...Michelle Lin Global History Throughout history, various cultures have blended together to create vast empires. These cultures relied upon each other in mutually beneficial interactions and exchanges. Sometimes, the refusal to accept diversity leads to conflict. Diversity of culture has impacted many of the past’s greatest empires. Among the empires, the Byzantine and the Mongol are perfect examples of diverse culture due to their capabilities of spreading ideas and trade internationally and in exchange for resulting achievements much more beneficial towards them. The Byzantine Empire, although, was deeply influenced by the Roman administration after being the eastern region of the Roman Empire before the split, it also contained Greek elements due to the majority of Greek speaking citizens. The Byzantine Empire served to preserve Roman and Greek culture, allowed the spread of new religion and achievements through cultural diffusion. When the western region of the Roman Empire collapsed in 475, libraries and places of literature were destroyed under the chaos and much of the records kept by the civilization were lost. The eastern half managed to become an independent empire of its own, known today as; The Byzantine Empire. As a result, the Byzantine alone served to preserve the Roman and Greek culture in place of the diminishing western region. Among the preservation saved by Emperor Justinian, the ones that became most significant were the Roman Laws. Justinian then...
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...discern any particular patterns in how various states responded to particular types of military challenges? Choose a particular place and time (for example, Tang dynasty China) and discuss the relationship between social and institutional developments and the use of specific military tactics and technologies. Nathan Wells While it has long been realized that military challenges were key to the development of Western society; the Non-Western world by comparison has often received short shrift in relation to this subject. This is best illustrated by Kenneth Chase, who begins his work Firearms: A Global History to 1700 with this query: “Why was it the Europeans who perfected firearms when it was the Chinese who invented them?” (1) The underlying message of the statement therefore is that while the region (East Asia) might produce the occasional interesting moment for military history, the real determinants for military theory were occurring elsewhere. Chase’s complete thesis is a bit more pragmatic; hinging on the observation that constant emphasis on steppe warfare led East Asian powers to neglect the increasingly important gunpowder revolution. This seems a bit heavy-handed, however and fails to address the fact that firearms and the gunpowder revolution were not always one and the same; or the fact that firearms were of limited use on the steppe until well into the nineteenth century. Yet the steppe was certainly a source of military challenge to the region, whether directly...
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...of the civilized world. But the surprising truth is that Genghis Khan was a visionary leader whose conquests joined backward Europe with the flourishing cultures of Asia to trigger a global awakening, an unprecedented explosion of technologies, trade, and ideas. Genghis Khan, who lived probably between 1162–1227, born Temüjin, was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He was born in a Mongol tribe near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen Rivers in modern-day Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign indicating that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the third-oldest son of his father Yesükhei, a minor tribal chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Ong Khan of the Kerait tribe and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. He was called Temüjin because, in the Mongol culture, children were named after the leader of the last tribe to be defeated by the child’s father Childhood was short and difficult for the Mongols, and Temüjin learned how to ride horses when he was three, and hunt and fish before he turned six years old. The Mongols also had very early arranged marriages, and Temüjin was no exception. At the age of nine, his father, Yesükhei, made arrangements to have him wed a girl from a neighboring tribe. As part...
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...table lamp and opened the Allsen’s book “Mongol Cuisine”. The first page was about the office of ba’urchi, which translated as “cook” in the Mongolian. Staring at the strange letters that consisted the exotic, weird word-ba’urchi, I envisaged a bustle image of the cooks, wearing gowns that cut out from wolf skins, prepare food with horseflesh, mutton and cheese. I was also amazed by how they respect food, in distinctive and extreme ways, nothing like other cultures. The mutton is preserved by drying, freezing, jerking, and smoking. When they kill an animal by making an incision in the chest, they “squeezing the heart” and thereby “retaining the blood in the carcass for later use”. I definitely saw myself there also, standing right next to yurts on the grassland, watched local people making fire and rounding up the sheep or cattle, preserving food in a persistent and faithful way. But, I, strived to put myself inside the picture to understand why, still failed to get close. Eye ache, cervical bitter, I closed the book filled with disappointment and pushed it away. Lay inside the blanket with the mild moonlight through the window and curtain, I, felt so unsure. The annoying uncertainty disturbed me like a far deeper itch I could never scratch. I witnessed the display of the nomadic culture at food and hunt. I read every detail of the various activities of people who live in Mongolian plains age after age. The vague feeling about Mongol culture sprang in my heart, but was stuck...
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...This is about 16 years after the Nestorian Christian missionary named Alopun went to Chang An. The embassy was led by Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas, the maternal uncle of the prophet himself. Emperor Gaozong, the Tang emperor who received the envoy then ordered the construction of the Memorial mosque in Canton, the first mosque in the country. Islam arrived after Buddhism and Christianity, Muslim traders began to arrive in China during the Tang Empire, and perhaps hundreds of thousands of Muslims were brought to the Mongol Yuan Empire. The Mongols used them to govern and administrate China and many Mongols became Christians. While modern historians tend to argue that there is no evidence for Waqqas himself ever coming to China, they do believe that Muslim diplomats and merchants arrived in Tang China within a few decades from the beginning of idle Ages. The Tang Dynasty’s cosmopolitan culture, with intensive contacts with Central Asia and its significant communities of originally non Muslim Central and western Asia merchants’ resident in Chinese cities, which helped the introduction of...
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...In terms of function these are regarded as predecessors to muskets and cannon. (p.30, Firearms, A Global History to 1700, Kenneth Chase) The credit of invention of gun-powder also goes to the Chinese and saltpeter is the critical ingredient for dating the discovery of gun-powder. In a Chinese alchemical text from 492 it is noted that saltpeter gave off a purple flame when ignited, providing for the first time a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts. (p. 31, Kenneth...
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...used as entertainment, the Chinese used it to scare-off enemies in the time of war. Chinese firearms, fireworks and gunpowder were also popular items of trade along the Silk Road to Europe. As we can imagine this invention had a profound effect on human history and although gunpowder was invented by the Chinese, it gave rise to the powerful western world while it inevitably left China and the Eastern World behind. B. Description of the Chinese Culture (Brandy Miller) 1. Chinese Society: Understanding a people's culture exposes their normalness without reducing their individuality. There are many different realms of Chinese society. China is well known for its centuries of traditional values, customs and beliefs. These beliefs are deeply linked with the language, religions and collective values which have always been the center of traditional festivals, customs and everyday life of man as a collective in harmony with nature (Needham, J., 1986). Despite the strong Chinese cultural traditions, the last century has seen a great deal of social change in China. Most recently, increased involvement in the global economic market has led to a high level of prosperity in China which is unfortunately not shared by all. Global influences have also led to the increased interest in science and technology, which are...
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...defined as a “process of gift exchange that takes place between a giver and a recipient.” (Keng, Kau Ah, Wang, Quain, and Mohammed Abdur Razzaque, 214) In the opinion of Schall, “culture is a rule-based phenomenon,” in other words, to be considered actively apart of a culture one is required to observe and conform to all of the implied and tacit rules that society deems apropos. Circumstance or situations are an important aspect of these untold rules that aid in governing communication and interpersonal relationships in general. Therefore, in the case of many cultures gift giving is an unspoken obligatory method that facilitates the interpersonal relationships of its proponents. Gift giving was an imperative part of many cultures throughout history. Evidence exists even as far back as the Ancient Egyptian Empire (where lists of guests bringing...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT 1. COVER PAGE 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3. DOMINO’S PIZZA INC 4. DOMINO’S PIZZA HISTORY 5. MONGOLIA’S HISTORY 6. MONGOLIA’S HISTORY 7. GEOGRAPHY & DEMOGRAPHICS 8. ECONOMY 9. ECONOMY 10. MARKETING 11. MARKETING & CONCLUSION 12. REFRENCES 13. REFRENCE 14. FIGURE 1 15. FIGURE2 16. FIGURE 3 17. FIGURE 4 18. FIGURE 5&6 19. FIGURE 7&9 Domino’s Pizza, Inc. Domino’s pizza is the largest pizza delivery chain (Figure 9). Dominoes pizza has 3 business segments. Domestic stores or franchises, International franchising, and supply chains. Currently there are 12,100 locations and 80 markets or countries around the world. Domestically in the United states there are 16 supply chains, and 4,690 franchised stores. Internationally there are 6,562 franchises as of the end of 2014. Domino’s pizza International market brings in more that 50% of its earnings (dominos pizza inc, 2016). In 2008 Domino’s Pizza received harsh reviews about their pizza from their consumers, and decided to reinvent their product from scratch. They backed up their new and improved product with great marketing strengths, and their global sales rose 54 million in 2008 to 8.9 billion dollars in 2014. How did they make such a huge leap in their sales? By listening to their consumers. Another factor that has come into play to their success is their availability. They have found a way to make ordering their pizza as easy as a voice command from your car (Financial results, 2009) (Domino’s...
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...learn about the unlikely and apparently rapid rise of The West during the 19th and 20th centuries, it’s important to understand the powerful empires of the early modern world between 1500 and 1800. Some readers may be surprised to learn about the wealth, thriving global trade, and dominant manufacturing production in Asia that held sway until at least the end of the 18th century. Throughout much of this era, Europe was, in contrast to Asia, an unimpressive backwater of small countries and kingdoms. But Europe’s “discovery” of the Americas and an ocean route to Asia, just before the year 1500, changed all that. The West gradually worked its way into the global economy and planted the seeds for its imperial rise and eventual dominance over most of the modern world. After 1500, world regions—such as West Africa, East Asia, and South America—fused together into one global trade system. For the first time in history, each region of the world now interacted with the others. For example, enslaved African labor was used in South American plantations to sell cheap sugar to Europe. Silver from Mexico bought loans for Spain, and that same silver ended up in China to buy silk or porcelain for Europeans. And so on. A new global system emerged, forged of uneven relationships, in which a small part of the world, Europe, successfully exploited the world’s human and natural resources to its advantage. This was Globalization 1.0. Historians disagree on exactly when European empires began to “rise”...
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...Global Exploration 1500-1700 Trident University Module –Case 1 The fifteenth century was a time of great advances, so much so that this period is called the Age of Discovery. The European sailors and ships left the coastal waters of the lands they knew to embark upon adventures in the unknown “green sea of darkness”. It began with the Portuguese and was soon followed by British, French, and Dutch ships who eventually set out to explore what became known as the “New World”. There were many reasons that motivated these cultures to set out into the unknown but the most compelling reasons included gold, religion and the drive to explore and expand territory. The first motive was wealth. Although Genghis Khan was best known for his bloody legacy, he had done wonders to improve the trade across Eurasia. He provided the security for travelers to cross what is now known as the Silk Road. This trade route extended over 5000 miles on land and sea with interconnected trade routes that connected with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean. The world had developed a taste for the spices and silks that had been brought back by the crusaders, and now men saw this as an opportunity to make their fortune. They traveled the Silk Road to bring back to the items that were in great demand and brought a large profit (Rossabi, n.d.). However, the Mongol empire eventually fell. China became Buddhist and a rising Islamic threat shut down travel on the Silk Road. Trade was restricted...
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...The Rise and Spread of Islam •The Post Classical Period: Faith and Commerce - Spread of major world religions o Budhism o Christianity o Islam 1. Spread through preaching, trade routes - Development of Systematic o Boat trade 2. Indian Trade spread disease, religion, ideas - Three Big Ideas o Trans-regional communication and exchange networks o Forms of state organize. Diversify o All societies increased productive capacity • Pre-Islamic Arabia - Bedoin culture based on Kin/clan/tribal networks o Survival dependent on loyalty to clan o Magnified by harsh environment - Shayks- clan/tribal leaders o Conflict was frequent o Society was fragmented - Fierce inter clan rivalries and struggles for resources o Emphasis on revenge, “male honor” - Towns and long distance trade----Mecca and Medina o Medina (Yathrib) (established on oasis) o Mecca more important – Umayyad (ruling clan) – Quraysh; (Ka’ba) - Status of women varied by clan o More respect vs. less respect - Little art/architechture (no big civs) o Focus on poetry 1. Gives glimpse into daily life - Bedovin religions- blend of animism and polytheism o Animism- nature worship - The life of Myhammad and Genesis of Islam o Born around 570 CE – Merchant, married Khadijah ...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...AP World History Survival Guide Name ________________________________ Teacher __________________________ Block _________________ Table of Contents | Pages | AP World History Overview | 3 – 7 | The AP Exam | 3 | World Regions | 4 – 5 | Five Course Themes | 6 | Four Historical Thinking Skills | 7 | Essays Overview | 8 - 15 | Document-based Question (DBQ) | 8 – 12 | Change and Continuity over Time (CCOT) | 13 – 15 | Comparative Essay | 16 – 18 | Released Free Response Questions | 19 – 20 | AP Curriculum Framework | 21 – 38 | Period 1 (Up to 600 B.C.E.)—5% | 21 – 22 | Period 2 (600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.)—15% | 23 – 25 | Period 3 (600 to 1450)—20% | 26 – 28 | Period 4 (1450 to 1750)—20% | 29 – 31 | Period 5 (1750 to 1900)—20% | 32 – 35 | Period 6 (1900 to the present)—20% | 36 – 38 | Help with Some Confusing Subjects | 39 – 43 | Chinese Dynasties | 39 | Political, Economic, and Social Systems | 40 | Religions | 41 | Primary Sources | 42 | “Must Know” Years | 43 | * Many of the guidelines in this study packet are adapted from the AP World History Course Description, developed by College Board. The AP Exam Purchasing and taking the AP World History exam are requirements of the course. This year, the AP World History exam will be administered on: ___________________________________________ Format I. Multiple...
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...Clayton Partridge World History to 1750 Professor Schultz Colonization and the First Globalization In order for one to gain a better knowledge of how terrestrial and ocean colonization unfolded in the Americas, Siberia, Africa, and China, a person must first understand the definition of colonization. Simply put, colonization is an ongoing process of control by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components. This means that a foreign government moves into the land and seizes control; gaining power, natural resources, and a larger economy. In the year 1492, an Italian explorer by the name of Christopher Columbus set out on an expedition departing from Spain in search of a faster ocean route to reach Asia. Him and his crew set foot on an island in the Bahamas 36 days after deporting from Spain. While in the Bahamas, Columbus and his men visited a total of three islands and built a settlement on Hispaniola Island with salvaged wreckage from one of their ships. Convinced he had reached Asia, he then set sail back to Spain with the two remaining ships. Columbus failed to find what he set out for – a new route to Asia along with the riches it promised, and he passed away short of success in 1506. However, Columbus was still successful in other terms. He is credited with the discovery of the New World and opening the Americas for European colonization. Following Columbus’s discovery, European nations that were on the Atlantic Rim exploited...
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