...associativity c. is most often represented by a colon d. two of the above 6. Which of the following is true about arithmetic precedence? a. Multiplication has a higher precedence than division. b. Operators with the lowest precedence always have left-to-right associativity. c. Division has higher precedence than subtraction. d. all of the above 7. Which of the following is a term used as a synonym for “module” in any programming language? a. method b. procedure c. both of these d. none of these 8. Which of the following is a reason to use modularization? a. Modularization avoids abstraction. b. Modularization reduces overhead. c. Modularization allows you to more easily reuse your work. d. Modularization eliminates the need for syntax. 9. What is the name for the process of paying attention to important properties while ignoring nonessential details? a. abstraction b. extraction c. extinction d. modularization 10. Every module has all of the following except __________. a. a...
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...Q. What distinguishes system thinking from analytical thinking? Is systems thinking something new or is it just another perspective? Explain. Analytical thinking says about the parts or elements of the situation, but in system thinking is about the how those parts and elements are work together, and it is a combination of both the analytical thinking and the synthetical thinking, in analytical thinking we always prefer to eliminate the unsatisfactory elements and we pick the best option after removing the elements, that means we try to reduce the risk factor by eliminating the unnecessary elements, but in systems thinking we consider all the elements and make them into groups and those groups are subjected to the central or main theme of the concept. We need both the system thinking and innovation or analytical thinking to solve the complex problems System thinking is opposite of analytical thinking because in the system thinking the whole or system is primary and the parts or individuals are secondary, but in analytical writing parts are primary and system or whole is secondary. System thinking is the closed loop thinking it is quite difficult to understand In systematic thinking mainly there are three steps included, list out the systematic elements, group them into sub themes, and finally find the central or main theme of the project. System thinking: “System thinking is a universal approach to understanding that focuses on the way that a system’s constituent parts...
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...In the microscopy sector, a company has to be quick to spot emerging needs and usage trends. With the likes of tough competition as well as the upcoming products from lead users would pose a threat if Zeiss doesn’t concentrate on upgrading their hardware and software with client requirements. Question 2: The strategy that Zeiss applied to the biomedical and industrial market segments was to modularize their products in such a manner that the end output for both the segments would be essentially the same with tailor-made software and market segment specific extensions such as application briefs and sales approaches. The strength and weakness of this approach would be same as that for modularizations, which are given below with an added advantage of simplified business process. Modularization allows for a number of advantages including easy and cost effective production process since the same components can be assembled differently to produce different products. Another advantage would be that it allows for customization of instrument to meet the diverse needs of the each market segment. This would also allow for added revenue generation from more advanced attachments and accessories. The only weakness of this approach is that it leads to a more complex system that is not friendly for less skilled users. Question 3: One strategic option is to concentrate on software oriented approaches such as a broader software strategy, i.e., they should keep...
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...points, and storage areas. Process flowcharting is the ideal methodology to begin analyzing a process. There are many types of process that a manager can use in order to gauge their organization’s performance. The hybrid process is the most common encountered today which consist of multiple stages to produce required goods and services. Within this multistage process many different types of processes can exist at each stage which is why this is a hybrid process. Process analysis can be multiple-stage processes organizations use to measure performance. Multistage processes buffers or storage areas exist between manufacturing activities. Other types of processes are The Make-to-Stock versus Make-to-Order process and the Modularization process. The Make-to-Stock versus Make-to-Order process is only activated in response to an actual order or to meet an expected or forecast demand. These...
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...Case Study of “Does America really need manufacturing”. Sriharsha Vennelaganti-Fs0792 1. Summary: In the case study we can see that the authors talk about the importance of innovation when it comes to the long-term success of every product company. By reading the article one gets an understanding that the authors are asking executives of any product company should not view manufacturing as a cost center and by shifting their manufacturing units offshore they are hindering a company’s capacity to innovate. In the end the authors give us different methods that a company can use to better improve their product line without shifting their manufacturing bases offshore and a way the government can help by providing policy incentives for the companies so that they can open their manufacturing units in United States. 2. Key Points: When we read this case study the one major point it talks about is the importance of manufacturing for United States. The article talks about the importance of product and process innovation, the role R&D plays in manufacturing. In the case study we can see that the authors talk about modularity and the maturity of manufacturing process. Modularized products lead to flexibility when it comes to the needs of end users and marketing. When it comes to manufacturing process the article talks about manufacturing levers such as sourcing and process innovation. From reading the article we can see that the authors provide an inherent understanding of the relationship...
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...discussions around the architecture of business applications tend to focus on the application tier as being the connection between people and data and this holds for discussions around SOAs, Service Component Architectures (SCAs), or most other architectural perspectives in the industry today, including first-generation discussions around composite applications. Typically, however, the application tier contains structured business logic. However, building a composite application requires a mindset that not only is the productivity tier a critical element of the stack, but also it is where the most business value to enterprises can be found. To expand on the comparison between composite applications and SOA, both of them target flexibility and modularization. However, SOA provides flexibility at just one tier: that of the structured business logic in the middle tier. Composite applications target flexibility at all four tiers: presentation, productivity, application, and data. So, composite applications provide business value to the end users, in a way that goes far beyond what can be achieved with just service orientation. That said, a composite application is a great way to surface information out of a SOA, and having line-of-business (LOB) applications exposed as services makes it easier to build support for cross-functional processes into a composite application. Therefore to summarize, the ability to build and deploy composite applications requires a platform that provides containers...
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...University, Hangzhou, China. Email: chenjue8@yahoo.com Received April 17, 2009; revised June 19, 2009; accepted July 28, 2009. ABSTRACT The paper examines the key issues on system decoupling in service operations of mass customization by conducting a case study in catering services. It firstly justifies the effectiveness of applying concept of mass customization into service system decoupling to deal with the operation dilemma and then reveals the nature of decoupling decisions for mass customization purpose after discussions on the importance of modularization and the role of technologies including IT in the decoupling process. Based on these analyses, a Judgment-Matrix-based model on how to make the decoupling decisions in balancing the multiple operation objectives is then proposed and further research directions are finally suggested. Keywords: Mass Customization, System Decoupling, Customer Contact, Modularization 1. Introduction System decoupling is an effective approach to cope with the influences caused by customer contact by dividing the service system into two components: back-stage and front-stage. However the relevant researches often take a dichotomous perspective, assuming that the objectives of service operations focus on either efficiency (costs and related issues) or services (customization and responsiveness). Mass customization (MC) has been regarded as an innovative way of doing business by putting together these seemly contradictory operation objectives...
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...The MediSys team that focused on developing and launching the IntensCare product line definitely faced challenges working together effectively as a team. With 6 months until the scheduled launch of the product, the cross-functional product development team behind its design, clinical testing, and production schedules was facing production delays, design issues, and marketing strategy constraints. The following analysis outlines analyzes the case from the perspective of Art Beaumont, the president of Medisys and details what went right and what went wrong within the group and recommendations for Beaumont to correct the situation. The first thing that was done right on was that the IntensCare team received very clear direction from Beaumont in regards to managing the direction of the project. He clearly stated his expectations for the roll out of the IntensCare system by Aug. 2009 without explicitly defining the means that the group would use to get there. Each member was empowered to make decisions about the development of the product with very little managerial obstacles. For example, Dipesh Mukerjee, the Software Design Manager, was free to pursue off-shoring the design and development of the software for the new product. Bert O’Brien, the Senior Engineering Manager, was completely free to design the mechanical system anyway that he wanted as long it meet the specifications. This level of autonomy enabled each member to focus on Self-Actualization as described...
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...for every tone reduced by the seller of a carbon offset, and the atmosphere does not know the difference. For example, some companies plant trees which remove carbon from atmosphere as they grow, but this approach doesn’t change essentially, since the carbon will released again when they cut down trees. Second, we cannot deny that carbon offset will somewhat allow business to reduce their emissions. While companies declare themselves carbon neutral is somewhat designed to get image-polishing. And its offsetting is done on a voluntary basis, there is no exact regulation. And people cannot be well-informed to figure out that how many offsets are real and how many are anyway credits. To take it in case, Haier Company is now using “modularization” to try to low carbon. Although this approach can reduce cost and optimize flow to some extent, it still faces many uncertainties to full operation of “low carbon industry chain”. Producing by demand can liquidate inventory, but it increase logistics cost, that generate higher carbon...
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...population in the bottom of pyramid (BOP) has not been studied much in the literature. Based on the theory of disruptive innovation, we offer 11 cases from India and China – the two biggest emerging markets to show that disruptive innovation could be an appropriate, feasible, and powerful innovation force to the companies and the economies involved. We also examined the R&D strategies used in these cases based on the framework proposed by Yu & Hang (2011) and found that 3 out of the 4 strategies commonly used in the cases from developed markets were also applied in the cases from emerging markets. In addition, we have identified 3 unique strategies which emerged from the cases from India and China, namely frugal engineering, modularization, and drastic manufacturing cost reduction. Based on the frequency of the usage of these strategies, we drew practical implications for local companies and multinational companies. Our study also provides critical insights to policy makers in emerging markets on the appropriate direction for R&D strategies. 2 INTRODUCTION Innovations in the emerging economies have attracted more and more attention of practitioners and academics. Many papers have discussed the nature and the scale of the potential market – the bottom of the pyramid (Prahalad & Lieberthal, 1998; Dawar and Chattopadhyay, 2002), how multinational...
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...particular module/system on the repository before we make changes to it. This is done in order to avoid adverse effects because of changes and hence to avoid failures related to it. Keywords— Software Dependencies, Systems, Dependency errors, Software failures. Introduction AS WE WORK WITH GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE, THIS APPROACH CREATES PROBLEMS. WHEN WE WORK WITH MODULES AND THERE IS DEPENDENCY BETWEEN THEM WE FACE PROBLEMS LIKE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM, WORK COORDINATION, ETC. RESEARCH ARGUES THAT DISTRIBUTED TEAMS DO BETTER WHEN THEIR WORK IS ALMOST INDEPENDENT FROM EACH OTHER. IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, MODULARIZATION IS THE TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUE. THE MODULAR DESIGN ARGUMENT SUGGESTS THAT BY REDUCING THE TECHNICAL DEPENDENCIES, THE WORK DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN TEAMS DEVELOPING INTERDEPENDENT MODULES ARE ALSO REDUCED. THIS DISSERTATION ARGUES THAT MODULARIZATION IS NOT A SUFFICIENT REPRESENTATION OF WORK DEPENDENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND IT PROPOSES A METHOD FOR MEASURING SOCIO-TECHNICAL CONGRUENCE, DEFINED AS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF WORK DEPENDENCIES AND THE COORDINATION PATTERNS OF THE ORGANIZATION DOING THE TECHNICAL WORK [1]. Specifically, I address the following general research questions: RQ 1: How relevant task dependencies can be identified from technical dependencies? RQ 2: What is the impact of those task dependencies on traditional outcome variables such as productivity and quality? THE ACTUAL PROBLEM FOR A LARGE-SCALE...
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...FACULTY OF MEDIA, INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE 511 Due Date: Chapters Covered: 6 MAY 2013 An overview of computers and programming Working with data, creating modules and designing High Quality programs Understanding Structure Modularization Making Decisions Designing & Writing a complete program Looping Arrays File Handling & Applications 100 DIP-DS 511 Maximum Marks: Unique Assignment Number: Background This assignment is based on the content to be covered in the first semester. Naturally all material provided or prescribed will be used. Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is to: a. Ensure that you come to thorough grip with content, in particular of the provided or prescribed material and b. Gain an in depth understanding of the core concepts and the significance of the theories discussed in the module. PC TRAINING & BUSINESS COLLEGE 1 HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING FACULTY OF MEDIA, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET: DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE 511 Name of Learner…………………………………………………….… Student No: ………………………….. Module…………………………………………………………………..…Date: …………………………………….. ICAS Number……………………………………………………………..Year: …………………………………….. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Question Number 1 2 3 4 Total Examiner’s Comments Mark Allocation 30 40 20 10 100 Examiner’s Mark Moderator’s Marks Moderator’s Comments NB: All Assignments will be handled in as it forms part of continuous assessment...
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...Automated translation tools are crucial for cost-effectiveness. 2. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? Reverse Engineering: Analyzing the program to extract information and document its organization and functionality. This aids in understanding the program before reorganizing its structure and is essential for maintenance. 3. What is the difference between a'smart' and a'smart'? Program Structure Improvement: Modifying the control structure of the program to enhance readability and understanding. This involves replacing unstructured constructs with simpler ones, although it can lead to the loss of comments and documentation and requires significant computational resources. 4. What is the difference between a.. Program Modularization: Organizing related program parts into modules to remove redundancy and simplify...
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...Since China opened pathways for foreign markets in 1978, its economy has boomed and has today the fastest growing and the most dynamic economy in the world (The New York Times, 2012) Growth has been steered by heavy investment in areas such as infrastructure, manufacturing and exports. according to The Economist (2007), Modularization (breaking manufacturing of single products into separate units) and Outsourcing to cheaper options has allowed some Chines manufacturing companies to become more flexible and competitive, hence achieve global economic power. Teagarden and Cai (2009) however, investigated Chinese multinational’s overseas success and identified four different evolutionary phases: The Learning, Build-up, Internationalization and the Globalization phases. This essay will examine these phases and outline key factors that has enabled Chinese companies to succeed in foreign markets. Chinese companies belong to a diverse range of industries from being amongst the leaders in Telecommunication and consumer electronics, to accomplishing a tremendous position in the banking sector (Teagarden and Chai, 2009). These companies carry unconventional names like Lenova, Huawei,TCL and Haier however are the brains behind many of our household goods such as computers, televisions,phones and refrigerators. Common success factors between these companies outlined by Teagarden and Chai (2009) are the investment in Human Resource management and strategies...
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...FACULTY OF MEDIA, INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE 511 Due Date: Chapters Covered: 6 MAY 2013 An overview of computers and programming Working with data, creating modules and designing High Quality programs Understanding Structure Modularization Making Decisions Designing & Writing a complete program Looping Arrays File Handling & Applications 100 DIP-DS 511 Maximum Marks: Unique Assignment Number: Background This assignment is based on the content to be covered in the first semester. Naturally all material provided or prescribed will be used. Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is to: a. Ensure that you come to thorough grip with content, in particular of the provided or prescribed material and b. Gain an in depth understanding of the core concepts and the significance of the theories discussed in the module. PC TRAINING & BUSINESS COLLEGE 1 HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING FACULTY OF MEDIA, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET: DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE 511 Name of Learner…………………………………………………….… Student No: ………………………….. Module…………………………………………………………………..…Date: …………………………………….. ICAS Number……………………………………………………………..Year: …………………………………….. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Question Number 1 2 3 4 Total Examiner’s Comments Mark Allocation 30 40 20 10 100 Examiner’s Mark Moderator’s Marks Moderator’s Comments NB: All Assignments will be handled in as it forms part of continuous assessment that goes towards...
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