...Adolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals,...
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...my work. Human development theories can help professionals examining how a person’s behavior and personality improves during the lifespan (Berk, 2010). For this assignment, I chose two key theories that address human development. I will introduce and analyze Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. I will identify similarities and differences. Finally, I will discuss how these theories relate to my goals in research. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss theorist who conducted research studies on cognitive development. Although he observed his own children, his theory is one of the key theories of human development. Piaget published several books on childhood development, psychology, moral judgment, and intelligence (Berk, 2010). Few of his major works that I will use for this assignment are: The Moral Judgment of the Child (1948), The Early Growth of Logic in the Child (1964), Biology and Knowledge (1971). Piaget’s four stages address infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence (Mussen, 1983). Piaget believed that there is a significant connection between biological and cognitive development. Human beings physically, mentally, and emotionally adapt to their environment (Piaget, 1971). In early childhood, the child has a lack of logical thinking that will develop through everyday experiences (Inhelder & Piaget, 1964). As the child grows, her or his learning processes and interactions with...
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...Several theories have been developed from the five major perspectives used to research child development. These perspectives include psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological perspectives (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). Researchers use theories to explain child development. The theories are important because they propose ideas or explanations to describe development and to predict kinds of behaviors. In this paper, I will discuss and describe three theories of development, their key concepts, their similarities, their differences, how the domains of development influence each other, and how understanding development helps those who work with developing children. Three Theories of Development: Some important theories of child development include Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erickson’s psychosocial theory, and Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory. “Sigmund Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be redirected to make it possible to live in society” (Papalia et. al, 2008). He proposed that development happens throughout five stages in a child’s life. The first stage is referred to as the oral stage. It occurs between birth and 18 months. During this stage, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities (Papalia et. al, 2008). The second stage is referred to as the anal stage. It occurs between one year and three years of age. During this stage, the child derives sensual gratification from...
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...Adolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals completely grew into adults. Adolescence is a time of great change for a child. It is a time where they begin to explore who they are as individuals and develop their own identities as they get closer into adulthood. Erik Erikson theorized that in adolescence “the main task is developing an identity” and that a healthy identity is developed when they try on alternate identities and reflect on these experiences (Pressley &ump; McCormick, 2007, p.147). Michael Nakkula says “identity is not the culmination of a key event or series of events, although key events can play an important role in the larger process. It is rather, the lived experience of an ongoing process-the process of integrating successes, failures, routines, habits, rituals,...
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...The nature of childhood, and changes in the status of children in the family and society key ideas 1) Industrialisation and changes to childhood Pre-industrial Britain had no concept of childhood - Everyone was held responsible for actions and Tudor law stated that a 7 year old can be hanged After industrialisation, these beliefs stayed within the working class children were an economic asset. Middle class families saw a decline in infant mortality rates and so family sizes declined. In the 19th century, children were banned from working in mines. 2) 20th century childhood A child-centered society emerged at this time due to improvements in living standards and nutrition thus leading to a decrease in infant mortality rates. Children also became an expensive business as parents began to favour consumption over primary interaction. Childhood and adolescence became largely separate from adulthood and children were seen as needing protecting 3) Children and the state Compulsory education lasts until 11 years of age. The role of child services bag to police at-risk families. The 2004 Children Act focuses on wellbeing of children from birth to age 19. In 2007, the Department for Children, Schools and Families was created to make sure children stay healthy, safe and enjoy childhood. The Child Support Act 1991 deals with care and upbringing of children. 4) Teenage parents From studies by the Social Exclusion Unit, teenage parents were said to be caused by low...
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...Worldwide, all nations share essential educational goals in middle childhood such as reading, writing and doing mathematics. Based on At About This Time tables, nations try to leverage arithmetic and reading skills by setting up new skills to acquire such three-digit numbers or reading 50 words per minute out loud. In addition to this important knowledge, countries are also to eager to provide children with moral values regarding how to be good citizens. Schooling methods and curriculum serve as foundations to convey nations’ beliefs, values and cultural standards. Educational curriculum varies by nation, by community, and by school subject. For instance, in the United States, curricula depends on when, how, and whether second-language or religious instructions occur. There is no educational unity in North America, which makes difficult to reach the reading, writing and mathematics standards. Moreover, there is another form of curriculum that has been popular among school districts: the hidden curriculum. According to the Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology, "Hidden curriculum is a concept used to describe the often unarticulated and unacknowledged things that students are taught in school." In other words, hidden curriculum refers to the unintended or implicit values cultivated in the practices exercised in the classroom and educational institutions through the application of the curriculum. For example, children are often rewarded not only for their academic achievements in...
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...Middle Childhood PSY/103 Middle Childhood There are various aspects of human development, including physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development. In this paper the author will discuss the middle childhood (6-12 years) stage of human development. Incorporated will be the factors that affect physical and cognitive development both hereditary and environmental. I will also discuss the factors that affect social, moral, and personality development. Developmentally, middle childhood is a big time in a child’s life. During this time, they begin their academic journey. “During middle childhood, defined by psychologists as the period between 6 and 12 years of age children develop the emotional, cognitive, and social skills necessary to become educable members of society” (Campbell, 2011). They are growing and changing in so many ways. Children begin learning how to relate to others outside the home. They also learn to respect others and how to treat others properly. A child’s physical and cognitive development can be affected by many things. Genetics, nutrition, home environment, income, and parenting affect how a child will develop during middle childhood. Culture also comes into play when a person looks at social, moral, and personality development. All of these things will affect how a child thinks and feels about the world around him or her. Genes have an effect on middle childhood development. Everything from height and weight to hair color are determined...
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...explanations of changes in the status of childhood (24 marks) | Underline or highlight the key concepts, terms and instructions, by identifying these key elements it will allow you to focus on answering the question. It is important to use relevant sociological terminology within the context of you essay. List the key sociological terms that will be appropriate for this essay. Privileged time, social construct, golden age, separateness, toxic childhood, child-centred, march of progress, conflict view, child liberationists, globalisation, information hierarchy | IntroductionSignpost to the question and clearly explain the key concepts /terms of the question | In today’s society, childhood is seen to be socially constructed in that this idea of childhood has been created by society and its institutions rather than being a natural occurrence; it is society’s perception of what childhood is. Sociologists argue that childhood and the position that children have in society is not fixed, and that it differs between times, places, and cultures. However, children all have different experiences of what childhood is to them based on class, gender, and ethnicity so no one would experience childhood in the same way. | Paragraph 1PointThe point must be appropriate in answering the question. | The modern western notion of childhood is that in today’s society, it is accepted that children are very different to adults - it is the ‘golden age’ of childhood. | Explain the point | They are...
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...Childhood and Adolescence Paper Christina Williams PSY/280 July 13, 2015 R. Adinah Johnson Childhood and Adolescence Paper “Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be, but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be” (Sorenson, 2005). Statistics say that in the stages in middle adolescence 30% of the child’s social life and interactions there are a great stage of peer pressure. These results were compared to the 10% that is experienced during the early childhood. They show that they are competent by demonstrating their behaviors in these peer groups. During the elementary years in school, children have to prove to others that they understand and that they are capable of handling the different situations they find themselves in. They must keep a certain criteria in order to have friends. The main concern during these peer groups is to be accepted and most of these concerns are experienced during middle childhood. Researchers have been focusing in the friendship among the children. Friendship is one of the most important parts of the social group between early stages of childhood. Friends fill that special need we have inside and for a child’s development that is one of the most important parts. They fulfill the special needs and they help with communication, interaction, acceptance, companionship and social skills. Peer is more related to the social and popularity status and its acceptance...
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...“The Effects of Nature and Nurture in Middle Childhood” Middle Childhood is the name given for the age division from 6 to 11 years of a child’s life. They are also known as the “school years.” During this time a child’s health, education, and emotional well being are all undergoing changes. Though not as drastic as the changes they will soon face in adolescence, they are steady, and the impact that nature and nurture will have on these aspects reach far and wide across the many developments they face in their lives. Heath is of the utmost importance in raising a child, and is the biggest factor of a child’s physical development in middle childhood. When a child is receiving the proper nutrition he or she needs, they grow at the expected, normal rate during middle childhood. In families where the SES is lower, the children are more inclined to be fed snacks with high caloric content, than food with fresh ingredients. These eating habits can lead to obesity. The food they eat isn’t the only way in which a child may become obese. At an age where most normal children love engaging in physical activity, and expending energy in exercise, children who sit in front of the TV, are at greater risk of becoming overweight and obese. This has everything to do with the family’s SES and therefore, has to do with nurture, the environment in which they’re raised. One illness that can be linked to obesity is asthma. It is common amongst children raised in poverty-stricken environments...
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...Child Development By kelleylove45 | Studymode.com Child Development Portfolio Assignment Child Development B 21 CRN: 30735 Lorri Broughton-Kelley April 28,2013 Bakersfield College Spring 2012 Page 1 Infant and Toddler Development t A. Physical Development : The physical development in infants and toddlers. From the time, that they are born, they have the world at their hands. They will explore and get familiar with it day by day. Their eyes and mouths are open and they put objects in them. They notice people and things that are there. They are here to be comforted, by the people and things around them. They will learn things as the development and will flourish. The are so dominant in developing so that they are able to grasp, move cry, and let it be know that they have the desire for attention. The first year from birth on they are able to lift there heads a little, make facial expressions, make a fist with there hands. They are able to suck on a bottle, grasp and hold your finger and use the reflexes in their mouth. During the first six months they have gotten stronger and are able to do: reach and touch, crawl, roll over, push body forward, change hands with objects, lift head and chest, and make clearer sounds. Six months and older they will sit up, throw things, roll ball, walking holding on, and standing. By the age of one they are walking picking up things, move to sounds. Age two and up they are capable of turn door knobs. Walking, talking, running...
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...SELF CONCEPT The self-concept is the accumulation of knowledge about the self, such as beliefs regarding personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles. Beginning in infancy, children acquire and organize information about themselves as a way to enable them to understand the relation between the self and their social world. This developmental process is a direct consequence of children's emerging cognitive skills and their social relationships with both family and peers. During early childhood, children's self-concepts are less differentiated and are centered on concrete characteristics, such as physical attributes, possessions, and skills. During middle childhood, the self-concept becomes more integrated and differentiated as the child engages in social comparison and more clearly perceives the self as consisting of internal, psychological characteristics. Throughout later childhood and adolescence, the self-concept becomes more abstract, complex, and hierarchically organized into cognitive mental representations or self-schemas, which direct the processing of self-relevant information. Understanding your self-concept It is the understanding and knowledge you have of your own existence. It is how you see yourself in relation to others and to your surroundings. To have a positive or healthy self-concept you must: Know yourself Love yourself Be True to yourself In order to meet the challenges of today's complicated...
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...Historical development of early childhood care and educational services The following essay will discuss the philosophical, historical, political, social and economic factors that have contributed to the development of Early Childhood Care and Education services in Australia within a global perspective. Early childhood education (ECE) today consists of a number of crèches, preschools, kindergartens, primary classes and early intervention programs (Woodill, 1992). Educational theory and practice stretches from Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle (Biggs & Potter, 1999), into the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, on to more recent centuries (McCarthy & Houston, 1980). Among these, three of the most influential in the field of early childhood education are Johann Pestalozzi, Freidrich Wilhelm Froebel, and Maria Montessori. Early ideas have shaped the provision of care and educational services into those currently operating in Australia today. During medieval times very little importance was placed on childhood. As a result, this period was marked with a view of ‘preformationism’. This was a view that saw children “as miniature, already formed adults” (Berk, 1996, p.6). During this time, the idea that children were unique surreptitiously began to emerge when the church defended the innocence of children. The sixteenth century saw a different image of children emerge born out of protestant belief. This belief raised the idea that children were born evil and needed to...
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...Deborah Hawkins Early Child Development Chapters 6-11 Sharon Garrett Models-These are the models that are used for Early Childhood Development 1. Head Start: Empowering for Change from Within 2. The High Scope Foundations: Planning, Implementing, and Reviewing Best Practices 3. The Project Approach: Active Inquiry in Early Childhood 4. The Schools of Reggio Emilia: A Child’s World 5. Montessori Education: Environment, Materials, and Methods 6. Waldorf education: Harmony and the Whole Child Head Start- In 1964 under President Lyndon Johnson Sargent Shriver assembled a committee and put together a group of sociologists, psychologists, and pediatricians to design a system that would assist children to overcome their setbacks or obstacles caused by poverty. Before the name Head Start was establish, the committee had tossed around several different names, e.g., Kiddie Corps, and Bay Corps however the name Head Start was chosen by the academics who understood the achievement gap between middle class students and their lower class peers (Kagan, 2002). President Johnson announced Project Head Start in May of 1965, President Johnson and Mr. Shiver used the (Office of Economic Opportunity) to establish the Head Start program (Kagan, 2002). It started as an eight week summer program for children from low income communities that were going into public school in the fall (Styfco and Zigler, 2003). In the first summer of the Head Start Program it served over...
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...dialectical, postformal faith” (Berger, 2014, p. 531). As I look back over my own personal ‘faith history/development’ I see evidence of the stages described by Fowler. During the early childhood years an individual develops an intuitive-projective faith. In this phase a child continues to grow and begins to engage in symbolic thought and play. At this age faith is based on the stories they are given from parents or others. At this stage they are creating concepts of good and evil. Looking back on my childhood this is when prayer was first introduced and I did not understand its true meaning. My prayers were not thought out; they were an expression of thoughts and sometimes the simple prayer most children are taught; Now I lay me down to sleep. The second or mythic-literal stage, some children believe that the religious stories they have been taught have significance and beliefs. Moral rules and attitudes are interpreted literally, if we are good we go to Heaven and if we are bad then we go to hell. You begin to understand that not all bad people will be held accountable for their actions, and even good people may encounter suffering. Start to understand that just because you pray for something doesn’t mean you get what you want. For young adults the synthetic-conventional stage personality is key and representations of God, that he is a loving, understanding and is forgivable. We should do what is right, start to branch out and find their selves. This is the time when everything...
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