...The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. That specific action contaminated the water supply, leading to a cholera outbreak. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom."[1] Over the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area....
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...MERS CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK! 1 MERS Coronavirus Outbreak MERS CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK! 2 ! Middle East Respiratory Syndrome is a viral respiratory illness acquired by a coronavirus named MERS-CoV. Coronaviruses are a abundant family of viruses that can breed illnesses that range from the common cold to serious respiratory illnesses. MERS-CoV was initially known to produce a human infection in Saudi Arabia in September, 2012 (Gerber, 2014). The majority of people who have been confirmed to have this virus develop symptoms such a fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Approximately 30% of people diagnosed with MERS-CoV have succumbed to this virus. The World Health Organization has reported 536 laboratory-confirmed cases as of May 12, 2014. Of the 536 cases, 145 deaths have occurred from this virus (First Confirmed Cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, 2014). As of today, all the cases of MERS-CoV have been affiliated to countries in and around the Arabian Peninsula (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, n.d.). To date, the highest reported outbreak occurred from April through May of 2013 in eastern Saudi Arabia and affected 23 people in four health care facilities (CDC announces first case of MERS in the United States, 2014). ! In May 2014, the CDC disclosed the first two occurrences of MERS in the United States. Both occurrences were imported from Saudi Arabia and were not associated with each other. The first confirmed case was a male U.S. citizen from...
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...Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Communicable Disease Outbreak Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus is also known as MERS CoV which stands for Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. According to the World Health Organization, Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness that is caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). MERS CoV was first identified in Saudi Arabia. In 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health began investigating an outbreak of a lower respiratory illness in a Jordanian hospital. In this initial outbreak, there were nine (9) confirmed cases with two (2) fatalities. Globally, since September 2012, the World Health Organization has been notified of 1,365 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV, including at least 487 related deaths. (“WHO,” 2015). Since the first case identified in 2012, there have been new cases yearly in Oman, Republic of Korea (2015), United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Saudi Arabia (2012), the Philippines (2014), United Kingdom (2015), Kenya (2016), Kuwait, Qatar, China, Iran, Germany(2014), Turkey and Austria (2014) and two isolated cases in the United States (2014). (“MERS CoV Outbreak,” n.d.). MERS CoV Route of Transmission Based on several studies, the MERS CoV has been traced to Dromedary Camels. One study revealed extremely high titer levels of neutralizing antibodies to MERS CoV in the blood serum of the camels. Further studies show MERS CoV isolated from nasal swabs from camels. It is unclear...
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...Communicable Disease: MERS Outbreak In September of 2012, beginning in the country of Saudi Arabia, hospitals began seeing increased cases of a respiratory virus never before seen in humans. They named it Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS. MERS is a viral respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus. It was originally thought to have started there in Saudi Arabia. It was not until later that they were able to trace the origin back to Jordan starting in April of 2012. All outbreaks of MERS have been traced back to originating from the Arabian Peninsula (CDC, 2015a). Unfortunately, it is not known exactly how MERS was contracted in humans, but it is believed to have come from an animal source, probably from camels. Strains of MERS have been identified in camels in Middle East (WHO, 2015). MERS can infect anyone, at any age and it has been found that approximately 3 to 4 out of every 10 people die when contracting this disease (CDC, 2015a). MERS has been confirmed in ten different countries in or around the Arabian Peninsula and in seventeen different countries outside of the peninsula. The countries affected outside of the peninsula are believed to have had cases due to travelers coming from the peninsula (CDC, 2015b). MERS Timeline MERS was first seen in Zarqa, Jordan in April of 2012 in an outbreak at a hospital. It was not recognized at that time as being MERS. They found at least ten people were infected and two of those people died. In June of 2012, a man in Jidda...
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...C228 – Community Health Nursing – Task 2 Renee Todd Western Governors University Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a severe acute respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus named MERS-CoV. It is believed that the virus is found in camels and passed on to humans who are in contact or around infected animal. These camels are mainly located in Egypt, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2015a). Those infected with MERS exhibit fever, cough, and shortness of breath, pneumonia, and diarrhea. Severe cases require patient to be put on mechanical ventilation or in an intensive care unit. It is also known to cause kidney failure and septic shock. The elderly, persons who are immunosuppressed, those who have diabetes, cancer, or chronic lung disease are at an increased risk of contracting MERS. It can be transmitted to anyone who is in close contact with the infected person (WHO, 2015a). MERS has been reported in 26 countries throughout the world. In May of 2015, there was an outbreak in Korea that began with a 68 year old male who had recent travel from the Arabian Peninsula. The time line is as follows (WHO, 2015b) 1st Case: Reported May 24, 2015. (WHO, 2015b) • Patient: 68 year old male • Travel history o April 18-29, 2015: Bahrain o April 29-30, 2015: United Arab Emirates o April 30- May 1, 2015: Bahrain o May 1-2, 2015: the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia o May 2, 2015: Bahrain o May 2-3, 2015: Qatar o May 4, 2015: Flew from Qatar...
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...C228 Community Nursing Task 2 Jane A. Wildeman Western Governors University C228 Community Nursing Task 2 Introduction Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or MERS-CoV, is still a relatively new virus first diagnosed in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Thorough investigation by international health officials traced the disease to the first-known human case in Jordan in April 2012, and it is believed this first case was transported from camels, possibly by drinking raw camel’s milk. ("About MERS," 2015) Much is still not known about the virus, but it is suspected to be spread by either direct contact or droplet form in human-to-human transport. It is believed the virus originated over forty years ago in bats and was passed to camels, and experts are still unsure how the virus passed from camels to humans. Yet, the virus in humans is identical to the virus in camels, causing concern that it doesn’t require mutation to be transmitted. As a result, WHO recommends pasteurization of camel milk and adequate cooking of camel meat before consumption. It is also recommended that anyone in contact with farm animals or camels in the effected countries use preventive hygiene measures, including good handwashing before and after exposure to animals. ("MERS-CoV," June 2015) Over 1600 cases of MERS-CoV have been reported to the WHO, with almost 600 deaths since September 2012. All cases that have occurred outside the Arabian Peninsula can be directly traced either to recent...
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...from an animal source, such as the Black Plague from rats and AIDS from monkeys. These viruses constitute a threat to the human health. Veterinarians can help in the effort to contain and prevent the spread of these viruses to the human population. An instance of such a virus is the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), which recently emerged in the US. The first confirmed case of MERS was reported in Indiana, where the patient was an American health care provider, working in Saudi Arabia. The second case was reported in Florida. The patient was also a health care provider who treated MERS patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Eventually, the virus was further spread when two more health care workers, who were recently in contact with the Florida MERS patient, were admitted to the hospital with flu-like symptoms....
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...Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Kelly Belcher 307442 Western Governors University ("INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA & INGENIERIA DE ECOSISTEMAS: RUSSIAN REPORT WARNS OF GRAVE MONSANTO THREAT TO WORLD," n.d.) I chose to do this assignment about the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). It is caused by the coronavirus MERS-CoV. I have never heard of this condition, and arbitrarily picked it because my best friend’s last name is Corona. I was interested to learn that, ironically, the only known case in the US was in Indiana, where I live. “Coronaviruses are common viruses that most people get some time in their life. Human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses” ("CDC - Coronavirus - About," n.d.), but >30% of people who have MERS will die from it ("CDC - Coronavirus - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - MERS-CoV," n.d.). MERS was originally diagnosed in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is a virus that attacks the respiratory tract. Typically the people who test positive for the virus show the same symptoms. They have a fever, cough, and shortness of breath and may also have pneumonia, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. To discuss the epidemiological determinants of this disease I first needed to establish a working definition. “A determinant is any factor or variable that can affect the frequency with which a disease occurs in a population” ("2. Epidemiology: some basic concepts and definitions," n.d.). MERS is a disease that...
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...Research proposal: SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome Finding new drug targets Part I: Disease History and outbreak details: SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a particular coronavirus first emerged on November 16 2002 in China. The coronavirus can cause a common cold in humans. The investigation of these viruses is hard, because culture in the lab is very difficult. There are a lot of various coronaviruses that affect poultry and animals, the economic effect of coronaviruses is big. A coronavirus consists of a viral spike (S) made of peplomers (grouping of glycoproteins), an envelope (E), an membrane (M) and a nucleocapsid (N). Source: Hilgenfeld, R., Peiris, J.S.M. From SARS to MERS: 10 years of research on highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Antiviral Res. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.015. Virus discovery: It took the WHO 6 months to discover the causative agent of the disease. A quick identification of a new virus is important for prevention and control of a disease outbreak and can be accomplished by new strategys in virus discovery: New strategy for virus discovery: viruses identified in human feces in the last decades Part II: Possible procedures Receptor binding domain: The unique virus of SARS involves a receptor-binding domain on the spike (S) that play a role in the attachment of the virus to the cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Vaccines with proteins from the specific spikes are effective against...
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...NanoTouch is the world’s first and only manufacturer of NanoSeptic products that constantly kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi. NanoTouch also serves the hospitality, travel, education, and food service industries with products such as travel mats, counter and tray table mats, TV channel guides, and menu covers, in addition to facility touch points such as door push pads and handle wraps, portable mats for counters and bathroom vanities, and custom products like grocery cart and public transportation grab-handle wraps. NanoSeptic with tagline The New Clean™ is the latest advancement in continuously self-cleaning surfaces. NanoSeptic surfaces are engineered with a proprietary blend of material science, nanotechnology and green chemistry to constantly kill bacteria, viruses and fungi, without the use of toxins, heavy metals or diluted poisons. And NanoTouch products offer more than a way to provide customers with cleaner surfaces, it's a way to visually communicate the commitment to them well-being at every contact point. NanoSeptic® surface products by NanoTouch Materials have been recognized for making a positive difference in education by K12 leaders who named it to District Administration magazine’s “Readers’ Choice Top 100 Product for 2013.” To begin with the history, in three years ago, NanoTouch Materials went from a couple of guys with an idea to a company with international appeal. The product, the removal NanoSeptic Surfaces marketed at Lynchburg's YMCA or the Craddock...
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...Don’t Wait, Vaccinate! In the recent few years, researchers, doctors, and parents have been having a huge debate on whether or not children should be required to have all of the vaccines suggested by The Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Many parents refuse to have their child(ren) fully vaccinated because they fear that the child may suffer from a mental disability such as autism. Parents make that decision because they are only looking at the risks for their own child’s health, but the don’t keep in mind the health of the people that are constantly around their children. There have been too many deaths from vaccine preventable diseases. “Since the 25th anniversary of HIV, there have been about 2.1 million deaths from vaccine preventable diseases; 1.4 million of those deaths were children under the age of five-years-old. This is a very alarming statistic, and something needs to be done to help lower these numbers. It needs to be required that parents have their juveniles vaccinated because without their immunizations they are putting their child’s health at risk, and also the people who are around them, on a daily basis. Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective inventions in the medical field (Colgrove), and the cost is just going to get even larger as more research is done. All of the different vaccines have helped reduce the number of deadly infections and diseases people can get. Most, if not all, health care providers recommend that health care workers, frequent...
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...OVERVIEW OF SOUTH KOREA WOOD, WILLY 09, JULY, 2015 Introduction This paper is an analysis of the country of South Korea. Using the operational variables of PMESII-PT this paper will identify the current situation in South Korea and the countries current issues. The overall objective is to understand the motives of South Korea. Political The Republic of Korea has a liberal democratic political system. South Koreas political foundation resides in the sovereignty of the people and the responsibility to maintain every citizen’s welfare. Currently the president of South Korea is Park Geun-hye. The 11th and first female president was elected on February 25th, 2013. With Korea’s limited 5 year presidency she has until 2018 to implement her current goals. President Park’s main goals are to maintain the prosperity and safety of her country. She believes that one day tensions will cease with North Korea and continually pushes for a peaceful unification despite the constant threats and military provocations of North Korea. As long as the United States and South Korea maintain their strong relationship, Park said, "You may rest assured, no North Koreans provocation can succeed."(1) North Korea is a shared enemy of the US and the Republic of Korea. The ROK relies on the US for protection against a possible invasion of North Korea and in return the US maintains a strategic hold in Southeast Asia. Military The ROC currently has the 7th strongest military power...
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...The SARS virus outbreak occurred back in 2002-2003. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a virus of the family coronaviridae. Coronaviridae is given the name because of the crown like projections of the peplomers as shown below in the following illustration 1.1. As shown below, the peplomers surround the virus all the way around just like a crown does from the top. When SARS first broke out in 2002, it was a newly discovered virus of the coronaviridae never before seen or heard of. The SARS-CoV (SARS-associated coronavirus) is what it was named. Previous known human coronaviruses are known to be the cause of common colds and other upper respiratory tract infections (just mild diseases) [2]. SARS-CoV is different due to the fact that...
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...A Sigma Medical Technologies Offering TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 3 Problem Statement 4 Introduction 6 Analysis of the Facts 8 Expeditionary Marketing Tools 19 Summary of the Facts 27 Alternatives 30 Recommendations 35 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Founded in 2015, Sigma Medical Technologies (SIGMA) is located in the SE region of Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the Sandia Industrial Park area east of Kirtland Air Force Base on Eubank Blvd. SIGMA, owned by Dr. Remy and Mr. Bob Sachs (of TEAM Technologies), serves as the patent holder and developer of “Ozone”. UNM Anderson has been contracted to provide an expeditionary marketing study. Ozone offers an invasive, defined space; gas based delivery system (generated by the product) to kill all living organisms in a room. It provides an affordable elimination and sterilization system for use by the Medical industry. It provides an additional layer of security against concealed germs, bacteria, and viral threats (pathogens). It may even be the cost effective solution to deliver solution based field units to disease hot spots that are engineered for quick and easy “Ozone” sterilization. The technology offers a “whole room” elimination solution (fills available defined space and kills pathogens) as opposed to standard “surface” based elimination systems (based on chemical wipe down style cleaning). Dr. Remy and his supportive team have a...
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...Introduction Kossan Rubber Industries Bhd(7513) was established in 1979. With a growing market demand for Kossan's products, we continued to progress rapidly and was one of the first companies in Malaysia to venture into glove manufacturing. Kossan are able to make 16 billion pieces of gloves per annum today. Kossan's stellar performances and strong reputation as a high quality latex OEM glove manufacturer has resulted in a business network that extends to more than 100 countries around the world, including the USA, Canada, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Australia.Kossan continued to grow and extend its line of quality products. The Company operates in four segments, including Technical rubber products, gloves, cleanroom products, and so on. Kossan took a step further to introduce PU products in 1988 and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) products in 1994. Soon, moulded products and extruded rubber became the key business for Kossan. In year 2000, Kossan progressing developed high-end rubber products such as bridge bearing pads and bridge expansion joints. These products are created to meet current and possibly, future industrial requirements. In 2002 year, Kossan reengineered the facilities to introduce technical rubber and rubber-to-metal bonded automotive parts for OEM and replacement markets. Analysis of financial statement Ratio analysis is a useful management tools that used to understand the organizational performance over time. The investors can...
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