surname, forename and/or initials, (year), “title”, ‘In:’, editor’s surname and/or initials, book title, place of publication: publisher, pages, e.g. Doyle, Peter (1990), “Managing the Marketing Mix”. In: Baker, Michael J, ed., The Marketing Book 2nd Edition, London: Heinemann Ltd., pp. 227-267. 4. Websites / Online resources. Author/Editor surname, forename and/or initials, (year), “title”[online], place of publication: publisher. Available at: URL, [accessed date] e.g. Baker, Michael J. (1998), “Individual...
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...Website Review and Summary HCS/457 June 25, 2013 Website Review and Summary Through out the years people have relied on their health care providers for medical treatments. Now a day, people have the opportunity to research about any illness, medical concern, medical diagnosis and any type of disease in the Internet. There are many health care organizations that offer people around the world with information about drugs, illnesses, diseases, outbreaks, treatments, preventions and the list goes endless. In this paper the writer will review and summarize governmental health agency websites. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a national organization that provides information about outbreaks, diseases, preventions and more to the public. In this website a person can find the latest information about recent outbreaks in the community. This website also provides tips about prevention and what to do if a person becomes exposed to an outbreak. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently updated their website to inform the community about certain outbreaks in multistate of fungal meningitis, Salmonella bredeney infections linked to peanut butter manufactured by Sunland and Listeriosis linked to imported frescolina ricotta cheese (CDC, 2012). Public Health is a global organization that provides information to the public about disease prevention, healthy lifestyles practice, disease education and researches for...
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...This paper will describe what sickle cell anemia is, how it effects the human body; as well as the oral cavity. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin, which causes the red blood cells to have low oxygen levels (National Heart, Lungs and Blood Institute, 2015). Sickle cell anemia is inherited only if both parents have the disorder because it is caused by the genetic abnormality of hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). When there is abnormal hemoglobin it can produce sickle hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). This causes the red blood cells to stick together and create long rod shaped red blood cells when oxygen leaves the cell (webMD, 2015). When this happens it causes the symptoms of sickle cell anemia (webMD, 2015). In people...
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...Health Promotion Health promotion is defined as the activity and behaviors that help individuals stay healthy. These include reduction in stress, knowledge of nutrition, management, fitness and self-responsibility. By emphasizing on the positive aspect of good health, health promotion helps a person to build up assets that will keep up and develop his or her good health and perk up their quality of life. It colludes to the action a person takes when there are no indications of any illness to stay physically fit. In nursing, promotion of health is vital as it not only intends to provide knowledge but also influences and gives aid to people and groups alike so that they can be more responsible and be doing something about their physical and mental condition. It even plays a significant role in the development of individuals and groups which help the people to better maintain a good, healthy and comfortable lifestyle. Roles and responsibilities of nursing develop gradually in the improvement of health. Nurses have a significant role in promoting health, having educational system of procedures in the assessment of health and also preventive services. The nurses have to engage in the process of prioritizing sick or injured people according to the seriousness of their condition or injury, refer the patient to the respective medical specialist and also take part in case management activities. Nurses assist the patients in learning and adapting self care strategies and personal management...
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