...includes a detailed discussion of the theoretical and conceptual perspectives of rural to urban migration integrating these with the objectives of the study set out in briefer fashion in Chapter 1. Section 2.1 presents the theoretical literature review including the concept of internal migration, the nature of data on migration, conceptual issues in the measurement of internal migration, migration theories, gender dimension and social structure of India. Section 2.2 reviews the empirical literature showing the trends and patterns of internal migration in India, especially the rural to urban labour migration. Section 2.3 shows the conceptual framework of the proposed study. In academic research, relatively little...
Words: 10281 - Pages: 42
...ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) ABAP Workbench The ABAP Workbench component is a fully-fledged development environment for applications in the ABAP language. With it, you can create, edit, test, and organize application developments. It is fully integrated in the R/3 Basis system and, like other R/3 applications, is itself written in ABAP. Application Servers R/3 programs run on application servers. They are an important component of the R/3 System. The following sections describe application servers in more detail. Structure of an Application Server The application layer of an R/3 System is made up of the application servers and the message server. Application programs in an R/3 System are run on application servers. The application servers communicate with the presentation components, the database, and also with each other, using the message server. The following diagram shows the structure of an application server: [pic] The individual components are: Work Processes An application server contains work processes, which are components that can run an application. Each work process is linked to a memory area containing the context of the application being run. The context contains the current data for the application program. This needs to be available in each dialog step. Dispatcher Each application server contains a dispatcher. The dispatcher is the link between the work processes and the users logged onto the application server. Its...
Words: 2346 - Pages: 10
...Migration is the movement of people from one place to another (Merriam-Webster 2013). Migration has defined modern Caribbean features since colonization, slavery and indentureship (Nurse 2003). The Caribbean has one of the largest diasporic communities in the world, in proportion to population (Stalker 2003). For example, it is estimated that the Cubans and Dominicans in the USA are equivalent to 8% of their respective populations of origin (UNECLAC 2002: 237). And, in some of the mini states in the region like St. Kitts and Nevis, Grenada and Belize, annual labour migration accounts for as much as 12% of their population, thereby transferring their population growth (Mittelman 2000: 60). In addition, the loss of highly educated individuals from the Caribbean was due to the brain drain and the question of migration and remittances and if they could improve the standards of living for the individuals, their families and communities hence, aiding in the development of the region at large. The issue of migration and development has health and security risks associated with it for instance, HIV/AIDS and the increase in deportees into the Caribbean. Emigration in the Caribbean has occurred in two waves. The first wave occurred in the 1950s and 1960s in the Western economies during the post World War II which was a result of improved standards of living by finding full employment and lack of work in unskilled and semiskilled jobs. The second wave was due to the outcome of global...
Words: 1783 - Pages: 8
...some adverse condition or combination of conditions in the home environment (Migration, 2006). The same article asserts that humans have migrated since they evolved in East Africa 6 to 2 million years ago and that their original differentiation into ethnic groups appears to have been the result of separate groups of people who migrated from central points of origin. Even in the Stone Age, however, this isolation was not complete, for migrations resulted in a complicated pattern of blood relationships through widely separated groups (Migration). The migration of people has led to accelerated mixing of stocks and mutual infusion of cultural and physical characteristics, including tools, habits, ideas, and forms of social organization, which have been prerequisites for the development of modern civilization (which would have taken place much more slowly if people did not move from place to place) (Migration). An example would be the use of horse which was introduced into the Middle East by Asian invaders, later spreading to Europe and the Americans (Migration). In the same article, the specific stimuli for migrations are referred to as either natural or social causes. The natural causes of migration include changes in climate (in which case people look for warmer or colder lands), volcanic eruptions or floods, and periodic fluctuations in rainfall (Migration). Social causes, which cause more migration than do natural causes, include...
Words: 2937 - Pages: 12
...Migration and its impact on the labor market Case Study: Romania "Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts. There is symbolic as well as actual beauty in the migration of the birds...There is something infinitely healing in the repeated refrains of nature - the assurance that dawn comes after night, and spring after the winter..."(Rachel Carson) 1. General theoretical aspects of migration. Historical and social perspective Migration is defined as a "change from a social, economic, political and / or cultural environment to another, in order to develop a project and answer to any individual or group expectations." Migration phenomenon has always existed, resulted through transhumance, invasions, colonization and crusades, generally caused by the attraction of the richest regions on the poorest populations. Labor migration is the supportive factor of globalization,'' a process that allows reducing geographical constraints on social and cultural processes in which individuals are increasingly aware of this." There is currently no state or part of the world that does not import or export workforce. During the 20th Century the migration process developed significantly. In this period, Romania was predominantly a country of emigration and still is. Acording to some sources, by 1914, a large number of people decided to cross the Atlantic Ocean, most focusing on the U.S. and Canada, the rest of them going to...
Words: 3860 - Pages: 16
...- Impact of Migration: Focus on Philippines I. Introduction Ia. Defining Migration a.1 Kinds of Migration a.2 Who are Migrants a.3 Factors of Migration a.4 Reasons for Migration II. Review of Related Literature III. History of Migration and its Policies III.a. Migration Policies - Critique III.b. Statistics b.1.Number of Migrants b.2.Main destinations b.3.Occupations b.4.Sex b.5.Remittances III.c. Case Study c.1. Flor Contemplacion c.2. Angelo Dela Cruz c.3. Rodelio “Dondon” Lanuza IV. Impact of Saudization to Filipino OFWs V. Impact of Migration V.a. Impact of Migration to the Sending State a.1 Positive effects a.2 Negative effects V.b. Impact of Migration to the Receiving State b.1. Positive effects b.2. Negative effects VI. Implication of the Effects to the Philippines (Actions made to combat negative migration effects) VII. Implications of Migration to the Youth - Youth Migration VIII. Migration and Filipino Family Life, Society and Culture VIII.a. Effects on the family of an OFW VIII.b. Migration and Filipino Society IX. Solving Migration Problems X. Conclusion I. Introduction What is migration? According...
Words: 14243 - Pages: 57
...Study and Research Skills Immigration to the European Union An issue or a solution? Polet Boglarka Julianna HPA8B6 BA in International Business, year 1 07\11\2013 Table of content Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………… pg3 1. Immigration…………………………………………………………………………………………… pg3 2.1 What is migration?..............................................................................................................pg3 2.2 Reasons for migration……………………………………………………………………………pg4 2.3 European Policy about migration…………………………………………………………pg7 2. Immigration: Costs and Benefits………………………………………………………………..pg8 3.4 Analyze of the social-economic and political effects on the EU by migration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….pg 8 3.5 Cost and Benefit Table………………………………………………………………………pg10 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………...pg12 Introduction Migration is an actual...
Words: 3964 - Pages: 16
...Thursday London Edition 3 'Environmental migration' fears BYLINE: Clive Cookson in London SECTION: WORLD NEWS; Pg. 7 LENGTH: 448 wordsHIGHLIGHT: News analysisTens of millions of people are moving to places that are more vulnerable to environmental disaster, particularly the urban flood plains of Asia and Africa, according to a UK government report.By focusing mainly on the people displaced by drought, floods and famine, the world is neglecting those "trapped" in deteriorating environmental conditions or moving into them, says the study prepared by the government's Foresight programme that examines issues 20 to 80 years in the future.The report is the outcome of a two-year study involving 350 experts from 30 countries.It says the problems of migration in response to environmental change are far more complex and challenging than policymakers have realised. But the report, which looks ahead for 50 years, urges them to focus on the positive as well as negative impact of migration."Under some circumstances migration, particularly in low-income countries, can transform a community's ability to cope with environmental change," said Sir John Beddington, UK chief scientific adviser."The movement of individuals or small groups, even at a local or regional level, may increase the future resilience of large communities," he added."This will reduce the risk of both humanitarian disasters and of potentially destabilising mass migration under high risk conditions."A relatively small...
Words: 1658 - Pages: 7
...projections for 27 European countries, 2002–2052: impact of international migration on population ageing Projections de population et de population active pour 27 pays europeens ´ 2002–2052: impact de la migration internationale sur le vieillissement de la population Jakub Bijak Æ Dorota Kupiszewska Æ Marek Kupiszewski Æ Katarzyna Saczuk Æ Anna Kicinger Received: 8 August 2005 / Accepted: 31 March 2006 / Published online: 2 March 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Population and labour force projections are made for 27 selected European countries for 2002–2052, focussing on the impact of international migration on population and labour force dynamics. Starting from single scenarios for fertility, mortality and economic activity, three sets of assumptions are explored regarding migration flows, taking into account probable policy developments in Europe following the enlargement of the EU. In addition to age structures, various support ratio indicators are analysed. The results indicate that plausible immigration cannot offset the negative effects of population and labour force ageing. Keywords Population projections Æ Labour force projections Æ International migration Æ Population ageing Æ Europe ´ ´ Resume Des projections de population et de population active sont presentees ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ˆ pour 27 pays Europeens pour la periode 2002–2052, avec un interet particulier pour l’impact de la migration internationale sur la dynamique des populations. A partir de ´ ´...
Words: 16895 - Pages: 68
...Academic year 2014-2015 Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet”: “Determinants of Turkish Migration to EU-15” Master dissertation Student Kristýna Jedličková Home institution Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze Supervisor prof. Claire Naiditch Submission date September 2015 Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincerest thanks to prof. Claire Naiditch for her guidance, support, patience and valuable recommendations. Declaration of authorship I, Kristýna Jedličková hereby declare that the thesis Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet” was written by myself and that all presented results are my own, unless stated otherwise. The literature sources are listed in the Literature Review section. Prague, September 30th, 2015 ........................................................ Signature Key words Migration, welfare magnet, public social spending, inflows of migrants, EU’s migratory policy, European welfare system, Turkish welfare system, Turkey, EU-15, gravity model, fixed effect, random effect, Hausman test, country specific fixed effect, time specific fixed effect. Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to analyse which factors drive migration from Turkey towards Europe and whether the welfare benefits play a major role in the decision making process. The analysis is based on a gravitation model of migration in log-log form. The FE and RE methods were employed as estimation techniques and the Hausman test enabled to distinguish them. The present...
Words: 14837 - Pages: 60
...pakjas.com.pk IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON SOCIAL PROTECTION OF MIGRANTS FAMILIES LEFT BEHIND IN AGRARIAN COMMUNITIES OF DISTRICT TOBA TEK SIGNH, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Izhar Ahmed Khan1,*, Sadaf Mahmood1, Ghulam Yasin2, Babar Shahbaz3 1 Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Department of Sociology, B. Z. University, Multan, Pakistan; 3Department of Agri. Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. * corresponding author’s e.mail: izhark99@yahoo.com The people living in one part of the world basically moved to other parts for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually across a political boundary. People migrate with the hope of improvement of living conditions of their families left behind. This study aims to explore the impact of international migration on the families left behind in the agrarian communities of district Toba Tek Singh of the Punjab province. Multistage sampling technique was used for the purpose of data collection. One tehsil from Toba Tek Singh district was selected through simple random sampling technique. Four union councils from out of 32 union councils and 30 respondents from each union council were selected. Convenient sampling technique and Snowball sampling technique was used in the selection of a sample of 120 respondents (wives of migrants). A strong positive relationship was found between migration and socio-economic protection of agrarian...
Words: 2537 - Pages: 11
...Project Paper 5 Turkey Country and Research Areas Report Final Version, 2010-09-28 Responsible institution: Koç University University of Antwerp Authors: Deniz Karcı Korfalı Ayşen Üstübici Helene De Clerck With the collaboration of Ahmet İçduygu, Deniz Sert, Zeynep Özler and Chris Timmerman Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Country Background ............................................................................................................... 4 An Overview......................................................................................................................... 4 Geography in General ........................................................................................................ 4 Demography ...................................................................................................................... 6 Political Environment and Administration ........................................................................... 7 Economy ............................................................................................................................ 8 Health care......................................................................................................................... 9 Education ..........................................................................................................................10 Historical...
Words: 31156 - Pages: 125
...the workforce by greatly increase the number of foreigners such that native Singaporeans would only comprise of a small percentage of the population (Population White Paper, 2013). As such, media and public discourse regarding immigration has been largely Singaporean-centric in nature, revolving around how foreigners have affected Singapore and its occupants; not enough has been done to investigate the experiences and conditions of migrants living in Singapore. This paper will focus on migrant Chinese women in Singapore, following their lived experiences and finding out what coping mechanism they employ to adapt to their new ‘home’. Migrant Chinese women are a particular interesting and relevant topic in Singapore. Most regional migration studies tend to center around female foreign domestic workers, honing in on their experiences as low-skilled niche workers (Cheng, 1996; Yeoh...
Words: 2483 - Pages: 10
...Literature review Katha kartik in her article ‘Climate change and migration: a case study from rural Bangladesh’ stated that in costal Bangladesh, environmental threats like cyclone, raises sea level etc are damaging shelter, affecting livelihoods, decreasing the amount of safe water available and creating threat to life. All aspects effort as motivation towards migration, forcing people to go in search of safer environments that can offer them reliable livelihoods, and household security (Black et al. 2008, quoted in Kartik 2011). But here author claimed that displacement may be a short-term managing strategy, it can’t be called ‘adaptation’ to deal with future environmental shocks and stresses. This article establishes link between forced displacement (migration in a short area for a short time) and environmental shocks. The author finally argued that forced displacement should be reduced by taking effective strategies. The article named ‘Climate Refugees in Bangladesh: Understanding the migration process at the local level’ portrayed an overall scenario about climate change related migration. Extreme climate events like floods, cyclones and tidal surges, as well as gradual impacts of climate change like salinity or river erosion, cause climate induced migration (Anwar, 2012). This study attempt to explore diverse reasons of push and pull variables of displacement. Based on opinions from affected people as well as relevant stakeholders, it also catch how this push and...
Words: 490 - Pages: 2
...from one place to another. Migrations of human populations have been a fundamental part in the history of mankind. Numerous studies show that the process of migration is influenced by social, cultural and economic factors and outcomes can be vastly different for men and women, for different groups and different locations (cf. De Haan and Rogaly, 2002). Migration is a subject that calls for an interdisciplinary approach. Each discipline brings something to the table, theoretically and empirically.(Brettell and Hollifield,2002) Demographers have perhaps the best empirical grasp on te movement of people across boundaries, they have the theoretical and methodological tools to show us how such movements affect popultion dynamics in the sending and receiving societies. Anthropologist looks at networks and transnational communities. Historians portray migrant experience in al of its complexity, giving us a much greater empathetic understanding of the hopes and ambitions of migrants. Political scientist help us to understand the play of organized interests in the making of public policy, together with legal scholars they show us the impact of migration on institutions of sovereignty and citizenship, while sociologist and economist draw the attention towards the importance of social and human capital and the difficulties in settlement and incorporation involved in the migratory experience. The most important question pertaining to the sociology of migration...
Words: 10211 - Pages: 41