...Gender and development- historical background ‹ Definitions up Mainstreaming gender throughout the Project Cycle Management (PCM) › Gender and development- historical background The United Nations Charter of 1945 and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 established the first official worldwide recognition of women’s equality and non-discrimination on the basis on sex. However up until the late 1960’s the focus was on women’s reproductive roles, as women were seen as wives and mothers and their main issues were supposed to be obtaining access to food, contraceptives, nutrition and health care. The 70’s and 80’s marked a new phase in which the debate moved beyond women’s equality and the domestic sphere of women’s role as wives and mothers onto the global stage where the role of women was promoted as an aid for economic development. The important events such as the First World Conference for Women held in Mexico 1974, the UN decade for women “76-85” and the promotion of the Women In Development (WID) approach emphasised women’s right to development, recognition of women’s economic role in national economies and, most significantly, gave a voice to women in developing countries. Some of the shortcoming of the approaches such as the WID applied in the 70’s were that they fell short of improving unequal relationships, and a significant number of projects were unsustainable as development projects failed to consider the multiple roles carried out by women,...
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...through the fulfillment of traditional roles such as marriage and motherhood and it is the masculine gaze and agency that determine the course of the novel. Men are physically present only occasionally, yet the legacy of sexism and the confinement of women to the domestic sphere persist. “Danzon” by contrast does attempt to define contemporary...
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...involves identification of leaders to guide those being governed to fulfill their vision and mission while guarding against mismanagement of the same. The identification does not lay preference on any gender but over the years, the issue of gender diversity in business organizations and public administration has received increasing attention in both the academic literature and the popular press. The question has been whether greater participation of women in boards, top management and even in the political arena can be directly associated to better financial performance in an organization and on a macro level that participation at all levels impact positively on the economy. The mandate to coordinate policy formulation and integration in Kenya in regards to gender has been given to the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development. Various policy documents have been prepared towards finding a lasting solution to the issue of gender disparities in the work place. The National Commission on Gender and Development (NCGD) has been operational since 2004 and was formulated to enable the Ministry to carry out its mandate. Its mandate includes legal reform, advocacy, providing advice on gender issues to government and coordinating the various government agencies’ efforts on gender issues. A survey carried out by Business Woman Magazine (2008) shows that the public sector has a higher number of women in executive level positions than the private sector. Although the public sector...
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...rolling hills littered with gravestones in the shape of the symbol of Venus. The graves extend to the horizon line in all directions, seemingly endless. From the viewer’s position in the lower right corner of the cartoon they can discern details on the nearest grave: the top arch of the hand mirror reads “femicide”; it’s handle, “over 370 killed and counting”; a small altar of flowers, bread, and a prayer candle rest at its base. Caricatures of a police officer, politician, Uncle Sam, and cartel boss shift nervously in front of a mugshot height chart. They look at the viewer and the sky but never at the graves, symbolically refusing to acknowledge their role in the women’s murders. The intricate detail given to the usual suspects and graves overshadows the women themselves. The factory workers are only suggested by a female skeleton, her gender marked with long curly hair, hangs out of the window of a bus driving to the factory. She glances over her shoulder and makes uncomfortable eye contact with the viewer, her gaze asking how even in cartoons las disposables remain faceless, nameless, forgotten. This cartoon depicts las disposables, the disposable women, of Ciudad Juárez. The cartoonist’s depiction mirrors real life in many ways. Like the cartoon, in real life female factory workers are invisible in life and anonymous in death. They are often bussed to work LAS DISPOSABLES PAGE 2 ! to and from the...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1756-6266.htm Situating the subject: gender and entrepreneurship in international contexts Fidelma Ashe University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK, and Gender and entrepreneurship 185 Lorna Treanor Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a perspective to further the understanding of gender entrepreneurship. This paper considers the situatedness of the gendered entrepreneur within diverse international contexts marked by different constitutions of gender identities and networks of power, both within the context of contributions within this special issue but also more broadly within the field of gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a feminist perspective and analyse the different framings of identity within gender and entrepreneurship literature and their contributions to our understandings of the concepts of both power and gendered identities. Findings – The paper finds that power and identity are configured in different contexts in ways that open arenas for future analysis. Originality/value – The paper highlights the importance of considering masculinities within gender and entrepreneurship research offering support for further analyses of entrepreneurial masculinities by examining two studies that expose entrepreneurial masculinities as shifting subjectivities...
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...We frequently think about the issue of gender discrimination as a correspondence with numerical matter or regarding balance in professional wages. While statistics can demonstrate that sex imbalance exists at all levels of social, political and expert life, they can't generally show how serious gender discrimination actually is. Stunning demonstrations of savagery are being executed against women and little girls consistently in various parts of the world. The instance of Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl who the Taliban attempted to execute for advancing young women's education, is only one illustration of the unsuitable imbalance and ruthless constraint confronted by women every day in a male dominated theocracy. The story of Malala has a considerable measure to show us. Malala Yousafzai was 12 years old when she initially set out to freely express her perspectives about the conclusion of schools and ponder endeavors to keep young females in her district from getting an education. While others had succumbed to abuse in the Swat Valley, Malala rebelled....
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...Ana Perez Cortes ID 170 4:00-5:15 Chicana Liberation Through Art Art has been a crucial element in the Chicana feminist movement. There were many Chicana artist such as Yolanda Lopez, Alma Lopez, and Ester Hernandez. Among the artist there were many different styles used but they all had the same objective which was to fight against the gender stereotypes that they suffered in the Chicano Movement as well as the discrimination the received in society. This could be seen in the art they created such as the radical interpretations of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Intersectionality was also important in their paintings since they both received discrimination for their race and their gender both in the movement and outside the movement. The...
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...me stay perceived as a “gendered” experience. The questions that this ... employ the use of constant comparative analysis to code and extract a theory and other ..... Host Family Experience: What Is the Impact? What Does it ... Reading Journal - College Essay - Ychen56 - Term Paper Warehouse www.termpaperwarehouse.com › Social Issues Dec 12, 2013 - the home stay: a gendered perspective * Summary: * The author ... Quantitative data express that information is consist of numbers. However ... [PDF] Reinventing the Homestay Experience in Europe - Forum on ... www.forumea.org/documents/ReinventingHomestayExperience.pdf REINVENTING THE HOME STAY. EXPERIENCE IN ..... Housing Questionnaire: What is your principal concern or .... The home stay: A Gendered Perspective. [PDF] Overseas Students Information and Policies Handbook - Bunbury ... www.bcgs.wa.edu.au/sites/.../Overseas%20Students%20Handbook_0.pdf Overseas Students Guardian and/or Homestay Provider Agreement .... this information is contained in the Education Services for Overseas Students Act 2000, ..... perspective for students at the School, the School has been accepted as a full ..... and Guardian provide a summary of the expectations and responsibilities of a ... Volume XV (Fall 2007/Winter 2008) - Welcome to Frontiers www.frontiersjournal.com/frontiersjournal.comissuesvol15index.htm George Heitmann: The Cost of Study Abroad: An Economic Analysis. Kevin Kehl and Jason Morris: ... Heather Gutel: The Home...
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...disadvantages in society may be eliminated by breaking down stereotyped customary expectations of women by offering better education to women and introducing equal opportunity programmes,[6] had a notable influence on the formulation of the WID approaches, whereby little attention was given to men and to power relations between genders.[5] The translation of the 1970s feminist movements and their repeated calls for employment opportunities in the development agenda meant that particular attention was given to the productive labour of women, leaving aside reproductive concerns and social welfare.[5]Yet this focus was part of the approach pushed forward by advocates of the WID movement, reacting to the general policy environment maintained by early colonial authorities and post-war development authorities, wherein inadequate reference to the work undertook by women as producers was made, as they were almost solely identified as their roles as wives and mothers.[5] The WID's opposition to this “welfare approach” was in part motivated by the work of Danish economist Ester Boserup in the early 1970s, who challenged the assumptions of the said approach and highlighted the role women by women in the agricultural production and economy.[7] A dominant strand...
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...In Colonial Latin America, women resignedly occupied inferior roles in the political, economic, and social spheres that dictated the happenings of their daily lives. Society did not view women as equivalent to their male counterparts and thus aimed to restrict and diminish their intellect and political agency. Their most effective manner of perpetuating this oppression was to discourage women from seeking an education. From a colonial mindset, the duty of the woman was to meekly obey the desires of the paternal figures in her life and aspire to become a wife and mother; the only acceptable alternative was to devote her life to Catholicism by entering into a convent with the intent of becoming a nun. Although both options deprived women of their right to self-autonomy, the latter offered lesser societal confinements. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was a woman who challenged the social norm that women were not worthy of entering the realm of academia. Her inquisitive nature and desire for knowledge prompted her to...
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...stewarding sheep across “Brokeback mountain,” fall in love but must face the challenge of going back to their heterosexual lifestyles following an early snowfall that forces them to leave the mountain prematurely. From this point on, the characters are separated by time and space as the film weaves throughout their lives outside of the mountain as they try to navigate their identities and relationship in a time that forbids their love. In terms of gender and sexuality,...
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...world community to focus attention on areas of critical concern for women worldwide concerns that stem from social problems embracing both men and women, and that require solutions affecting both genders. One of the main objectives of the Conference is to adopt a platform for action, concentrating on some of the key areas identified as obstacles to the advancement of women. UNRISDs work in preparation for the Fourth World Conference on Women focuses on two of the themes highlighted by the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women: 2 inequality in women’s access to and participation in the definition of economic structures and policies and the productive process itself; and 2 insufficient institutional mechanisms to promote the advancement of women. The Institutes Occasional Paper series for Beijing reflects work carried out under the UNRISD/UNDP project, Technical Co-operation and Women’s Lives: Integrating Gender into Development Policy. The activities of the project include an assessment of efforts by a selected number of donor agencies and governments to integrate gender issues into their activities; the action-oriented part of the project involves pilot studies in Bangladesh, Jamaica, Morocco, Uganda and Viet Nam, the goal of which is to initiate a policy dialogue between gender researchers, policy makers and activists aimed at making economic policies and productive processes more accountable to women. This paper, the first in the series, provides an introduction to women...
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...that emerged in the 1970s, calling for treatment of women's issues in development projects. Later, the Gender and development (GAD) approach proposed more emphasis on gender relations rather than seeing women's issues in isolation.[1] Ever since the First World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975, approaches to «women's issues» have changed considerably. Development agencies, including FAO, first advocated the Women in Development (WID) approach, which was useful in making the importance of women's productive work more clearly visible, as well as in recognizing women's essential role in development. This approach focused on using development resources to improve women's conditions, for example through projects for women. However, the WID approach tended to focus solely on women as a separate, homogeneous entity and to ignore the basic structure of the unequal relations between women and men. Because it failed to take into account the wider social and economic context, WID often ignored the issues of how men might be affected and how important gender interactions are. | Over time, WID evolved into Gender and Development (GAD), which focuses on analysing the roles and responsibilities that are socially assigned to women and men, the social relations and interactions between women and men, and the opportunities offered to one and the other. The GAD approach defines gender and the unequal power relations between women and men as essential categories of analysis. Rather than...
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...Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Stephanie Seguino Professor, Department of Economics Old Mill 340 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05401 Tel. 1 802 656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender equality and economic...
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...proposed here asserts that equality of opportunity of women and men is more likely to be achieved if both genders embrace the changes now occurring in communication and information use with similar vigour. This term paper seeks to highlight on the concept of gender discrimination, even as sundry instances of the persistent issue is well sustained. The argument proposed here provides an anecdotal rather than theoretical overview of the way in which the use of information technology has come to dominate modern decision making in a variety of contexts. The dimension of women disparity and the need to correct such inequality is elaborated. Finally, the areas of applications of information technology in curbing gender differences and the probable outcome of such applications is well addressed. INTRODUCTION Women are key to the development challenge. Throughout the developing world, women are at a disadvantage at the household, community, and societal levels. Within the household, women have less access to and control over resources and limited influence over household decisions. Beyond the household, women have limited access to communal resources, are under-represented in public decision-making bodies; have limited bargaining power in markets (such as the labour market), and often lack opportunities to improve their socioeconomic position. Therefore, efforts to reduce gender inequality are required on multiple fronts. However, the feminization of poverty is not so much about more...
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