...to the computer it was written on. In other words when one upgraded to a newer computer, the operating system and all data that you wanted transferred from the old computer had to be rewritten on the newer model. In 1965 a joint effort of Bell Labs, MIT and GE began to develop a general computer operating system that was named the MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) mainframe timesharing system. The MULTICS project was being funded by the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The goal of the MULTICS group was to develop a feature-packed information utility that would allow timesharing of mainframe computers by large communities of users. It was also designed to be able to support multilevels of security with the military in mind. When Bell Labs joined the project their goal was to obtain a timesharing system for use by members of the technical staff at Bell Labs. When the planned time had passed and MULTICS was not ready to use, it was clear that there was a lot more work to do, Bell Labs felt they had no choice than to opt out in 1969 (Ward 2009). Even though Bell Labs withdrew from the MULTICS project, two programmers from Bell Labs, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, decided to continue working to develop a usable operating system (Peek 2002). They saw great value in the communal...
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...to the computer it was written on. In other words when one upgraded to a newer computer, the operating system and all data that you wanted transferred from the old computer had to be rewritten on the newer model. In 1965 a joint effort of Bell Labs, MIT and GE began to develop a general computer operating system that was named the MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) mainframe timesharing system. The MULTICS project was being funded by the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The goal of the MULTICS group was to develop a feature-packed information utility that would allow timesharing of mainframe computers by large communities of users. It was also designed to be able to support multilevels of security with the military in mind. When Bell Labs joined the project their goal was to obtain a timesharing system for use by members of the technical staff at Bell Labs. When the planned time had passed and MULTICS was not ready to use, it was clear that there was a lot more work to do, Bell Labs felt they had no choice than to opt out in 1969 (Ward 2009). Even though Bell Labs withdrew from the MULTICS project, two programmers from Bell Labs, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, decided to continue working to develop a usable operating system (Peek 2002). They saw great value in the communal...
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...What’s New About Cloud Computing Security? Yanpei Chen Vern Paxson Randy H. Katz Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2010-5 http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2010/EECS-2010-5.html January 20, 2010 Copyright © 2010, by the author(s). All rights reserved. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. What’s New About Cloud Computing Security? Yanpei Chen, Vern Paxson, Randy H. Katz CS Division, EECS Dept. UC Berkeley {ychen2, vern, randy}@eecs.berkeley.edu ABSTRACT While the economic case for cloud computing is compelling, the security challenges it poses are equally striking. In this work we strive to frame the full space of cloud-computing security issues, attempting to separate justified concerns from possible over-reactions. We examine contemporary and historical perspectives from industry, academia, government, and “black hats”. We argue that few cloud computing security issues are fundamentally new or fundamentally intractable; often what appears “new” is so only relative to “traditional” computing of the past several...
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...Internet Security Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Table of Contents Abstract 3 Discussion 4 Background 4 Analysis 5 Conclusion 7 References 8 Abstract This paper focuses on five major areas of security issues on the Internet. Security concerns relate useful information to the average web surfer at home. There are tips on safeguarding one’s security and privacy over a network connection, plus some definitions of typical security problems individuals will come into contact with. The second focus of this paper includes the initial internet security measures. It will discuss the early security protocols and how technology has increased the security of the internet numerous times. Invention of internet security is the third topic of this project and focuses the invention and its impact on the Internet. The forth topic deals with the legal measures which have taken place regarding internet security issues. Finally, the fifth topic deals with the consumer privacy concerns, for the most part, people are becoming aware of internet security as online activities continue to skyrocket. As the technology becomes more available and easy to use, people seem to accept security risks in exchange for the convenience. Internet Security Since the early 1990’s, the solitary thing most people knew about internet security that there was a colossal computer network that had been inundated by a computer virus. Today it is difficult for anyone, to remember the...
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...version of Multics which saw its inception August 15, 1979. The original creator was Richard Stallman, the software is a video-oriented text preparation and editing system it ran on Honeywell’s Multics system it was widely accepted at MIT and had a large user community. This acceptance led to the development of protocols for the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) which is now known more commonly as the Internet. It was designed for the use of video-oriented software in a device independent fashion. ( Greenberg,1996) Emacs was later rewritten on a C platform by James Goslin in 1982. Which he then sold to Unipress and it was renamed Unipress Emacs. One of the major advantages of using Emacs would be the speed of the software. It has the ability to open large files edit them and save in the time it takes to load some programs in windows. The other editor I spoke of earlier would be Vi. The Vi editor was created in 1976 by Bill Joy at the University of California at Berkeley. Bill Joy later worked at Sun Microsystems as the Chief Scientist. Vi is not a GUI (graphic user interface) mode text editor, although it still remains popular. It holds the ability to run on many different formats from windows to MacOs.(NA,2005) It would be my recommendation to use the Vi editor as it is more user friendly and has the ability to run on different platforms, making it much more compatible with a user’s needs. Bibliography Greenberg, B. S. (1996). Multics Emacs: The...
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... or maybe not. Where did this so called UNIX come from? What exactly is an operating system you ask and what is it comprised of? Read on to find out more. Birth of a New Creation: UNIX is the creation and brain child of Bell Laboratory researchers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. Ken Thompson was working with Space Travel. Space Travel was a program that simulated the motion of the planets in our solar system. The Space Travel program was under the operating system called Multics (Multics is one of the first operating systems that provided a multiuser environment, and ran on a General Electric 6000 Electric Computer) (Afzal, 2008). Multics was a slow and very large and required a substantial amount of computer resources. Ken Thompson found a small little PDP-7 computer (created by the Digital Equipment Corporation) and transferred the Space Travel program on to it. On this computer is in which Ken Thompson created the new operating system that he deemed to be UNIX. Ken Thompson adapted Multics advanced concepts to the operating system. UNIX took advantage of the other operating systems by incorporating some of all of the other operating systems into its own, and combining...
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...would soon be able to time-share by switching back and forth between multiple users quickly. Fernando Corbato at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Computation Center led a team that created one of the first multi-user operating systems called the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) which was highly influential to the development of UNIX. (Diaz, Christopher, © 2007 ) In the 1960’s, AT&T Bell Labs, General Electric, and MIT conducted a joint research effort to build a next generation multi-user operating system called the Multiplexed Information and Computing System (MULTICS). The Bell Labs staff involved with MULTICS, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Joe Ossanna, and M. D. McIlroy, saw great potential in a communal environment enabled by a multi-user computer system, and they started looking for a way to preserve capability. In 1969, Thompson wrote a game on MULTICS called Space Travel that allowed users to pilot a spaceship around a simulation of the solar system and land on the planets and moons. Later that year, when it became too expensive to maintain the GE-645 computer that they were using, Bell Labs pulled out of the project. Since Bell Labs pulled out, the access to the computer that had Space Travel on it, wound down. Ken Thompson translated the game into...
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...Essay 1 What Is There to Worry About? An Introduction to the Computer Security Problem Donald L. Brinkley and Roger R. Schell This essay provides an overview of the vulnerabilities and threats to information security in computer systems. It begins with a historical presentation of past experiences with vulnerabilities in communication security along with present and future computer security experiences. The historical perspective demonstrates that misplaced confidence in the security of a system is worse than having no confidence at all in its security. Next, the essay describes four broad areas of computer misuse: (1) theft of computational resources, (2) disruption of computational services, (3) unauthorized disclosure of information in a computer, and (4) unauthorized modification of information in a computer. Classes of techniques whereby computer misuse results in the unauthorized disclosure and modification of information are then described and examples are provided. These classes are (1) human error, (2) user abuse of authority, (3) direct probing, (4) probing with malicious software, (5) direct penetration, and (6) subversion of security mechanism. The roles of Trojan horses, viruses, worms, bombs, and other kinds of malicious software are described and examples provided. In the past few decades, we have seen the implementation of myriads of computer systems of all sizes and their interconnection over computer networks. These systems handle and are required to protect...
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...What Hacking means? To the popular press, "hacker" means someone who breaks into computers. Among programmers it means a good programmer. But the two meanings are connected. To programmers, "hacker" connotes mastery in the most literal sense: someone who can make a computer do what he wants—whether the computer wants to or not. To add to the confusion, the noun "hack" also has two senses. It can be either a compliment or an insult. It's called a hack when you do something in an ugly way. But when you do something so clever that you somehow beat the system, that's also called a hack. The word is used more often in the former than the latter sense, probably because ugly solutions are more common than brilliant ones. Believe it or not, the two senses of "hack" are also connected. Ugly and imaginative solutions have something in common: they both break the rules. And there is a gradual continuum between rule breaking that's merely ugly (using duct tape to attach something to your bike) and rule breaking that is brilliantly imaginative (discarding Euclidean space).Hacking predates computers. When he was working on the Manhattan Project, Richard Feynman used to amuse himself by breaking into safes containing secret documents. This tradition continues today. When we were in grad school, a hacker friend of mine who spent too much time around MIT had his own lock picking kit. (He now runs a hedge fund, a not unrelated enterprise.) It is sometimes hard to explain to authorities why...
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...Windows 7 Ubuntu (Linux) Year Event 1983 Bill Gates announces Microsoft Windows November 10, 1983. 1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 is introduced in November 20, 1985 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1987 Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1987 Microsoft Windows/386 or Windows 386 is introduced December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1988 Microsoft Windows/286 or Windows 286 is introduced June, 1988 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1990 Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released May, 22 1990. Microsoft Windows 3.0 full version was priced at $149.95 and the upgrade version was priced at $79.95. 1991 Following its decision not to develop operating systems cooperatively with IBM, Microsoft changes the name of OS/2 to Windows NT. 1991 Microsoft Windows 3.0 or Windows 3.0a with multimedia was released October, 1991. 1992 Microsoft Windows 3.1 was released April, 1992 and sells more than 1 Million copies within the first two months of its release. 1992 Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released October, 1992. 1993 Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 was released July 27, 1993. 1993 Microsoft Windows 3.11, an update to Windows 3.1 is released December 31, 1993. 1993 The number of licensed users of Microsoft Windows now totals more than 25 Million. 1994 Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was released February, 1994. 1994 Microsoft Windows NT 3.5 was released September 21, 1994. 1995 Microsoft Windows NT 3.51...
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...earliest operating system made sense, as it was the first of its kind to explore concepts such as spooling, demand paging and supervisor calls, which we can see clearly exhibited in the operation of modern operating systems today. Most of us are familiar with the term spooling most commonly used in terms of printing in general or with a few other output devices that are much slower than our modern computers today. The concept of Timesharing which was proposed by Mc-Carthy in 1962 was also key in leading to much of our modern execution of multi-tasking and it was interesting to see how this developed from the demonstration of CTSS into the larger Multics File System at MIT which although it was not a huge success in its entirety, gave rise to the first hierarchical file system for both private and shared files. Unix, having succeeded Multics in terms of time sharing systems, has become widely adopted, even today, I have personally worked with some variances of the Unix-cloned operating systems and flavors of Enterprise level Linux (such as CentOS). I also found the database problems highlighted by Stonebraker (1981) to be interesting and I intend to do more research into these for my own personal knowledge....
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...Who is the creater of CP/M? [Kildall] Who is the head of the Multics project. [Carbato] Which OS’s process scheduler reduces priority and increases quantum. [CTSS] Which one is the difference between a semaphore and monitor. [Last choice] If a system has 16 drives and each process can have 4 drives. What is the maximum number of n that the system is deadlock free. [5] Given the sequence below which processes will cause a page fault. (for FIFO – LRU) Write a loop that would create 10 child processes. (No more than 10). If a file is shared by two processes, can have read-only and the other read-write access. If yes how, if not what prevent it. What are some of the security features in UNIX or NT. How does NTFS directory system work. How does UNIX directory system work. Pick a Unix UNIX process scheduler and explain how (not why or when) it favors I/O bound processes to CPU bound processes. Explain and compare I/O software (programmed, interrupt, DMA). What is the problem with RAID4 and explain how RAID5 solves the problem. Disk arm scheduling algorithms readuce read time but what does Linux additionally do. How does Workingset Clock algorithm work. If seektime is 8msec and each track is 160KB. What is the access time to read 4KB. Couffman listed four requirements for a deadlock. Describe fourth one and how to prevent it. What are the advantages of inverted page tables. What is a soft link. Implement soft link and hard links...
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...entities that presents a danger to an asset. 3. By ensuring the protection and continuity of utility services for an organization you prevent potential loss of productivity and revenue for that organization, as well as the prevention of possible breaches in security that may ensue if, for instance the power goes out and an alarm system or other remote monitoring system is disabled. 5. Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. These are used to determine the value and potential risk for information within an organization 7. Availability, accuracy, Authenticity, Confidentiality, Integrity, Utility and Possession. These are an expanded list of the characteristics of data that give it value to an organization and how it is used. 9. MULTICS 11. It is initiated by upper-level managers who issue policy, procedures, and expected outcomes, and determine accountability, it also has a higher probability of success. 13. Everyone from Upper management and IT, to the end user are involved whether through implementation and planning or compliance 15. Everyone, all employees at every level within an organization for the security of information within that organization 17. Initially the security of information was included in the category of computer security, which is the security of the physical computer, but as technology has advanced and the ability to access information remotely has become more prevalent and even commonplace it has required a more specialized field in order...
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...Introduction to UNIX and Linux UNIX was developed at Bell Laboratories by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969 and it was created on a minicomputer called the PDP-7. (Muse) Computer aided design, manufacturing control systems, laboratory simulations, even the Internet its self, all began life with and because of UNIX systems. (unix.org) The reason for building UNIX was to create a simple interactive operating system, called “Multics” (Multiplexed Information and Computing System). (Kioskea.net) UNIX went through growing pains through the years, but in 1991, Linus Torvalds, commenced Linux development and the distro Solaris 1.0 debuts. (unix.org) Torvalds writes “Sadly, a kernel” (which is what Linux is and has always been) “by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compliers, a library, etc.” (Moody, pg 44) “Linus Torvalds had a kernel but no programs of his own, Richard Stallman and GNU had programs but no working kernel.” (linux.org) GNU is a recursive acronym that means GNU is Not Unix. UNIX/Linux can literally be used anywhere. While completing my AAS, my final project was to build a Samba server, which I needed a Linux distro to make happen, and I went with Ubuntu. Samba is the standard Windows interoperability suite of programs for Linux and UNIX. (Samba.org) Basically, Samba makes file transfer between a Linux/Unix server, and a Windows server, seamless. To Windows, Samba looks just like another Windows server so it allowes easy file...
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...Review Questions 1. What is the difference between a threat agent and a threat? A threat agent is a specific component that represents a danger to an organization’s assets. And a threat is an object, person or entity that represents a constant danger. 2. What is the difference between vulnerability and exposure? Vulnerability is a weakness is a system that leaves the system open to attacks. Exposure is the known vulnerabilities that make a system weak and open to attacks without protection. 3. How is infrastructure protection (assuring the security of utility services) related to information security? If the infrastructure of a network is exposed and accessible to anyone this leaves the network vulnerable to damage both to hardware and software. The infrastructure must be protected to allow only authorized user to have access to the network. 4. What type of security was dominant in the early years of computing? Physical security. 5. What are the three components of the C.I.A. triangle? What are they used for? Confidentiality, Integrity and availability are the three components of the C.I.A triangle. They are used as a standard for computer security. 6. If the C.I.A. triangle is incomplete, why is it so commonly used in security? The C.I.A triangle provides a basic standard of what is needed to keep information secured. 7. Describe the critical characteristics of information. How are they used in the study of computer security? Availability...
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