...Check Point Mitosis and Meiosis Joni Groves SCI/230 Yasmin Henry 08/10/2011 Check Point Mitosis and Meiosis The process of Mitosis and Meiosis are very important in their own individual ways. As stated in our reading material these are the differences between the two processes: Mitosis is a form of cellular reproduction in which the parent cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. Mitosis does not involve combining genetic information from two different parents; hence, it is a form of asexual cellular reproduction. It occurs when an organism grows, or when damaged or worn cells are replaced. Many unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis and mitosis have some similarities, but they differ in important ways that reflect the special role that gametes play in the life history of organisms. Whereas mitosis is asexual cellular reproduction, meiosis is a prelude to sexual reproduction. Meiosis results not only in multiplying the number of cells by cell division, but also in reducing the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to exactly one-half of the number before meiosis. An organism would have to undergo Mitosis when the organism needs to repair itself, when the organism grows, or unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis, as well. Meiosis is what happens to cells when forming a person or animal. This cell division is in the bases of sexual reproduction...
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...Section I: Mitosis and Meiosis Part 1: Review the following images on mitosis and meiosis. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic] Part 2: Explain the events you observe in the pictures. The top picture is mitosis. The phases listed in order from left to right are: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During interphase the DNA is replicated and ready for entering of mitosis. During prophase the spindle fibers and centrioles start to move to opposite sides of the cell (2009). This is the longest phase. It is also in this stage that you can begin to see that there are two chromosomes attached together (double helix). In Prometaphase the chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers and begin to move toward the metaphase plate region (2009). When the chromosomes are lined up it is called metaphase. During anaphase the chromosomes begin to separate into the sister chromatids and start to move toward the opposite poles. Finally in telophase the two sets of identical chromosomes are separated into two new cells. (2009). Web link: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle [Multimedia]. Retrieved from EBOOK COLLECTION: Klug, W. S., Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C. A., & Palladino, M. A., BIO 410 website. The bottom picture is meiosis. The same stages are present but since the amount of chromosomes has to be cut in half first there are 2 division phases labeled I and II. The events that occur in the phases are similar to that in mitosis. The end...
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...DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher, but it was not until the 1950s while studying viral replication did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase determine DNA was Genetic material. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA was a double helix (a double helix looks like a twisted ladder). The discovery of Watson and Crick opened the door helping describe the significance and importance of DNA as the molecule of inheritance while addressing the structure of the DNA molecule, and why is a molecule of DNA so perfect for the job it performs. I will look at what exactly does DNA code for, how is that translated into actual traits, what are mitosis and meiosis, what are the similarities and differences, and what do mitosis and meiosis allow for. I will show how traits are passed from parents to offspring and lastly describe how knowledge of DNA and genetics can help in my life. The Significance and Importance of deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as the Molecule of Inheritance The significance and importance of DNA “is the body’s instruction manual for making you who you are. It is present in any living being. It carries all the instructions and materials the body needs to function”(Leving, 2008). The DNA in cells is all the same for individuals, which create a specific identity for each individual. Discuss Briefly the structure of the DNA Molecule and Why is a Molecule of DNA so Perfect for the Job it performs? DNA contains...
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...In eukaryotes, reproduction at a cellular level requires interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis- collectively known as the cell cycle. Interphase includes the three stages: G1, S, and G2. The G1 (growth) phase is where the cell prepares for DNA and chromosome replication, taking approximately 10 hours. The S phase, 9 hours long, is where the DNA and chromosomes actually replicate giving 2 exact copies called sister chromatids. In G2, the cell takes four hours to prepare for cell division. Mitosis itself takes only an hour and occurs in both haploid and diploid cells. The duplicated chromosomes separated into two nuclei. The five stages of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. After mitosis is complete, cytokinesis...
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...completion of mitosis and cytokinesis and lasts until the beginning of S phase. This phase is generally the longest of the four cell cycle phases and is quite variable in length. During this phase, the cell chooses either to replicate its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or to exit the cell cycle and enter a quiescent state (the G0 phase). S phase Replication of the chromosomes is restricted to one specific portion of interphase, called S phase (DNA synthesis phase), which typically lasts about 6 h. In mammalian cells, the start of S phase—the actual initiation of DNA synthesis—takes place several hours after the cell has committed to carrying out DNA synthesis. During S phase, each chromosome replicates exactly once to form a pair of physically linked sister chromatids. In animal cells, a pair of centrioles is also duplicated during S phase. G2 phase - Preparation for division The portion of interphase that follows S phase is called gap phase 2. Some cells can exit the cell cycle from G2 phase, just as they can from G1 phase. M phase M phase includes the overlapping processes of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis usually begins during anaphase and ends at a point after the completion of mitosis. At the end of cytokinesis, the parent cell has formed its two G1 phase progeny and the cell is ready to repeat the cycle 2. What are the 4 stages of mitosis? Draw a...
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...For L18: 8.19, 21.4, 11.1 , 6.13, 10.9, 11.3, 3.16 For L19: 11.3, 8.9, 8.1, 8.2, 4.3 For L20: 8.8, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7 For L22: 8.7, 8.8 and 11.17 For L23: 4.16, 8.8, 10.4, 11.10, 11.17, 11.18 For L24: 27.1, 27.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.12 For L25: 8.1, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13 For L26: 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15 and 27.3 For L27: 8.12, 8.13, 8.15 and 27.3 For L28: 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 27.9, and 27.15 For L29: 27.7, 27.8, 27.15, 27.16 and 27.17 Exam 3 (11/9/15) Supplemental Reading: 26.4 (Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands) 27.6 (Menstrual cycle) For each question below you need to be able to write a paragraph answer that is clear, accurate and detailed and in many cases draw, label and explain an answer with detail, clarity and accuracy, or create a detailed accurate table. Have someone who will give you honest feedback read your paragraphs and listen to your explanations for clarity, especially those that you are having trouble with. Check your notes and book for accuracy, or have someone who knows confirm you are accurate. To confirm you have enough detail, make sure you use all of the terms that follow each question in your paragraph and in your drawing and explanation. If you are missing or incorrectly use one term in ten that is a grade of A-, two terms in ten is a B, three terms in ten is a C, and if you miss or incorrectly use more than four terms in ten you are headed for failing the exam and need to study more. Before the exam you need to be able to...
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...fittest verity has the definite advantage. All though sexual reproduction is popular it is tricky if you look into a man’s testical it is packed with coiled up tubing if stretched out would expand over half a mile. Inside that tubing an average man is turning out 1000 new sperm every second. That is about 100 million new sperm ever day. And each sperm is one of a kind carrying a unique genetic package. This is all possible through a process called meiosis. In almost every cell in your body you have 30,000 or more different genes spread out on very long strands of DNA called chromosomes. Each of us is made up of trillions of cells. Inside each cell is a nucleus that contains rod like structures called chromosomes, which store and transmit genetic information. Most cells have two versions of each different type of chromosomes total of 46 chromosomes. Twenty three came from your mother and twenty three from your father. They come in pairs where they are quite similar but not exactly the same. The only time they get together is during meiosis. The documentary discusses in...
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...Bio 156 – Midterm Study Guide Lesson One I. Characteristics of Life • List four main characteristics of all living things II. Diversity and Organizing Life • Describe three ways of classifying, or ordering, life on earth. • Given a random ordering of the levels of organization of life, rearrange them into the proper sequence. • Describe the concept "an organism is more than the sum of its parts." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem:...
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...Crosswhite 1 Katie Crosswhite Professor Naramore Psychology 2314 01 October 2013 The Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionist believe that the human species are the results of billions of years of transition. That we have evolved from many mammal species to become the dominate character we are today. There are many theories that suggest this idea. Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior One way to describe natural selection is the natural process to which the weaker biological traits die off leaving the best characteristic to be passed on to the next evolving offspring. The best adapted gene dominates and produces the stronger creatures most likely to reproduce. This idea was suggested my Charles Darwin (in 1859). Evolutionary Psychology The theories that evolutionary psychology are based on do originate with Charles Darwin's work, but David Buss incorporates the ideas that the psychological aspects rely on natural selection as well. Our selection of mates, behavior, our social skills , and many other functions are derived from the “survival of the fittest.” Evolutionary Psychology- A branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adoption, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior Evolutionary Developmental Psychology It is believed that there...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...Exam 1 Review Guide: (Introduction to Anatomy, Chemistry, Cell) Note: 90 % of the exam will come from this review guide. 10% will come from masteringaandp.com, the text or material covered in the lecture and not posted on the lecture slides. Introduction to Anatomy • What is the definition of anatomy? Structure • What is the definition of physiology? Function • What is homeostasis? Stable internal Environment • What are the two ways in which homeostasis is maintained? Auto regulation/ Extrinsic • What are the directional terms used to find things in the body? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Up/down superior/ cranial/ caudal o Right/left right lateral/ left lateral o Close/far proximal/ distal o Closer to the midline/farther from the midline lateral/medial o Same side/opposite side lpslateral/ contralateral o Face up/face down supine/ prone o Etc. (maybe more) • What are the major cavities of the body? Cranial, abdmalnopelvic, abdomen cavity, pelvic cavity, parietal cavity, pericardial cavity, thoracic cavity, ventral, dorsal • What are the planes of the body? Transverse, frontal, sagittal, parasagittal, mid-sagittal, oblique, • What are the body regions? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Arm brachial o Forearm antiracial o Wrist carpals o Hand manual ...
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...| Syllabus College of Natural Science BIO/100 Version 2 Introduction to Life Science with Lab | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape the biological world, but also shape humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, physiology, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form an understanding of the living world. The weekly online labs add a practical component to the class. The labs build upon the concepts in the text and offer a chance to interact with the material and further their understanding. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have...
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...Fundamentals of Biology II BIO2000, T/F 7:30-‐8:55am DAC 407 Instructor: Dr. Brent A. Berger Office: 257 SAH 718-‐990-‐6790 bergerb@stjohns.edu Office Hours: Monday and Thursday 2:00-‐3:30pm, 257 SAH The purpose of office hours is to discuss questions, concerns, or comments you have about the course. You are welcome to talk to me before or after class, or set up an appointment to meet at another time. If you plan on attending office hours, please send me an email ahead of time. General Course Overview Fundamentals of Biology II is an introductory biology course designed to familiarize students with basic biology vocabulary and knowledge of core biological principles, including: the chemistry of life, structure/function of cells, energy transfer in living systems, Mendelian and chromosomal basis of heredity, DNA replication and repair, gene expression, virus and biotechnology. Student...
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...Study Guide for 301 Chapter 1 Development - the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. Life Span perspective = views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. Life expectancy – the average # of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live Multidimensional – for example can include attention, memory, abstract thinking and speed of processing information and social intelligence. Plastic – means the capacity for change; for example can you still improve your intellectual skills when you are in your 60’s or 70’s. Or may they be fixed by your 30’s Contextual – contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods. Each is influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors. Normative age- graded influences- are similar for individuals in a particular age group Puberty Menopause Starting kindergarten Normative history-graded influences- are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. Living time during a historical event WWII, cold War, great depression, 9/11, The Great Depression Non-normative life events - Individual events that happen to people. Kindergarten parents died Hurricane Katrina, car wreck, young kid has a stroke. Development Stages Prenatal (conception – birth)...
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...(Campbell) Chapter 11: The Control of Gene Expression 1) Which of the following are problems created by cloning? A) Cloning endangered species may de-emphasize the need to preserve critical natural habitats. B) Cloning does not increase genetic diversity in the cloned species. C) Cloned animals are less healthy than animals created by natural methods. D) All of the choices are problems created by cloning. E) None of the choices are problems created by cloning. Topic: Introduction Skill: Factual Recall 2) The ability to use the nucleus from an adult somatic cell to create all of the cell types in a new organism demonstrates that development depends upon A) the control of gene expression. B) the timing of mitosis and meiosis. C) the timing of meiosis and cell migrations. D) the deposition of materials in the extracellular matrix. E) the position of cells within an embryo. Topic: Introduction Skill: Conceptual Understanding 3) The term gene expression refers to the A) fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes. B) fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes. C) process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins. D) fact that certain genes are visible as dark stripes on a chromosome. E) flow of information from parent to offspring. Topic: 11.1 Skill: Conceptual Understanding 4) In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines ...
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