MLA Style

1. In-text citation

In-text citation should include the information for the reader to find the full entry in the list of Works Cited at the end of the paper.

a. If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, only the page number is given in parentheses at the end of the citation

b. If the author’s name is not mentioned in the text, then both the last name of the author and the page number should be given in parentheses.

c. REMEMBER to shift the punctuation mark if there is one, such as a period, a comma, to the place after the parenthesis.

For example:

1. Stuart Hall says,”Identity is formed at the unstable point where the ‘unspeakable’ storied of subjectivity meet the narratives of history, of a culture”(135) .

2. Some scholars believe that “Identity is formed at the unstable point where the ‘unspeakable’ storied of subjectivity meet the narratives of history, of a culture”(Hall 135).

If you have cited two or more works by the same author in your paper, a shortened title, which is enough to indicate which of the author’s work is cited, should be given in parentheses before the page nnumber. The items in parentheses should be divided by a comma.

For example:

1. Joseph Gibaldi points out,“Nearly all research builds on previous research. Researchers commonly begin a project by studying past work in the area and deriving relevant informaton and ideas from their predecessors. This processs is largely responsible for the continual expansion of human knowledge”(Handbook, 114).

2. What is plagiarism? Simply speaking, “Using another person’s ideas or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source constitues plagiarism”(Gibaldi, Manual, 151).

Works Cited

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed. New York: The Mordern Language Association, 1998.

—. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: The Modern Language Association, 1999.

2. Explanatory Notes

In MLA style, the endnote format is recommended.

REMEMBER to put the notes after the text but before the Works Cited. Indent the first line of each note five to seven spaces, but start the following lines from the left margin. Double space all notes.

For example:

Text

I can not provide a definite answer to this question, but I tend to think, as I am supported by the opinions from my interviews with those Walden visitors,1 that among many other factors underneath the fame of Walden, the following two are of greast importance: the necessity of human beings’ going to nature and their increasingly deep concern for their own environment.

Note

① I visited Walden Pond twice in the summer of 1997 and made interviews with some of the visitors there.

3. List of Works Cited

The list of sources is called“Works Cited” in MLA style. The list of sources you have consulted but have not used in your writing is called“Works Consulted”.

Here are the guidelines for listing Works Cited and Works Consulted in MLA style:

a. Begin the list of sources on a separate page after the text of your paper and the explanatory notes.

b. Type the heading Works Cited on top of a separate page, neither underlined, nor italicized or in quotation marks.

c. List all the sources by author’s last name in the alphabetic order. If the author of a source is unknown, alphabetize the source by the first major word of the title.

d. Begin each entry with the left margin. Do not indent the first line of each entry, but indent five spaces in the subsequent lines.

3.1 Sample Entries: Books

The basic elements for a book entry include the author, the title, and publication information:

Author’s last name, first name. Title. Additional information. City of publication: publisher, publication date.

Remember:

a. Always list the author’s last name first, followed by a comma, and then give the author’s first name and a period. If there is more than one author, invert the order of the first author’s name only.

b. Underline (or italicize) the title of the book, and capitaize all content words. If there is a subtitle, use a colon in between. Place any additional information, such as the number of volumes, and editons, after the title.

c. Provide the city of publication followed by a colon, the name of the publisher—often a brief name—with a comma after it, and the latest date of publication shown on the copyright page.

1．A book by one author

Bambrough, Renford. The philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New America Library, 1963.

2. A book by two or three authors

Horton, Rod W. and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1952.

3. A book by four or more authors

Belenky, Mary Field, et al. Women’s Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.

4. Corporate author

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994.

5. Anonymous author

Begin the entry with the title, and list the book alphabetically by the first major word of the title.

The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980.

6. Two or more works by the same author

List the works alphabetically by the first major word in each title. Give the name of the author in the first entry, and use three hyphens or a dash for the name in the following entries.

Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

—. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

7. A book with an editor or editors

Frye, Northrop. ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

Glotfelty, Cherryll and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1996.

Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.

8. A book with an author and an editor

Jung, Carl G. Basic Writing. Ed. Violet Staub de Laszlo. New York: Modern Library, 1959.

9. A book with a translator

Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1961.

10. Edition after the first

Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993.

11.A work in a book or anthology

Hall, Stuart. “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993.131-142.

12. A multivolume work

Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Library. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926.

13. An introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. Introduction. Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. New York: Simon, 1981. 11-15.

3.2 Sample Entries: Articles

The three basic elements for an article entry are: the author, the title, and publication information.

a. Author: Do the same as that for books.

b. Article title: Put the complete title in quotation marks, and end with a period inside the closing quotation marks.

c. Publication data: For a journal, give the title of the journal and the volume or issue number. List the year in parentheses, followed by a colon and the inclusive pages.

For periodicals, just add day(for weekly and biweekly) and month to the year and drop the parentheses. Always underline(or italicize)the title of the journal, the periodical or the newspaper.

Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Journal volume (year): inclusive pages.

Author’s last name, first name. “Article title.” Periodical day/month/year: inclusive pages.

1. An article in journal paginated by volume

Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the ‘Diminished Thing.’” American Literature 60 (1998):645-52.

2. An article in journal paginated by issue

Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal 12.1 (1998): 21-23.

3. An article in a weekly or biweekly periodical

Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: 44-45.

4. An article in a monthly or bimonthly periodical

Weiss, Phillip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s Jan. 1994: 37-56.

5. An article in a newspaper

Intraub, Anna Jiangwang, “How I Learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 Jan., 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page 16.

6. An article which is anonymous

Begin the article title with the first major word after a, an, or the.

“Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: Ⅲ

3.3 Sample Entries: Electronic Sources

When you cite from electronic sources, you should not only document every source you have used, but also check carefully their accuracy, reliability, authenticity, currency, etc. You also need to enclose the date of accessing the electronic source and the network address or URLs (uniform resource locator) in angle brackets. If you cannot finish the address in one line, break it only after a slash, and do not add a hyphen at the break. Do not omit the access mode identifier like http, telnet, ftp, etc.

a. On-line Books or Articles

1. An on-line book

Author’s last name, first name. Title. Additional information. Publication information. Date of access〈network address〉.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays: First Series. 1841, 12 Feb. 1997〈ftp://ftp.books.com/ebooks/Nonfiction/Philosophy/Emerson/history.txt〉

2. An on-line article

Author’s last name, first name. “Title.” Name of the Journal or Periodical. Volume or Issue Number (Date of Publication). Date of access〈network address〉.

Rogers, MICHAEL .“The Practical Futurist: The Secret of Online Romance.” Newsweek. Newsweek Web Exclusive(October, 2002). 28 Dec., 2002〈http://nl.newsbank.com/nlsearch/we/Aechives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11〉

b. CD-ROM

To document a publication on CD-ROM is like what you do with a book, but remember to add some information about the medium of electronic publication.

Author’s last name, first name. Title of the Publication. Additional information. Publication medium. Edition or release. City of publication: publishing company, publication date.

Example:

“Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.

中文部分

参考文献（Works Cited）的中文部分和英文部分分开排列，英文部分在前，中文部分在后，但均以作者姓氏字母（由A到Z）依序排列。在此列出的文献必须都是在内文中引用到的，内文中没有引用过的文献不得在此列出。

特别提醒：中文部分使用中文的标点符号（如，书名和期刊名用汉语书名号），而英文部分使用英文标点符号（如书名使用下划线或斜体表示）。

一、期刊

格式：作者（出版年）。文章名称。期刊名称，卷（期），页码。（注意中英文标点符号不同）

范例：

何兆熊（1995）。汉语文化中的礼貌研究。《外国语》，12（5）：2-8。

刘正光、刘润清 (2005)。语言非范畴化理论的意义。《外语教学与研究》，37：15－21。

二、一般书籍

格式：

作者（出版年）。《书名》(版次)。出版地：出版者。

范例：

何兆熊（1989）。《语用学概要》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。

三、论文集

格式：

作者（出版年）。篇或章名。载于□□□（主编），书名：页码。出版地：出版者。（注意中英文标点符号不同）

范例：

林正常（1997）。转换生成语法的哲学基础。载王芳（主编），《语言学与哲学》：46-59。北京：高等教育出版社。

四、机构或团体为作者之书籍

格式：

作者机构全名（出版年）。书名。出版地：出版者。（注意中英文标点符号不同）

范例：

国家教委出国留学咨询中心（1995）。《出国留学指南》。北京：北京语言出版社。

五、翻译书籍

格式：

翻译者（译）（译本出版年）。《译本书名》。译本出版地：译本出版者。(原作者，原著出版年)

范例：

李瑞华等（译）（1987）。《语义学》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。(Leech, G., 1981)

注意：1: 此类文献因内文是中文，故应放在 “中文部分” 的文献中。

2: 在内文引注翻译书籍时，与中文的引用方式同，也不加 “译” 字。

六、电子网络数据

1. 电子期刊：

(1) 电子版与纸本版并行之期刊：应注明电子版及页码

格式：

作者（出版年）。文章名称﹝电子版﹞。期刊名称，卷：页码。

范例：

金成隆（2002）。认知模式对阅读模式影响之研究﹝电子版﹞。《心理学学报》，54，33-51。

(2) 电子数据已改变或与纸本版不同之期刊：应注明撷取日期，网址数据必须有Uniform Resource Locator，简称URL，并在定稿前测试网址之正确性。

格式：

作者（出版年）。文章名称。期刊名称，卷，页码。撷取日期，取自网址

范例：

林基兴（2003）。语法讨论专辑。《语言科学月刊》，402，472-473。2003年6月24日，取自http://www.scimonth.com.tw/catalog.php?arid=12

2. 非期刊网络数据（机构或学校单位）

格式：

作者（出版年）。内容名称。撷取日期，主单位名称，子单位名称与网址。

范例：

李和青（2003）。语言心理学报稿约。2003年6月24日，取自国立台湾师范大学，心理辅导学系网址http://www.ecpsy.ntnu.edu.tw/~claretu/pub.html/index.htm

3. 电子数据库

格式：

作者（出版年）。文章名称。期刊名称，卷，页码。撷取日期，电子数据库名称。

范例：

胡名霞（1998）。隐喻研究与英语写作教学。《英语研究杂志》，23，297-309。2003年6月24日，取自中国期刊论文索引系统WWW版-1970.01~2003.03。

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role

七、学位论文

格式：

作者（年代）。论文名称。未出版博硕士论文，学校名称，学校所在地。

范例：

周跃良（2004）。《认知发展与外语习得能力的关系》。未出版博士论文，北京师范大学，北京市。

八、报纸

格式：

作者（出版年，月，日）。文章标题。报纸名，版别或页码。

范例：

唐建国，姚朝平（2005，3月24日）。英语修饰语顺序浅谈。《英语辅导报》，大学一年级版。