...role in an individual’s likelihood to develop depression. The exact causes of depression are unknown, but certain common triggers are attributed to the onset of symptoms, such as stress or chemical imbalance. Although some forms of depression are inherited, individuals without a prior family history of depression can also experience it. Throughout one’s lifespan different risk factors, such as life changing events or traumatic experiences, can lead to episodic depression, which is normal in most cases. Others may experience chronic severe depression with extreme, debilitating symptoms, which are at higher risk of suicide. During the early development of psychology, depression was not initially viewed as a psychological disorder. Due to the evolution of psychology as a science, psychologists have a more profound understanding of how one’s biological and environmental factors affect one’s moods, behaviors, and overall health. Today, depression is a commonly diagnosed and treated psychological disorder. Professionals have developed various psychological tests and measurements to effectively diagnose and treat depression. One commonly used tool to measure depression is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale or HDRS. Summarize selected articles The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was created to help determine patient levels of depression. The information collected was used during, before or after a patient’s treatment. According to (Bagby &.Ryder, 2004) “The author’s tries to determine...
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...practitioners it is imperative to understand each individual you come in contact with as unique and view them from a holistic perspective. For this reason, the developments of numerous tests have been provided to support diagnosis and theories. These tests also help us clinicians better understand the individual. Thus the validity and reliability of these test instruments is extremely important. In order for clinicians and practitioners to validate their prognosis, they may incorporate the use of various testing instruments, to help ensure they or properly diagnosing a client or it could be to prove the validity of one test over...
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...conversion rate of leads to sales is very common way of measuring marketing performance. The mail advantage of this measuring is to track customer numbers and receipts, to gather data automatically. Sales conversion is also a good place to begin discussion of statistical analysis and its application. This measure is perhaps the simplest to define. This is the percentage of sales leads that and organization is able to convert into sales b Average order value or average response rate A good example of measure central tendency is a figure such as average order value. This figure would look at the order value of all your customers and use it to determine how much on an average your customers tend to spend in your establishment which is usually available and stored into your accounting systems. c Sampling * A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation The people who take part are referred to as “participants” * Sampling is the process of selecting participants from the population. * The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn. * In some types of research, the target population might be as broad as all humans, but in other types of research the target population might be a smaller group such as teenagers, elderly, adults. * It is more or less impossible to study every single person in a target population so researchers select a sample or sub-group of the population that is likely to be representative...
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...Personality-has to do with individual differences among people in behavior patterns, cognition and emotion. Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on their theoretical positions. Individual differences in personality have many real life consequences. Personality Measures Personality determines a number of important characteristics and behaviors, including how people interact with others, what motivates them, and what they value. Our personality measures are among the most widely cited, highly regarded, and innovative assessments of normal-range personality. For use with normal and clinical populations, these measures are also used in a variety of settings, from career planning and marital counseling to leadership development and employment selection. THE MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY It should be pointed out that the various methods of assessing personality correspond closely to the basic personality theories we have just discussed. Personality Research Form The PRF is one of the most highly regarded measures of normal-range personality available. It is also one of the most highly cited psychological assessments, having been referenced 2000 times in research literature. Measuring Personality: Various Approaches Including Self-Report, Behavioral, and Projective Tests Self-report measures rely on the individual's personal responses. Some of the more widely used personality self-report measures Behavioral measures focus on behavior itself...
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...further questions. * Interviewer can be flexible and follow the line of thinking of every interviewee * Data collected can be on the same general topics so comparisons can be made * Non-standardised procedure means questions are worded differently therefore interpretations will be different * Low reliability- difficult to replicate * Fully structured- A list of pre-determined questions that re delivered by an interviewee in real time- face to face or over the phone. * Quick and easy to administer * Easy to replicate- high reliability * Data analysis is easier * Less chance of interpersonal bias to affect results * Loss of richness of the data gathered as there is no room for individual responses * Interviewee is limited in the answer they can give * Only quantitative data is collected * Interviews: This is a type of spoken questionnaire where the interview records the responses. There are two types of interviews. * Structured Interview- Where all the...
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...appearing in the January 2008 issue of Vision Systems Design, "Quality Numbers: Six Sigma.") In nature and most manufacturing processes no two things are ever exactly the same. There exist small variations from part to part or measure to measure. If you were to acquire metrics on features of 100 "identical" parts and plot the values relative to frequency, you would be plotting a histogram. For stable processes, the curve would most likely be a normal, or bell-shaped, curve. The analysis of the data in this fashion is called descriptive statistics. Data about the entire population is not usually studied. It is more useful to study a sample of that population and infer from the analysis what the entire population most likely looks like. This is inferential statistics. The confidence in the correctness of that prediction is dependent upon the size of the sample and the behavior of the data. Some of the useful characteristics that can be calculated from the data are described below. The average value of the data is called the mean or X-bar. The equation for the mean is (X1+X2+X3+...+XN)/N, also denoted by ΣXi/N. Another measure calculated from the data is the variability, or the degree to which the individuals cluster about the mean. The most common measure of variability is the variance. The variance is calculated by squaring and summing the deviation of the individual data points from the mean. The equation for variance is s²=Σ (X )²/(N 1). The square root of the variance provides...
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...For as long as the white man has been evident on indigenous soil, the division of non-indigenous populations and indigenous populations have been present. The racism and discrimination that has impacted the Indigenous populations have drastically affected many generations. It is the development of the everyday Australian attitude that has encouraged social movements across the country; moving majority away from the traditional racism or “old-fashioned” racism. Old-fashioned racism regards the statement and policies that are intentionally and blatantly discriminative, it includes the genuine belief that a life of a black individual is worth significantly less than white individuals (Tesler, 2013). Movements across the decades have attempted...
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...• Statistics: the art and science of collecting and understanding data o A complete and careful statistical analysis will summarize the general facts that apply to everyone and will also alert you to any exceptions. 1.3 – The Five Basic Activities of Statistics 1. Design Phase: will resolve these issues so that useful data will result a. Designing the Study involves planning the details of data gathering. Can avoid the costs & disappointment of find out – too late – that the data collected are not adequate to answer the important questions. b. The Population: large group of people, firms, or other items c. The Sample: a smaller group that consists of some of the population d. Statistical Inference: the process of generalizing from the observed sample to the larger population e. The Random Sample: best way to select a practical sample, to be studied in detail, from a population that is too large to be examined in...
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...Evolution (Large Scale Evolution) * Common Ancestor - descent of different species over many generations * OVER LARGER TIMESCALE (ex. Speciation) * Micro Evolution (Small Scale Evolution) * Changes in gene (allele) frequency in population from one generation to the next * May be over shorter time period (generations) * BOTH OF THESE IMPLY: * 1. Common Ancestry * 2. Changes through time *Natural selection occurs when 3 conditions are met; results in evolution * 1. There is variation in a trait * (Ex. Beetle color) * 2. The trait is heritable * (Ex. Brown beetles tends to have brown babies) * 3. There is differential reproductive success, and not all individuals reproduce to their full potential * (Ex. Green beetles are selected against by natural and Brown beetles are selected for- so they reproduce more) *Adaption: A trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared with individuals without the trait Adaption in an evolutionary context: An inherited trait that makes an organism more fit in its abiotic and biotic environment, and that has arisen as a result of the direct action of natural selection for its primary function. Ex. Mimicry of the non-toxic king snake to evade predators Natural selection leads to Adaptions * Adjustments or changes In behavior, physiology, or structure of an individual organism to become more suited to an...
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...HOW TO ORGANIZE DATA One way of organizing raw data or observations is through the use of frequency distribution table. One such example is a profile of cooperatives in a province which is given below: |Initial Capital, in Pesos |Number of Cooperatives | |Below 25,000 |43 | |25,000 – 49,999 |28 | |50,000 – 74,999 |17 | |75,000 – and above |12 | STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE: 1. Obtain the number of class intervals to be used. Usually, the number of class intervals should be anywhere from 5 to 20. Too many intervals would result in a loss of organization. Too few intervals, on the other hand, would result in a loss of detail. To obtain a more specific guide, we can use Sturges’ Rule which states that: K = 1 + 3.322*(log10 n) where K = the number of class intervals rounded upwards n = the number of observations 2. Obtain the size of the intervals. To obtain an initial estimate of the size of the intervals we can use the formula: [pic] where ii = the initial estimate of the interval size LO = the largest observed value Ic = the smallest increment of change in data SO = smallest observed value Kr = the K value...
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...cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy initially developed by Marsha Linehan for the treatment of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and additional psychiatric disorders associated with emotion dysregulation. DBT is currently the most frequently investigated psychosocial intervention for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). DBT’s treatment program includes weekly skills training group led by two therapists, individual therapy, telephone consultation, and consultation team meetings. Over the years, DBT has been proven to be beneficial in treating...
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...account of the way a person thinks, behave, communicate their feelings, realize or understand, and relates to others. Schizophrenia has been considered as one of many chronic and disabling conditions for people that suffers with a major mental illness. People with schizophrenia often have problems fulfilling a task in the general population, at work, at school, and in relationships leaving an individual not wanting to communicate with other people and frightened. Schizophrenia suffers will live with it the rest of their life, it cannot be cured but treatments are available and controllable with proper and advance treatments. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split or multiple personality. Schizophrenia is a psychosis, a type of mental illness in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. In writing this paper on Schizophrenia I will show how popular belief, has an antithesis of what is really Schizophrenia? Is it really a split or multiple personality or a psychosis considered by popular belief? I will introduce why Schizophrenia was chosen as my research topic, and the field of studies of the process methods used to regulate and control schizophrenia as a disease. Schizophrenia has been considered as one of many chronic and disabling conditions for people that suffers with a major mental illness.The article and...
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...exists. Inferential statistics help us make these determinations and allow us to generalize the results to a larger population. We provide background about parametric and nonparametric statistics and then show basic inferential statistics that examine associations among variables and tests of differences between groups. Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics In the world of statistics, distinctions are made in the types of analyses that can be used by the evaluator based on distribution assumptions and the levels of measurement data. For example, parametric statistics are based on the assumption of normal distribution and randomized sampling that results in interval or ratio data. The statistical tests usually determine significance of difference or relationships. These parametric statistical tests commonly include t-tests, Pearson product-moment correlations, and analyses of variance. Nonparametric statistics are known as distribution-free tests because they are not based on the assumptions of the normal probability curve. Nonparametric statistics do not specify conditions about parameters of the population but assume randomization and are usually applied to nominal and ordinal data. Several nonparametric tests do exist for interval data, however, when the sample size is small and the assumption of normal distribution would be violated. The most common forms of nonparametric...
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...John Snow * Conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera. * Carefully documented what he called a “natural experiment” in which neighbors received water provided by different companies and had differing rates of disease. * Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill * Conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. * James Lind * Conducted one of the earliest experimental studies, which was the treatment of scurvy among sailors. * Using sound experimental principles, he found that the consumption of oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy in this population. * William Farr * Compiled the Statistical Abstracts in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880. * He pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data for denominators. Definitions * Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency. It is an applied science whose primary mission is to identify targets for preventative interventions. It rests on two assumptions * Disease does NOT occur randomly * Causal and preventative factors can be identified through systematic investigation. * Essential Elements of the Epidemiologic Approach 1. Human participants 2. Systematic...
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...things in aggregate for a society at large. We call this view “Macroeconomics”. Macroeconomics is concerned with the status of the economy as a whole. Thus, it looks at overall employment of a general population or overall income of a nation as opposed to a more focused view of a population segment or specific industry. This view is helpful because it is only by this kind of analysis that we can see the general trends which a society or nation is following. Macroeconomic theory and analysis is employed most often by Governments and institutions, which have a responsibility to make policies and decisions which affect the economy as a whole. Some terms you may have heard of which concern themselves with the macroeconomic view of the economy are Gross National Product, Inflation, Consumer Price Index and Fiscal Policy. The meaning of each of these is listed below. Gross National Product – This is the most common measure of economic productivity for an aggregate population. GNP is defined as the total value of all goods and services produced in final form during a specific period of time (usually 1 year). Inflation – Inflation is defined as a condition of generally increasing prices. The term used for measuring these prices can vary according to the desires of the individual, government or institution...
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