...considered before the opportunity to invest presented itself Weaknesses of an IPO One choice a company has is to introduce the IPO to the public. The IPO’s will have to be within the expected act established 1934 in regard to periodic finances that may be complicated for companies in the primary. Preparation for other systems and policies enforced by the SEC, these cost can be quite expensive. As they have increased with the arrival of the Sarbanes Oxley’s Act. “Some of the additional costs include the generation of financial reporting documents, audit fees, investor relation departments and accounting oversight committees”( Investopedia 2006) Merger, Strengths vs. weaknesses: Strengths if the company were in a financial bind than a merger would be in the best interest of the company the strength of the merger would be...
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...International ISSN: 2278-6236 Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences Impact Factor: 4.400 MERGERS A N D ACQUISITIONS IN THE INDIAN BANKING SECTOR: A STUDY OF SELECTED BANKS Komal Gupta* Abstract: In the present era of global economy, Mergers most widely used business strategy restructuring greater market economies share, long term of corporate profitability, entering of scale etc. The present paper evaluates on the financial is conducted performance and Acquisitions have become the and strengthening new markets, capitalising the effects of merger and acquisitions to analyse the effectiveness on the banks. Two cases of merger and acquisitions of mergers and acquisitions have been taken randomly the study, first the merger of ICICI bank and The Bank of Rajasthan, Bank of Punjab. The results of the study indicate positive and acquisitions on the financial as sample for and second the merger of HDFC bank and Centurion of mergers on of the selected banks in India. Pre and post merger comparison on selected variables impact to achieve performance that there is a of the selected banks. Key Words: Mergers and acquisition, Banking, Financial Performance, Financial Ratios, Synergy. *Assistant Professor, Maharaja Agrasen College, Delhi University Vol. 4 | No. 3 | March 2015 www.garph.co...
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...on the Determinants of Acquisitions Nigel Garrow Introduction Merger and acquisition (M&A) activity is a significant factor in business in most advanced economies. According to Thomson Reuters, the value of M&A deals completed globally during the 12 months to November 2009 was US$1.8 trillion. However, the acquirers’ shareholders often lose value. Much of the literature on M&A is centred on the UK and US markets, with only a modest level of research within Australia This paper suggests a new proposition to explain why M&A activity may be value destroying for the acquirers: Success or failure for the acquiring firm’s shareholders in M&A is a function of the combined tenure, personal motivation, and recent performance of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the acquiring firm. This examination of the combined effectiveness of the Chairman and CEO is not something that appears to have been undertaken before. The paper will present the constituent hypotheses of the main proposition, followed by a literature review, a presentation of findings from a pilot study, conclusions and next steps. Four constituent hypotheses, each of which refers to the performance of the Chairman and CEO, arise out of the pilot study: Hypothesis 1. The length of time that the Chairman and CEO of the acquiring firm have been together in their respective positions at the time of the acquisition will determine the success or otherwise of the outcome of the acquisition. Page | 38 Proceedings...
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...The Acquisition Strategy Jill A. Dilts MGT 450: Strategic Planning for Organizations (BII1211B) James Demeaux April 1, 2012 The Acquisition Strategy An acquisition is a combination in which one company, the acquired, purchases and absorbs the operations of another, the acquired (Gamble & Thompson, 2011, p. 119). Acquisitions are complex and risky – it can affect shareholders, yes it is a powerful tool for accelerating growth. Companies have been successful with merger and acquisitions. I believe it is important to understand how an acquisition benefits the buying company. There are several types of acquisitions, there is Asset acquisition where a buyout strategy in which key assets of the target company are purchased, rather than its shares. A stock purchase involves the purchase of the selling of the company’s stock only. There are advantages of asset vs. disadvantages of asset purchases. An advantage – is an asset acquisition the buyer is able to specify the liabilities it is willing to assume, while leaving other liabilities behind. A disadvantage – it is necessary for the selling of the companies assets to be retitled in the name of the buyer. The first industry I’d like to talk about is the technology of cloud based business data service market. Salesforce.com completed the acquisition of Jigsaw, it was a successful in acquiring the real-time business data. Jigsaw was the privately held leader in crowd- ...
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...MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS LITERATURE REVIEW LUKE WALTON Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 3 Background and motivation 3 Objective or aim of this literature review 4 Findings from current available literature 4 Issues from current research 5 Contribution to current literature and stakeholders 5 Section One 6 Motivation of M&A’s 6 Synergy 6 Agency theory 7 Hubris 7 Relationship between motives and financing 8 Section Two 9 Payment methods 9 Financing hierarchy vs. market conditions 9 Differing views on leverage 10 Valuation and the agency problem 10 Managerial ownership 11 Section Three 12 Performance of mergers and acquisitions 12 Performance indicators 12 Methodology 13 Profitability 13 Performance due to the motivation 14 Conclusion 15 Summary and findings 15 Areas of future research 17 Qualitative research in M&A’s 17 Decision making process for methods of payment 17 Unified methodology in determining M&A performance 17 References 19 Abstract Mergers and acquisitions have become a common practice for firms as a mean to expand and increase profitability. Existing evidence is still unable to strongly determine what factors make a successful M&A due to inconsistency in data and findings. This paper aims to provide an insight to the steps included in the M&A process by comparing existing literature and hopes to suggest key determinants of a successful M&A transaction. Evidence shows...
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...during the process of M&A Mergers and acquisitions provide a great opportunity for growth to the organizations. Together the companies can strive for growth and higher profits using smaller amount of resources. However, it is not easily implemented and many factors should be taken in consideration in order for the merger to be beneficial and successful. Studies show different numbers, but according to Harvard Business Review, 70 to 90% of mergers fail and therefore companies incur losses. There are many wrong business decisions that managers can make during this process, but this paper will be focused on internal communication practices that contribute to the failure of a merger or acquisition and give some techniques that will help to communicate successfully. Many organizations ignore the people element in the formation of a new organization. Managers are concerned about the profits and new business strategies and often forget about the fact that employees are the key to the overall success and that the achievement of the business goals depends on every single employee. So therefore, it is essential to keep them motivated and engaged in the new environment. So, what can go wrong and how to make it right? • Merger or acquisition? The abbreviation M&A does not distinguish the difference between the two components: M and A. It implies that both of them are the same. In fact, the two components are completely different in their nature. Merger means that two companies will...
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...Of Questions: | # Correct: | Essay | 7 | N/A | | | Grade Details | 1. | Question : | (TCO A) Compare and contrast a merger with a tender offer. (15 points for merger and 15 points for tender offer; total 30 points) | | | Student Answer: | | Mergers are negotiated deals mutuality of negotiations and mostly friendly, while tender offers are made directly to the shareholders and hostile when offered and made without approval from the board. Mergers and tender offers are similar in that the restructuring of the two firms will make changes to improve operations, policies and strategies. There are different types of mergers - vertical, horizontal, conglomerate. The different types of tender offers are Conditional vs. unconditional, Restricted vs. unrestricted, Any-or-all tender offer, Contested offers, Two-tier offers and Three-piece suitor. Tender offers seek shareholder approval and mergers seek approval from the board of directors. | | Instructor Explanation: | A) In a tender offer, the acquirer makes an initial bid to the board of directors (management) of the target company. The board of directors (management) of the target company may be unwilling to recommend to the shareholders that they tender their shares. In such case, the bidder may make an offer (hostile) directly to the shareholders. (15 points) B) A merger is a negotiated transaction which meets certain technical and legal requirements. Usually these negotiations are done between the management/board...
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...Strategy Session 8 Choosing Between Strategic Options Risk Mergers and Acquisition Choosing a strategy from among strategic options Logically viable options/ Chosen Strategy Strategic|Aligned but|| |Infeasible Options|| Intent||| ||| Choice Criteria/ No options identified |Strategic|Available|| |Assessment||| Feasible but||Options|| |||| Unaligned Options|||| Macmillan & Tamcoe 2001 Strategic Choice Ideally a company will have a number of options for growth. Each can then be assessed using for example a 5 Forces analysis to rank them for attractiveness. But there are also other issues to consider particularly ‘risk’. Risk vs Uncertainty Risk implies that the probability of outcomes can be usefully quantified...there is a 10% chance of rain today Uncertainty implies that whether the outcome is possible is unknown and thus the risk cannot be quantified.....the policies of the next government are uncertain Country|Price(s) ||||| Mexico|0.89|0.7|1.07|1.08|1.11| Indonesia|0.63|0.58|0.73||| Germany|1.53|1.46|||| Switzerland|2.88||||| Russia|0.6||||| Lebanon|0.88||||| UK|1.4|1.85|1.79|1.5|1.3| China|0.64||||| Singapore|1.4||||| India|0.91|0.92|||| Spain|1.5||||| Thailand|0.81|0.8|||| Ghana|2.5||||| Romania|1.19||||| Philippines|0.91||||| Average|1.24||||| Magnum Price Survey 2015 Bayesian (Statistics) Thinking A 10% chance of a profit of 1m is worth 100,000. Which would you go for: (1) a 45% chance of winning 1000 with (2) a 75%...
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...and Willy’s Sour Straws, has helped the company maintain sales through a combination of aggressive pricing and trade incentives. Over the years, however, the company has tried to introduce new candy products without much success. As your strategy consultant, I’ll be presenting you an overview of strategic ideas I’ve gathered from key executives in your company. Subsequently, I’ll share with you my own strategic recommendations to help this company move forward. Merger Strategy Given the stagnation of sales and profits the last few years, Chester A. Wonka III, CEO, stresses the fact that the company’s portfolio is mainly supported by its two popular products: Willy’s Yummy Chews and Willy’s Sour Straws. Countless efforts, like pricing and trade incentives, have been done to improve sales, profitability and market share. Unfortunately, none of those have worked and he feels it’s necessary to make a bold, strategic move. Wonka proposes that the company considers a merger with the larger Swiss company that has made countless offers in the past. While this is indeed a bold move, we should weigh the benefits and risks: Benefits: * Becomes part of a larger conglomerate * Potential to expand into international markets (globalization) * Provision of resources, capabilities and marketing support (greater capacity) Risks: * Loss of pride...
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...financial uncertainty, it is important for businesses to have a clear idea of what stability involves for their company. One concept that more and more businesses are exploring is one of taking their business to a global level. Using an international strategy is not for every company, but with the availability of the Internet it is becoming easier to take your business to that next level. Global expansion may enable a firm to earn greater returns by transferring the product offerings derived from its core competencies to markets where indigenous competitors lack those product offerings and competencies. One of the global expansion strategies is merger and acquisition. Five waves of mergers and acquisitions took place in the 20th century, with the last two occurring in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2010, corporate merger and acquisition (M&A) activity made a huge comeback. Most of the M&A activity involved North American companies, but activity has also increased around the world, and in various market sectors / industries. M&A activity significantly increased during the second half of 2010 especially for large sized (multi-billion dollar) takeovers. Late July,...
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...In an acquisition, the amount paid for the company over book value usually accounts for the target firm's intangible assets. Investopedia explains 'Goodwill' Goodwill is seen as an intangible asset on the balance sheet because it is not a physical asset such as buildings and equipment. Goodwill typically reflects the value of intangible assets such as a strong brand name, good customer relations, good employee relations and any patents or proprietary technology. Definition of 'Negative Goodwill' A gain occurring when the price paid for an acquisition is less than the fair value of its net tangible assets. Negative goodwill implies a bargain purchase. Negative goodwill may be listed as a separate line item on the acquiring company's balance sheet and may be considered income. For the purchased company, negative goodwill often indicates a distress sale, and the unfavorable sale conditions lead to a depressed sale price. Investopedia explains 'Negative Goodwill' Negative goodwill is based on the concept of goodwill, an intangible asset that represents the worth of a company's brand name, patents, customer base and other items that are difficult to price but that help to make a company valuable. Most of the time, a company will be purchased for more than the value of its tangible assets, and the difference is attributed to goodwill. When the price paid is less than the actual value of the company's net assets, you have negative goodwill. Definition of 'De-Merger' A business...
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...MGMT E 2720 Mergers and Acquisitions Supplemental Case Questions 1. The New York Times a. Why is there so much family control in the newspaper business? b. How did the Sulzberger family manage to retain control on the NYT after it went public? c. How does the NYT dual class structure differ from the one used by Dow Jones, prior to its takeover by Rupert Murdoch? d. What explains the behavior of the NYT institutional shareholders – not just Morgan Stanley but also Private Capital Management, T Rowe Price and Vanguard? e. How should Arthur Sulzberger, Jr. respond to Morgan Stanley’s proposal? 2. Valuing AOL Merger a. The Merger was completed on January 11, 2001. Was it a good idea? Did AOL stockholders receive value? Did Time Warner shareholders receive value? b. Do you believe the new company will succeed? If so, how will value be created short and long term? c. What could go wrong with this “mega merger”? What are the most significant threats on the horizon for AOL Time Warner? d. Do you believe the company will achieve its aggressive goals for 2001? e. Any advice for AOL Time Warner execs in summer of 2001? 3. Upjohn Case a. Evaluate the strategic reasoning behind the merger. Will the merger effectively address the strategic alliances faced by Upjohn? b. How do you interpret the stock market reaction to the announced deal? What is the magnitude of performance improvement the...
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...Terms of Combination A. Merger Motives for Merger * Creating value (that is, mergers with these motives have the potential to add value): * Synergy (Note: 1 + 1 > 2) * Economies of scale * Cross-product selling * Growth * External growth (may be less risky than organic growth) * Increasing market power * Horizontal or vertical integration to increase strength in the industry * Note: Regulatory authorities in some countries may limit this as a benefit (e.g., FTC in the United States). * Acquiring unique capabilities or resources * Resources include patents, technology, trademarks, or raw materials * Unlocking hidden value * Improve management, reorganize structure, breakups, or liquidations * Cross-border mergers: * Exploiting market imperfections * Cheaper labor in one market * Lower-cost raw materials * Overcoming adverse government policy * Circumvent tariffs * Circumvent barriers to trade * Technology transfer * Facilitate entry into a country’s market * Gain access to new technology or resources * Product differentiation * Enhance product line * Expand into a country’s market * “Buy” reputation for entry into a market * Following clients * Make sure that the business of clients do not go to another company once the...
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...MGMT E 2720 Mergers and Acquisitions Supplemental Case Questions 1. The New York Times a. Why is there so much family control in the newspaper business? b. How did the Sulzberger family manage to retain control on the NYT after it went public? c. How does the NYT dual class structure differ from the one used by Dow Jones, prior to its takeover by Rupert Murdoch? d. What explains the behavior of the NYT institutional shareholders – not just Morgan Stanley but also Private Capital Management, T Rowe Price and Vanguard? e. How should Arthur Sulzberger, Jr. respond to Morgan Stanley’s proposal? 2. Valuing AOL Merger a. The Merger was completed on January 11, 2001. Was it a good idea? Did AOL stockholders receive value? Did Time Warner shareholders receive value? b. Do you believe the new company will succeed? If so, how will value be created short and long term? c. What could go wrong with this “mega merger”? What are the most significant threats on the horizon for AOL Time Warner? d. Do you believe the company will achieve its aggressive goals for 2001? e. Any advice for AOL Time Warner execs in summer of 2001? 3. Upjohn Case a. Evaluate the strategic reasoning behind the merger. Will the merger effectively address the strategic alliances faced by Upjohn? b. How do you interpret the stock market reaction to the announced deal? What is the magnitude of performance improvement the...
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...retail industry provides products and or services for the needs, wants, and sometimes feelings of the consumer it can be hard to determine what they like and don’t like. Moreover, with the economy, which by the way affects all businesses, you just do not have an exact science on how things will turn out. Industry businessman, economist etc. can only make assumptions based on occurrences. So, if you are in a business to make a profit, and satisfy stakeholders you need to have a plan. Sometimes the plan calls for mergers and acquisitions. Mergers and acquisitions can have a positive and/or negative effect. “According to a KPMG study, 83% of all mergers and acquisitions failed to produce any benefit for the shareholders and over half actually destroyed value.”(http://www.itapintl.com/...the-impact-of), to be a good CFO you must do the research to determine if acquiring another company will be beneficial. This report will identify the risk factors of the target acquisition company Kmart and the risk factors present in the parent company Costco. Our team will then show how these risks can be mitigated. BECAUSE OF THE RISKS CAN COSTCO ACQUIRE THE #3 KMART? KMART RISKS/MITIAGATION Many investors such as Costco may be unaware of all the risks associated with investing in a specific company. Providing current and future investors with risk factors allows investors to evaluate a company and make an informed investment decision. Kmart’s operations and financial results...
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