...based on “observed behavior and educational and psychological testing (Autism Speaks).” When trying to determine whether a child is autistic or not there are a number of signs that parents and observers can watch for. Children that have poor eye contact, little interest in other people, and do not respond to their name are considered to be autistic. Other signs involve the child having trouble with their speech. This could mean no babbling or no speech at all by 16 months. If a child does not gesture or point at things as in showing you something their interested in or possibly want by a certain age then they may also be considered autistic. Autism begins in early brain development and obvious sign may occur between 2 and 3 years of age. Genetics seems to be the most responsible for autism. “Many genes on several chromosomes have been implicated; in some cases genes related to neural communication appear to have been copied to many times or left out during meiosis (Carol K. Singleman, Elizabeth A. Rider).” Meiosis is the process of a reproductive cell in the mother’s ovaries or in the father’s testes that contains 46 chromosomes splitting into two 46 chromosome cells. Once this division process is complete then those two chromosomes split again to form a total of four cells and then distribute 23 chromosomes in each cell. “The end product is one egg in the female or four sperm in the male. Each resulting sperm cell or ovum thus has only one member of each of the parents 23 chromosomes...
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...Klaus Hurrelmann From the late 1980s, sociological and psychological theories have been connected with the term socialization. One example for this connection is the theory of Klaus Hurrelmann. In his book "Social Structure and Personality Development" (Hurrelmann 1989/2009), he develops the "Model of Productive Processing of Reality (PPR)." The core idea is that socialization refers to an individual's personality development. It is the result of the productive processing of interior and exterior realities. Bodily and mental qualities and traits constitute a person's inner reality; the circumstances of the social and physical environment embody the external reality. Reality processing is productive because human beings actively grapple with their lives and attempt to cope with the attendant developmental tasks. The success of such a process depends on the personal and social resources available. Incorporated within all developmental tasks is the necessity to reconcile personal individuation and social integration and so secure the "I-dentity." (Hurrelmann1989/2009: 42) Socialisation is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’...
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...can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity. And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness, which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology, and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens. 0:51OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ? I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells, little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other, and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilitiesthat we call human nature and human consciousness. How does this happen? Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain. One approach, the one we use mainly, is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain, where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain. What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction in all your mental capacities, a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability. What you get is a highly selective loss of one function, with other functions being preserved intact, and this gives you some confidence in assertingthat that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating that function. So you can then map function onto structure, and then find out what the circuitry's doing to generate that particular function. So that's what we're trying to do. 1:51So let me give you a few striking examples of this. In fact, I'm giving you three examples, six minutes each, during this talk. The first example is an extraordinary syndrome called Capgras...
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...Abstract Insight problem solving is a special type of cognition where by an answer is found through sudden, clear comprehension on how to solve a problem. Methods such as Functional Magnetic Resonance and Electroencephalography have revealed that most insight neural activity (compared to non-insight) is dominant in the right hemisphere, although there is some but less activity in the left hemisphere. In addition, there is several active brain areas during insight problem solving; notably the frontal, pre-frontal and temporal regions, which include the anterior cingulated cortex; found to be a cognitive controller with a shifting mechanism; posterior cingulate cortex: an area that deals with semantics, and the anterior superior temporal gyrus: an area that deals with language comprehension and semantic integration. Individual differences such as affect have been found to produce distinct neural correlates, suggesting that many different areas and factors affect and interconnect in insight problem solving. Introduction Insight is a type of ingenious cognition, where you get an answer to a problem though a ‘eureka!’ moment. The precise nature and process of this has been under investigation by behaviourists and neuroscientists. Four different components have been identified that lead to an insight solution to a problem (1*). The first is mental impasse: The solver is fixed on the problem, unable to recognise important characteristics or progress to find a solution. This lead...
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...PERSONALITY Psychoanalytic Freud’s psychosexual theory Structure: id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), superego (morals, ideals) Levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious Development: oral, anal, phallic (Oedipal complex, penis envy), latency, genital Fixations Defense mechanisms - reduce anxiety Repression (primary) Regression Reaction formation Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Projection Denial Neo-Freudians Adler—social, not sexual tensions * Birth order, inferiority complex Horney—rejected penis envy idea Carl Jung—collective unconscious Assessment Projective tests Rorschach TAT - Thematic Apperception Test Draw-a-person Sentence completion Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional...
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...A PAPER PRESENTATION ON Artificial Intelligence J.G.M.Jagagdeesh Kumar Department of C.S.E. (III year) Affiliated to JNTU K DJR College of Engineering and Technology, Gudavalli, Vijayawada Krishna (dt.), Andhra Pradesh, India. Contact details: J.G.M.Jagagdeesh Kumar Mobile number:9700234518 Email Id:jjagadeesh13@gmail.com Introduction In which we try to explain why we consider artificial intelligence to be a subject most worthy of study, and in which we try to decide what exactly it is, this being a good thing to decide before embarking. Humankind has given itself the scientific name homo sapiens--man the wise--because our mental capacities are so important to our everyday lives and our sense of self. The field of artificial intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities. Thus, one reason to study it is to learn more about ourselves. But unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities as well as understand them. Another reason to study AI is that these constructed intelligent entities are interesting and useful in their own right. AI has produced many significant and impressive products even at this early stage in its development. Although no one can predict the future in detail, it is clear that computers with human-level intelligence (or better) would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on the future course of civilization...
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...1. A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n) b. cohort. 2. Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered b. history-graded influences. 3. The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as c. maturation. 4. Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory. c. phallic 5. Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be c. extinguished. 6. What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization? b. zygote 7. Rod-shaped chromosomes, portions of DNA, are organized in ____ pairs. c. 46 8. The first, and the shortest, stage of the prenatal period is called the ______ stage. b. germinal 9. What is the term for an environmental factor that produces birth defects? c. teratogen 10. Older mothers are considerably more likely to give birth to children with b. Down syndrome. 11. Labor proceeds in ____ stages. c. 3 12. A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns is called b. Apgar. 13. When the baby lies crosswise in the uterus during delivery, this is called b. transverse position. 14. The brain of an average newborn is about _______ the size of what it will be in adulthood. c. one third 15. The decrease in the response...
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...INTRODUCTION Based on the discussion of the validity of Noam Chomsky’s perception of Universal Grammar (UG), some past & current researches which maintain & contest Chomsky’s UG from different areas are represented. The essay focuses on: 1) Chomsky’s Universal Grammar in brief, in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) context; 2) Evidences supporting Chomsky’s UG - views offered by linguists such as Williams and White, etc, to provide arguments to support UG pertaining to first language acquisition and second language acquisition; 3) Evidences refuting Chomsky’s UG - according to Piaget and Haspelmath, etc, based on the insufficient assumption of SLA and also biological evolutions; 4) UG and language teaching; 5) and in the conclusion, I shall add my two-cent worth of perspective as a language teacher. 1) Chomsky’s Universal Grammar in Brief Universal Grammar is the brainchild of Noam Chomsky, adopting the cognitive approach. Human beings have implicit knowledge of grammar but may not be able to explain how they get this ability. This is because they have no conscious awareness of the processes involved. 1) Universal grammar is a theory of knowledge: It is mainly concern with the internal structure of the human mind, suggesting that the speaker knows a set of principles that apply to all languages, and parameters that vary from one language to...
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...What’s on the MCAT2015 Exam? Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior What will the Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section test? The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section asks you to solve problems by combining your knowledge of foundational concepts with your scientific inquiry and reasoning skills. This section tests your understanding of the ways psychological, social, and biological factors influence perceptions and reactions to the world; behavior and behavior change; what people think about themselves and others; the cultural and social differences that influence well-being; and the relationships between social stratification, access to resources, and well-being. The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section emphasizes concepts that tomorrow’s doctors need to know in order to serve an increasingly diverse population and have a clear understanding of the impact of behavior on health. Further, it communicates the need for future physicians to be prepared to deal with the human and social issues of medicine. This section is designed to • • • • • test psychology, sociology, and biology concepts that provide a solid foundation for learning in medical school about the behavioral and sociocultural determinants of health; test concepts taught at many colleges and universities in first-semester psychology and sociology courses; test biology concepts that relate to mental...
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...Understanding the Gift of Consciousness 2008 Timothy Lynch COMP 111 5/14/2008 The brain is the most complex and most fundamental of all the human organs. It is the essence of life. It is the vehicle through which man perceives reality, experiences, interprets his body’s sensory information, and coordinates all communication through billions of neural connections to various organs and systems, regulating and maintaining homeostasis (processes for maintaining internal stability). One’s experiences of life, their acquired skills, and the lessons learned are contained within a brain’s wrinkled, corrugated, and almost alien structures as memories. Two main categories of memory exist independently and simultaneously, short-term and long-term. Short-term, also known as working memory, is the mind’s way of temporarily storing any relevant information and task-specific data. There are at least two varieties of Short-term memory. One of the memory types is called by the name ‘phonological loop.’ This is how your brain stores linguistically encoded information for short periods of time (only seconds). The other is the visuospatial sketchpad, the mind’s way of maintaining, its visuospatial relationship(s) for the same short time as the phonological loop.(Foster, 972). The alternative memory format is Long-term or, declarative memory. The three inherent and pre-determined protocols the brain uses to remain functioning to translate a person’s experiences as this...
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...• Question 1 2 out of 2 points Figuring out where the vending machine is broken internally is an example of ______. Selected Answer: d. reasoning with a mental model Answers: a. deductive reasoning b. reasoning with a mental model c. syllogistic reasoning d. inductive reasoning Response Feedback: Page: 291 Reason: A mental model is a visual, spatial, or content-based representation of a problem or situation. Topic: 8.4 Reasoning 0 out of 2 points • Question 2 Considering whether to invite the president to speak at your college graduation ceremony is an example of a ______. Selected Answer: b. mental set Answers: a. decision b. problem c. mental set d. judgment Response Feedback: Page: 286 Reason: Decisions involve thinking that requires a choice among alternatives. Topic: 8.3 Decision Making 0 out of 2 points • Question 3 A bias in problem solving is ______. Selected Answer: a. irrelevant information Answers: a. irrelevant information b. unnecessary constraints c. mental set d. All of the above. Response Feedback: Page: 284 Topic: 8.2 Problem Solving 0 out of 2 points • Question 4 Deciding that, “if all dogs are pets, and all pets are owned, then all dogs must be owned” illustrates ______. Selected Answer: d. deductive reasoning Answers: a. syllogistic reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. reasoning with a mental model Response...
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...------------------------------------------------- Somatoform disorder From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Somatoform disorder | Classification and external resources | ICD-10 | F45 | ICD-9 | 300.8 | DiseasesDB | 1645 | eMedicine | med/3527 | MeSH | D013001 | In psychology, a somatoform disorder is a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that suggest physical illness or injury – symptoms that cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition, direct effect of a substance, or attributable to another mental disorder (e.g. panic disorder).[1] The symptoms that result from a somatoform disorder are due to mental factors. In people who have a somatoform disorder, medical test results are either normal or do not explain the person's symptoms. Patients with this disorder often become worried about their health because the doctors are unable to find a cause for their health problems. This causes severe stress, due to preoccupations with the disorder that portrays an exaggerated belief about the severity of the disorder. [2]Symptoms are sometimes similar to those of other illnesses and may last for several years. Usually, the symptoms begin appearing during adolescence, and patients are diagnosed before the age of 25 years. [3] Somatoform disorders are not the result of conscious malingering (fabricating or exaggerating symptoms for secondary motives) or factitious disorders (deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms) – sufferers...
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...CHAPTER 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Changes in the body size and muscle – fat makeup End of the first year typical infants height is about 32 inches and 50 percent greater at birth. 2 years nearly 75 percent greater and 36 inches Baby fat helps keep constant body temperature Muscle tissue increases very slowly during infancy and will not reach a peak until adolescence. Ethnic groups differ in body size. GROWTH NORMS: Height, weight averages for children age. Children of the same age also differ in rate of physical growth, some progress more rapidly than others. SKELETON AGE: A measure of bone development determined by X-raying the long bones of the body to see extent to which soft flexible cartilage has hardened into bone, a gradual process. CHANGES IN BODY PROPORTIONS * As the child’s overall size increases, different parts of the body grow at different rates. * Two growth patterns describe these changes. * 1. CEPHALOCAUDAL TREND: During the prenatal period: the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body. At birth the head takes up ¼ of the body. * 2. PROXIMODISTRAL TREND: Growth start from the center of the body, outward (near to far) PRENATAL PERIOD: The head, chest and trunk grow first then the arms and legs, finally the hands and feet. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD: The arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of hands and feet. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: At birth, the brain is nearer to its adult size brain...
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...Consumer of Psychology: Assessing Personality Assessments module 30 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality? Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You Try It! Assessing Your Real and Ideal Self-Concept Comparing Approaches to Personality module 32 Intelligence Theories of Intelligence: Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? Practical Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence: Toward a More Intelligent View of Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Variations in Intellectual Ability Exploring Diversity: The Relative Influence of Genetics and Environment: Nature, Nurture, and IQ Psychology on the Web The Case of . . . Mike and Marty Scanlon, the Unlikely Twins Profiles of Success: Raymond J. Matlock Full Circle: Personality and Individual Differences module 31 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive Self-Report Measures of Personality Who was the Real Bernie Madoff? To some, Bernard L. Madoff was an affable, charismatic man who moved comfortably among power brokers on Wall Street and in Washington. He secured a long-standing role as an elder statesman on Wall Street, allowing him to land on important boards and commissions where his opinions helped shape securities regulations. And his employees say he treated them like family. There was, of course...
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...Study Guide Essentials of Psychology By Robert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D. About the Author Robert G. Turner Jr., Ph.D. has more than 20 years of teaching and education-related experience. He has taught seventh-grade science, worked as a curriculum developer for the Upward Bound Program, and taught sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and honors seminars at the university level. As a professional writer, he has written nonfiction books, journal and magazine articles, novels, and stage plays. Contents Contents INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS LESSON ASSIGNMENTS LESSON 1: PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF THE MIND LESSON 2: THE MIND AT WORK LESSON 3: MOTIVATION, EMOTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERSONALITY RESEARCH PROJECT LESSON 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS LESSON 5: PSYCHOLOGY FOR TWO OR MORE CASE STUDIES SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 1 7 9 43 75 117 127 147 167 171 iii YOUR COURSE Instructions Instructions Welcome to your course, Essentials of Psychology. You’re entering a course of study designed to help you better understand yourself and others. For that reason, you can think of this course as practical. It should be of use to you in living your life and reaching the goals you set for yourself. You’ll use two main resources for your course work: this study guide and your textbook, Psychology and Your Life, by Robert S. Feldman. OBJECTIVES When you complete this course, you’ll be able to ■ Describe the science and methodologies of psychology in the context of its...
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