...some research about the microcontroller. I was able to choose from the history or applications, however I chose to research both topics so it can help myself get a better understanding about microcontrollers. James Pearson ET355PMicroprocessors | | AbstractI was asked to do some research about the microcontroller. I was able to choose from the history or applications, however I chose to research both topics so it can help myself get a better understanding about microcontrollers. James Pearson ET355PMicroprocessors | “The microprocessor, also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), is the brain of all computers and many household and electronic devices. Multiple microprocessors, working together, are the "hearts" of datacenters, super-computers, communications products, and other digital devices. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful; it was primarily used to perform simple mathematical operations in a calculator called “Busicom.” Just like microwaves or telephones, devices with microprocessors have become so integrated into our daily lives, that we cannot imagine a life without them. It’s sometimes hard to believe that only 60 years ago, computers were rare and were not available for the wider public. It wasn't until the '80s that computers entered our homes and - thanks to the microprocessor - really made an impact on the average person's life. Nowadays, modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated...
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...1. A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of computer’s central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. 2. A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor (or a SIP block), with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing. 3. A graphics processing unit (GPU), also occasionally called visual processing unit (VPU), is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. 4. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. 5. Advantages of Microcontrollers a) Microcontrollers act as a microcomputer without any digital parts. b) As the higher integration inside microcontroller reduce cost and size of the system. c) Usage of microcontroller is simple, easy for troubleshoot and system maintaining. d) Most of the pins are programmable by the user for performing...
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...A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other...
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...Introduction A microcontroller will be used in the development of the experiment which is basically a computer on a chip. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor. In addition to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller usually also integrates additional elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces. Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size, cost, and power consumption compared to a design using a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically control many more processes Objective The objective of this experiment is to program a servo motor to change position at different rates. In addition, these changes of position will cause the servo horn to rotate at different speeds. Methodology The servo will be programmed to change the position at different rates. The servo will be moved and held to a position based on the electronic signals it receives. These signals take the form of pulses that last anywhere between 1 and 2 ms, and they have to be delivered every 20 ms for the servo to maintain its position. In addition, the command PULSOUT will be used to make the BASIC Stamp...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 History A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, trailer loader, side loader or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. The modern forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing company Clark and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing. The forklift has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations. The middle 19th century through the early 20th century saw the developments that led to today's modern forklifts. The Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 introduced battery powered platform trucks for moving luggage at their Altoona, Pennsylvania train station. World War I saw the development of different types of material handling equipment in the United Kingdom by Ransomes, Sims and Jeffries of Ipswich. This was in part due to the labor shortages caused by the war. In 1917 Clark in the United States began developing and using powered tractor and powered lift tractors in their factories. In 1919 the Towmotor Company and Yale & Towne Manufacturing in 1920 entered the lift truck market in the United States. Continuing development and expanded use of the forklift continued through the 1920s and 1930s. World War II, like World War I before, spurred the use of forklift trucks in the war effort. Following the war, more efficient methods for storing products in warehouses were being...
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...indicate the alarm. This project involves controlling accident due to unconscious through Eye blink. Here one eye blink sensor is fixed in vehicle where if anybody looses conscious and indicate through alarm. CONTENTS 1. Introduction ……....……………….………………………………..……6 2. System Model…….……………………………………………….…….7 2.1 Basic Model of The System …….…..……………………..…….7 2.2 Circuit Diagram …….……………………………………..……...8 2.3 Parts of The System …………………………...………..………..9 2.3.1 IR Sensing Circuit………..…….………..……………….9 2.3.2 Alarm Circuit……..………………………………………11 2.3.3 LM358 Comparator………….………………………….13 3. Hardware Description………………………………………..……….. 14 3.1 Microcontroller (AT89S52)……………………………..………..16 3.2 Liquid Crystal Display….……..……………………………….. 18 3.3 Power Supply….………………….………………….………….20 4. Software……………………………………………………….………..22 4. 1 Introduction to KEIL…………………………………….………. 22 4.2 What is...
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...T EAM T HUMB S TART A keyless ignition system using a fingerprint scanner for motorcycles Brandon Aldecoa Robert Rebich Anas Husain Table of Contents 1. Background……………………………………………………………………………...1 2. System Architecture……………………………………………………………….....…...2 3. Concepts Considered………………………………………………………………….....4 3.1 Fingerprint Scanner…………………………………………………………….4 3.2 Radio Frequency Link…………………………………………………….…….4 4. Concepts Chosen………………………………………………………………….……..5 4.1 Fingerprint Module……………………………………………………….…….5 4.2 Microcontroller………………………………………………………….……...6 4.3 Transmitter…………………………………………………………….……….7 4.4 Receiver……………………………………………………………….………..8 4.5 Encoder/Decoder……………………………………………………..………..9 4.6 ATTINY45/Relay…………………………………………………….……….10 4. Future Work……………………………………………………………………….…....11 Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………….…13 Table 1. Backup system decision matrix……………………………………….…..13 Table 2. Budget breakdown………………………………………………….……13 Table 3. List of part for transmitter circuitry………………………………….…...14 Table 4. List of part for receiver circuitry…………………………………….…....15 Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………….…16 Figure 8. Transmitter schematic……………………………………………….…..16 Figure 9. Receiver schematic………………………………………………….…...17 Appendix C………………………………………………………………………….……18 Final board layout Appendix D…………………………………………………………………………..…...19 Code for ATMEGA48 in transmitter circuit Appendix E………………………………………………………………………...……...29 Code for ATTINY45 in receiver circuit Important Data Sheets……………………………………………………………………...
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...RFID module operate in 125Khz range, when a tag passes through its vicinity, the module senses its presence and extracts its unique serial number and passes this code into microcontroller which matches the code to the correct person and increments the attendance of the particular person. CONTENTS 1.Introduction 2.Block Diagram and Description 3.Circuit -Circuit Diagram -Circuit Description 4.Software 5.Printed Circuit Board -PCB Layout 6.Estimate 7.Conclusion 8.Bibpiography INTRODUCTION The two major problems faced by organizations are time consuming manual attendance and wastage of electrical power. Our project is going to solve these problems by using RFID technology. The project is designed to store up to 50 card IDs but it is easily scalable up to 65000 card IDs but for that it requires external memory. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. So the RFID is a wireless identification. Normally the RFID system comprises of two main parts: RFID Reader and RFID Tag. RFID Reader is an integrated or passive network which is used to interrogate information from RFID tag. The RFID Reader may consist of antenna, filters, modulator, demodulator, coupler and a microprocessor. COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM The figure below shows the basic...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [pic] We would like to thank Asst. Prof., Ila Parmar for her guidance, her support and the opportunity to work on this project and H.O.D., Mr. Lokhandvala for his support and the encouragement. We would also like to thank our families for their constant support, encouragement and motivation without which the accomplishment of this project would not be possible. We would also like to thank our friends and all the people who directly or indirectly played a role in this project. ABSTRACT [pic] Mankind has always strived to give life like qualities to it’s artifacts in an attempt to find substitutes for himself to carry out his orders and also to work in a hostile environment. The popular concept of a robot is of a machine that looks like a human being. Cleaning of floors of rooms and corridor usually involves lot of effort and labour on the part of the person doing it. It causes much trouble, waste of time and energy on the part of humans. Moreover, it also proves to be expensive if a person is hired for doing it. It also makes the employer dependent on the person hired for getting the job done. Thus it bounds people in a way and renders them helpless. What if this process is made automatic and independent of any apparent human role. This can be done with the help of embedded technology and automation. That is the job we as future EC engineers have undertaken. The process of cleaning can be...
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... 2012 Ibrahim Elhag– Instructor Strayer University Inventory Management Systems The necessary equipment for creating a low-cost automated inventory system would be a Rockwell Automation Printed Circuit Board, Wireless Antennas Cable with Circuit Board, Microcontroller Unit PIC18F4550, Handheld MC9190 G-Mobile Computer, and IR Remote Toggle Switch Kit, Bar Codes, and Personal Computer. The system I would want to create would be automated and run off wireless and IR signals where there will be some manual check, but the automated would be in place and manual is just to double-check on the automated system. There can be a lag in automated systems so there would be the need for manual checking in case the automated isn’t up to date because the last thing anyone wants is to be without what’s needed and then have to order it. The customer wouldn’t be happy and makes the business look bad at the same time. There will be an automated inventory system comprising of at least one bin configured to contain a plurality of stocked items, a platform configured to support the bin, a wireless circuit associated with each said platform and a wireless reader device having at least one microcontroller unit. The wireless reader device may be configured to read a wireless signal transmitted by the wireless circuit upon completion of printed circuit board. The printed circuit board includes a switch configured to selectively complete the circuit board and a sensor configured...
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...architecture and 8086 microprocessor specifically. 1. What is a Microprocessor? - Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor are single- chip devices. 2. Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor? - 8-bit Processor - 8085 / Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 / 80486. 3. Why 8085 processor is called an 8 bit processor? - Because 8085 processor has 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU. 4. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? - The processor made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits. 5. Define HCMOS? - High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor. 6. What does microprocessor speed depend on? - The processing speed depends on DATA BUS WIDTH. 7. Is the address bus unidirectional? - The address bus is unidirectional because the address information is always given by the Micro Processor to address a memory location of an input / output devices. 8. Is the data bus is Bi-directional? - The data bus is Bi-directional because the same bus is used for transfer of data between Micro Processor and memory or input / output devices in both the direction. 9. What is the disadvantage of microprocessor? - It has limitations...
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...register chip for input output ports. In 1968 Intel starts, but wasn’t till 1971 introduces its first microprocessor which was 4004. The 4004 held 2,300 transistors. Then 1972 Intel came out with the first 8-bit microprocessors, and then in 1973 the PL/M language was introduced for microprocessors. 1974 the 8080 microprocessor comes, it has almost double the transistors at 4,500. In 1975 the ICE-80 is put out in the market, along with the Itellec model 800 which is a disk based system. The 8085 is introduced in 1976 it has 5 volt power supply; the world sees the first microcontrollers the 8748/8048 with embedded intelligence. In 1977 the 2910 decoder becomes the telecommunications standard. The 16-bit 8086 microprocessor becomes industry standard in 1978 for all PC’s. 1980 the world witnesses the birth of internet with Ethernet networking. IBM selects the 8088 to power the IBM PC in 1981. The 8098 is the first 16-bit microcontroller released in 1982 along with the 16-bit 80286 (Intel 286) microprocessor which had 134,000 transistors held in it. In 1983 the 80C49/80C51 CHMOS DRAM comes out with densities high as 256K. In 1985 Intel exits the DRAM business to on making processors. They enter into making supercomputers, introducing iPC/1 with the Intel -286 processors working together to solve more complex problems. That same year Intel introduces the Intel 386 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors. 1987 the iPSC/2 supercomputers with Intel 386 processors and the Intel 80387...
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...Introduction to Microcontrollers 3.1 Just a Start Up A microcontroller (also MCU or ¥ìC) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of micro-computer element that emphasizing high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor. In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller typically integrates additional elements such as read-write memory for data storage, read-only memory, such as flash memory for code storage and permanent data storage memory, peripheral devices, and input/output interfaces. Microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to modern day microprocessors, but this is adequate for many typical applications. They consume relatively little power (milliwatts), and will generally have the ability to sleep while waiting for an interesting peripheral event such as a button press to wake them up again to do something. Power consumption while sleeping may be just nanowatts, making them ideal for low power and long lasting battery applications. Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size, cost, and power consumption compared to a design using a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical...
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...American University of Sharjah – Computer Engineering College Presented by: Larbi Yazid b00052497 under the supervision of Dr Tarik Ozkul Academic year: 2013-2014 Technological review about MICROCONTROLLER CONFIGURED FOR EXTERNAL MEMORY DECRYPTION Abstract This article will address the publication "MICROCONTROLLER CONFIGURED FOR EXTERNAL MEMORY DECRYPTION" in technological and systematic perspective. First, there will be a brief description of the structure and functioning of the microcontroller. Then, we'll try to answer some questions that can pass through the mind when reading the publication. At the end the Article could also offer suggestions or other perspectives for future research. Description of the existent system The microcontroller of the present study is used in an infrastructure called "Advanced Metering Infrastructure" to measure the energy consumption. The infrastructure is represented as a network of several nodes interconnected by RF radio links or power line communication, where one of these nodes called "Root Node" connects the remaining nodes to the central station called Central Office via a network such as the Internet. Central Office contains a data management system for processing data received from different nodes, it is meant by the processing of these data: analysis, filtering, extraction, projection, simulation and naturally backup and archiving. The Central Office may be in one geographic location or at multiple sites in the case of a distributed...
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...Interrupt is one of the most important and powerful concepts and features in microcontroller/processor applications. Almost all the real world and real time systems built around microcontrollers and microprocessors make use of interrupts. What is an Interrupt The interrupts refer to a notification, communicated to the controller, by a hardware device or software, on receipt of which controller momentarily stops and responds to the interrupt. Whenever an interrupt occurs the controller completes the execution of the current instruction and starts the execution of an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) or Interrupt Handler. ISR is a piece of code that tells the processor or controller what to do when the interrupt occurs. After the execution of ISR, controller returns back to the instruction it has jumped from (before the interrupt was received). Why need interrupts An application built around microcontrollers generally has the following structure. It takes input from devices like keypad processes the input using certain algorithm; and generates an output which is either displayed using devices like seven segment, LCD or used further to operate other devices like motors etc. In such designs, controllers interact with the inbuilt devices like timers and other interfaced peripherals like sensors, serial port etc. The programmer needs to monitor their status regularly like whether the sensor is giving output, whether a signal has been received or transmitted, whether timer has finished...
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