...ASSIGNMENT ON Monetary Policy of Course No: 302 Submitted To: Mohammad Shahadat Hossain Assistant Professor Department of Finance & Banking University of Chittagong Submitted By: GROUP: 31 Name: Md.Showeb. ID NO: 09303074 Name: A.K.M Ataul Islam ID NO: 09303111 B.B.A. (3Rd Year)-Final Term Session: 2008-2009 Department of Finance & Banking University of Chittagong Monetary policy Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority (Central Bank) of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability. The official goals usually include relatively stable prices and low unemployment. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. It is referred to as either being expansionary or contractionary, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy more rapidly than usual, and contractionary policy expands the money supply...
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...to cultural differences. While I believe a uniform global policy is important, the fact is that cultures differ in regards to how they do business. As one manager points out, “a gold pen that would be appropriate in the U.S. environment would be an insult in Japan.” L.S., Paine, Becton Dickinson: Ethics and Business Practices (A), (p. 10). As Trevino and Nelson explain in their book Managing Business Ethics, in Japan “giving gifts is considered to be an important point of relationship building.” (p. 402). Accordingly, I believe it would be appropriate for some of the terms to differ depending on the country in question. While the language of the policy could remain the same, a subsection could be included to specify how much money is appropriate to spend on a gift in that particular country. The same could be done for entertainment. While the BD Business Conduct and Compliance Code stipulates “you should not entertain lavishly” (Paine, p. 18), it does not go in to detail about what is considered lavish. This is where a subsection could be inserted to give the reader a more specific idea of BD’s expectations. For example, the Unites States version might read something like “When taking a supplier out to dinner, a $50 - $70 meal is considered acceptable.” Since Japanese suppliers have higher expectations, the policy for Japan could be more in the ballpark of $70-$90 per meal. At least now the employee reading the policy has an actual nominal figure to go by, instead of guessing...
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...On “Monetary Policy of Bangladesh” Course Code: Course Title: Macro Economics Submitted to: Submitted by: Date of submission: 15 August, 2012 Table of Contents |Titles |Page Number | |Table of Contents |02 | |Introduction |03 | |Definition of Monetary policy |03 | |Importance of Monetary Policy |03 | |Type of Monetary Policy |04 | |Tools to implement the monetary policy |04 | |Bodies of Monetary Policy |05 | |Monetary Policy in Bangladesh |05 | |Instruments of Monetary policy in BD...
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...crisis the Barbadian economy has struggled to get back on a path of growth. Since 2008, the economy has contracted by an average annual rate of 0.8% and in 2013 it shrank by 0.7%. The 508,520 tourist arrivals the country saw in 2013 was 11.2% below the level registered in 2007. While for a long time the country has operated a fixed exchange rate system at US$1 = BDS$2 some analysts have question the sustainability of its exchange rate. Its net international reserves have plummeted from US$718 million in 2010 to US$563 million at the end of 2013. Over the same period its debt to GDP ratio moved from 70.3% to 94%. This rapid accumulation in public debt is explained by a surge of expansionary spending which caused the budget deficit to widen and it is expected to reach 9.6% at the end of the 2013/14 fiscal year. Furthermore, according to Bloomberg, a New York based financial data and media company, the “yields on the country’s 2022 dollar bonds have climbed to 9.93 percent this week from 6.27 percent a year ago.” Previously Barbados has had two Stand-by Agreements (1982 and 1992) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, it seems reluctant to enter into a new loan agreement with the institution. At the...
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...Fiscal Policy for Stabilization and Growth Sessions 11 & 12 Reading: Chapter 5 What is Demand Management? • Demand-constrained economy: – Increase aggregate demand to tackle recession/depression • Supply-constrained economy: – Manage demand to control demand-pull inflation 2 Policy focus: Demand-constrained Economy Aggregate demand K Potential output 3 Policy focus: Supply-constrained Economy Aggregate demand K Potential output Also: Long term – increase K to expand potential output 4 Recession/Depression • Recession: – Rule of thumb: two consecutive quarters of falling GDP • Depression: – “Severe” recession – no widely accepted definition: • Decline in real GDP that exceeds 10%, or one that lasts more than three years • Other alternative indicators: bursting of asset, credit bubble, fall in general price level 5 Examples of Depression (Using 10% GDP fall rule) 6 Economic Policy • Two main policy instruments to influence aggregate demand (C + I + G + X - M): – Fiscal Policy: • Through Government expenditure and revenue – Monetary policy: • Through Money supply and interest rates 7 Basic Logic of Demand Management (to ↑ demand) • Fiscal Policy: –↑G – ↓ income taxes to ↑ C – (Also: • ↑ tariff duties to reduce M • Provide incentives to ↑ X) • Monetary Policy: – ↓ rate of interest to ↑ C; ↑ I 8 Fiscal Policy and Demand Management in India 9 (see: http://indiabudget.nic.in) • • •...
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...Berkes, E., Panizza, U. (2012), Too Much Finance? International Monetary Fund.Research Department. Asteriou, D., & Monastiriotis, V. (2004). What do unions do at the large scale? Macro-economic evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Journal of Applied Economics, VII(I), pp. 27-46. Arellano, M. (2003): Panel Data Econometrics, Oxford University Press. Arellano, M., and O. Bover. (1995). Another Look at The Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error- Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-52. Arellano, M., & Bond, S. R. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies (new York), 58, 194, 277- 297. Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 1, 115-143. Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Baltagi, Gri, and Xiong (2000). To Pool or Not To Pool: Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Estimators Applied to Cigarette Demand. Review of Economics and Statistics 82: 117. Barro, R.J. (1991). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Homepage of National Bureau of Economic Research (online). Beck, T., (2008). The Econometrics of Finance and Growth, Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics, Vol. 2. Beck, T., Levine, R. and World Bank. Financial Sector Strategy and Policy Group (2000). New firm formation and industry growth : does having...
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...1.1 ORIGIN OF THE TERM PAPER This term paper has been made as a part of our course Security Analysis and Portfolio Management (Course code # 4242), Mrs. Jafrin Sultana has assigned us this term paper in order to gain some practical knowledge about how to conclude on investment decision and analysis on the basis of various valuation approaches. The perspective of such a term paper is to make us familiar with the key factors of security market that affect the users in decision making. For this purpose we have used the annual reports of Bangladesh lamps ltd, and try to analyze and understand the overall capital market components according to our best effort. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF TERM PAPER This term paper is based on “financial analysis & stock valuation of Bangladesh lamps ltd”. The objective of this term paper is to provide present situation of the Bangladesh lamps ltd, corporate structure, industry performance, stock valuation, SWOT analysis, ratio and risk analysis and financial statement analysis of the company. More precisely we can identify the objective of this report as follows: * To provide the overall industry performance within our selected industry * To acquire experience of a real organization to supplement theoretical knowledge. * To know about how the academic issues taught in our educational institutions come to practical ground in an organization. * To get familiar with the organizational structure and financial aspect of our selected...
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...Executive summary As a course requirement for course, Commercial Bank Management F-402 the report is on a “Analysis of Credit Risk Grading of Navana CNG Ltd.””, which is assigned to us by our honorable course instructor, Md. Sajib Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Finance, University of Dhaka. We were assigned by our honorable course instructor to collect data of our country’s foreign trade, export and import, top five imported goods, top five exported goods, top five import and export destination and trade of balance from the year 1990 to the year 2012, as per instruction we have collected the data from Bangladesh bank library. In this report we have included the yearly export and import which indicates the total amount of import and export of the country per year. And from those import and export payment receipts we have calculated the trade balance which is the result of the difference between the payment of import and export receipts. We have found out the major import and export goods to understand the foreign trade composition. Among them we have specifies the top five goods that are imported for the consumption and top five goods that are exported to other foreign nations to utilize the excess supply. We have also outlined the top five export destinations and top 5 import destinations to figure out the performance of foreign trade. From the analysis we have found out that our most preferred export countries are USA, Germany, UK, France and Japan. And preferred import...
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...CASE SUMMARY: Qureshi v. G4S Security Services, 2009 HRTO 409 (CanLII) PROFESSOR: Joana Kuras SECTION: HRA855VV Wenjie Chen 041873118 3/31/2014 Religious Problem is One of the Prohibited Grounds of Discrimination Under the Ontario Human Right Code Qureshi v. G4S Security Services, 2009 HRTO 409 (CanLII) FACTS The applicant is a young man of the Muslim faith. He wants to earn some money for his university commencing. Then, he applies a job in a large security services organization with 5500 employees in Canada and several operations in the province of Ontario, and the company is the respondent. He follows and completes the respondent's recruitment process. In the interview, respondent doesn't detailed discuss with applicant about the availability for shift work and the applicant did not advise the interviewer that for reasons related to his Muslim faith, he need about one hour off each Friday afternoon in order to pray. There is a training and examination after he is successful applicants for the job. When he is in the train, he apply the one hour pray on Friday afternoon from Human Resources. When he leaves for his pray, he misses the train and the test. He has been ejected from the recruitment process for the security guard position. Because of the send down, the applicant needs to pay extra money for his rental, and redesign his university plan. RELEVANT ISSUE Whether the respondent G4S Security Services ejected the applicant amount to discrimination. DECISION...
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...Part Three Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 1 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. THE INTEREST RATE ON THREE-MONTH TREASURY BILLS FLUCTUATES MORE THAN THE OTHER INTEREST RATES AND IS LOWER ON AVERAGE. THE INTEREST RATE ON BAA CORPORATE BONDS IS HIGHER ON AVERAGE THAN THE OTHER INTEREST RATES. 2. The lower price for a firm’s shares means that it can raise a smaller amount of funds, so investment in facilities and equipment will fall. 3. Higher stock prices mean that consumers’ wealth is higher, and they will be more likely to increase their spending. 4. They channel funds from people who do not have a productive use for them to people who do, thereby resulting in higher economic efficiency. 5. The United States economy was hit by the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Defaults in subprime residential mortgages led to major losses in financial institutions, producing not only numerous bank failures, but also the demise of two of the largest investment banks in the United States. These factors led to the “Great Recession” which began late in 2007. 6. The basic activity of banks is to accept deposits and make loans. 7. Savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, insurance companies, mutual funds, pension funds, and finance companies. 8. Answers will vary. 9. In the period from 2007 to 2011, both inflation and interest rates have generally trended downward compared to before...
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...Overview of cement industry in Bangladesh Size In 2002, there were 70 cement organizations in operation in Bangladesh, though in 2008 therewere 34. This combination is prone to proceed. In Bangladesh, there are around 55 cement assembling organizations, the vast majority of which are in operations either on a substantial or little scale. Atotal of 34, including multinational cement makers, are in business production.Among nearby brands, Shah Cement, Meghna Cement, Crown Cement, Fresh Cement, Premier Cement and Seven Circle Cement are understood over the country.The five multinational cement organizations in operation are Holcim, Heidelberg, Lafarge Surma,Cemex and Emirates. Growth Bangladesh cement industry showcase on the planet. In spite of the late worldwide economic upheavals, the Bangladesh economy proceeds with its enduring walk with development in abundance of 6% in the course of recent years. Right now limit of the business speaks the truth 20 million tons. Top10 players are distant from everyone else controlling more than 70 % of the aggregate business limit. The business is growing at the rate of 20-25% in the late years. Per capita utilization is 65 kg (FY2009) while India and Pakistan, our two neighbors, have per capita utilization of 135kg and 130kg individually. This demonstrates huge degree for development in the Bangladesh cement industry in the long term. The estimating of cement of different players in the business are near to each other. Currently, the...
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...experienced by companies doing business in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has immense potential; people have a positive frame of mind; while the main bottlenecks are to be found in the volatility in the macro & political environment and there are several multinational environmental factors which are discussed below: 1. Government laws, regulation and policies of Bangladesh The government of Bangladesh (GOB) gradually developed seed laws, policies, and regulations for the seed sector that eventually, through various amendments, expanded regulatory oversight over both the private and public sector, and all seed varieties and the governments’ laws, regulation and policies are: * Monetary and Fiscal Policy: The regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank, such as the Central Bank of Bangladesh in order to control inflation and stabilize currency. Monetary policy is one the two ways the government can impact the economy. By impacting the effective cost of money, the Bangladesh Bank as a controller of monetary policy can affect the amount of money that is spent by consumers and businesses. The importance of monetary policy in Bangladesh is: * Itsupports the...
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...PART THREE Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems Copyright © 2013 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1. The interest rate on three-month Treasury bills fluctuates more than the other interest rates and is lower on average. The interest rate on Baa corporate bonds is higher on average than the other interest rates. 2. The lower price for a firm’s shares means that it can raise a smaller amount of funds, so investment in facilities and equipment will fall. 3. Higher stock prices mean that consumers’ wealth is higher, and they will be more likely to increase their spending. 4. They channel funds from people who do not have a productive use for them to people who do, thereby resulting in higher economic efficiency. 5. The United States economy was hit by the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Defaults in subprime residential mortgages led to major losses in financial institutions, producing not only numerous bank failures, but also the demise of two of the largest investment banks in the United States. These factors led to the “Great Recession” which began late in 2007. 6. The basic activity of banks is to accept deposits and make loans. 7. Savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, insurance companies, mutual funds, pension funds, and finance companies. 8. Answers will vary. 9. In the period from 2007 to 2011, both inflation and interest rates have generally trended downward compared to before that...
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...Education and Income Inequality: A Meta-Regression Analysis Abdul Jabbar Abdullah* Hristos Doucouliagos Elizabeth Manning - FIRST DRAFT - Please do not quote without permission from the authors September 2011 Abstract This paper revisits the literature that investigates the effects of education on inequality. Specifically, the paper provides a comprehensive quantitative review of the extant econometrics literature through a meta-regression analysis of 64 empirical studies that collectively report 868 estimates of the effects of education on inequality. We find that education affects the two tails of the distribution of incomes; it reduces the income share of top earners and increases the share of the bottom earners, but has no effect on the share of the middle class. Inequality in education widens income inequality. Education has a larger negative effect on inequality in Africa. The heterogeneity in reported estimates can be largely explained by differences in the specification of the econometric model. JEL Codes: I24, C01 Keywords: Education, inequality, meta-regression analysis Number of words: 12,683 * Corresponding author. Abdullah: Universiti Teknologi Mara Sarawak Campus, Malaysia and PhD Candidate Deakin University, ajabd@deakin.edu.au Doucouliagos: School of Accounting, Economic and Finance, Deakin University, douc@deakin.edu.au Manning: School of Accounting, Economic and Finance, Deakin University, elizabem@deakin.edu.au 1 Education and Income...
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...FIN 254 Part 1: Introduction and Methodology INTRODUCTION OF HEIDELBERG CEMENT BANGLADESH: Heidelberg Cement Bangladesh is one the largest producers of quality cement in Bangladesh. Heidelberg Cement Group from Germany, one of the world’s leaders in construction and building material with operations in more than 50 countries, owns 61% shares of the company. In 1998 Heidelberg Cement Group established its presence in Bangladesh by setting up a floating terminal with on board bagging facilities in the port of Chittagong and by distributing the cement to the key markets of Dhaka and Chittagong. In 1999 the group further strengthened its position in Bangladesh and built a greenfield manufacturing plant near Dhaka namely “Scancement International Limited” with an installed capacity of 0.750 million tons per year. In 2000 Heidelberg Cement group also bought a minority position in Chittagong based company namely “Chittagong Cement Clinker Griding Co. Limited (CCCGCL)” quickly followed by the acquisition of a in controlling stake. The plant in Chittagong has an installed capacity of 0.7 million ton per year. In 2003, the two companies were amalgamated and the company’s name was changed to Heidelberg Cement Bangladesh Limited. OVERVIEW OF HEIDELBERG CEMENT BANGLADESH LTD. Heidelberg Cement Bangladesh Limited meets 13% of the Bangladesh demand for cement from two plants located at Dhaka & Chittagong. The company with 1.5 million tones annual cement production has become a major...
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