...them are unaware of their condition ("CDC, National chronic kidney disease "). This number continues to grow every year due to an increase in the incidence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and the aging population. CKD can develop into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) rapidly without intervention, and the only treatment currently available is renal replacement therapy or kidney transplant. The cost of treating those in the United States with ESRD in 2009 was approximately $40 billion dollars, and this cost continues to grow each year ("National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) "). Moreover, patients who develop kidney disease pay an even higher price with their life. Studies have shown that CKD is associated with a higher rate of cardiovascular disease as well as all other related mortalities (Kurth, de Jong, Cook, Buring, & Ridker, 2009). An adult with CKD is 16-40 times more likely to die before reaching ESRD than an adult without the disease ("CDC, National chronic kidney disease "). The rate of CKD is on the rise and could potentially be the largest source of health care expenditures in the United States annually. If we do not develop an intervention approach to delay the progression of CKD, ESRD could become an epidemic, and it is therefore imperative that an effective approach for slowing the...
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...People who experience lower limb amputation are treated by a range of health care professionals as part of a multidisciplinary team (MDT) during their rehabilitation. Occupational therapist’s (OT) main objectives are to facilitate the individual in achieving the best level of independence, functioning and personal roles post amputation by adapting physically, socially and psychologically (Morris, 2012). Occupational therapists help devise and set goals for the rehabilitation process based on the assessment of needs and wants of the patient. Liaise with other members of the MDT team as part of a collaborative approach to rehabilitation. The frames of reference relative to patients with lower limb amputation are the rehabilitation which utilises...
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...CONCEPT OF CRITICAL CARE Critical care nursing is that specialty within nursing that deals specifically with human responses to life-threatening problems. * As defined by the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses: Specialized nursing care of critically ill patients who have manifest or potential disturbances of vital organ functions. Critical care nursing means assisting, supporting and restoring the patient towards health, or to ease the patient’s pain and to prepare them for a dignified death. Aim To establish a therapeutic relationship with patients and their relatives and to empower the individuals’ physical, psychological, sociological, cultural and spiritual capabilities by preventive, curative and rehabilitative interventions. Illnesses and injuries commonly seen in patients on critical care units (CCUs) Gunshot wounds Traumatic injuries Cardiovascular disorders Surgeries Respiratory disorders Shock THE EVOLUTION OF CRITICAL CARE * Forty years of development in critical care and critical care nursing has given rise to a recognized specialty in nursing practice . * Critical care units have evolved over the last four decades in response to medical advances . HISTORICAL PRESPECTIVES * Florence nightingale recognized the need to consider the severity of illness in bed allocation of patients and placed the seriously ill patients near the nurses’ station. * Modern medicines boomed to its higher ladder after world war 2 * Dr. Walter...
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...Prevention is a multifactorial process, some pressure sores are unavoidable, but most are preventable. The nursing quality indicator is a pressure ulcer prevention. Individual’s Risk factors assessment should be done by the multidisciplinary team. Risk factor includes malnourishment, immobility, cognitive impairment, chronic and acute illness. Designed assessment tools have been shown to luck reliability with a tendency to overestimate. What is more effective is an early assessment by using clinical judgment. As soon as risk is identified, prompt intervention should be started to minimize the risk of development pressure ulcers. Intervention such as early initiation of preventive measure, protection from the adverse effects of pressure, shear and friction , improving tissue tolerance is vital. Repositioning using 30 degrees angled side- lying position and evenly distribution of body weight in a flatter position is advised(Strategies to improve the prevention of pressure...
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...related with the use of Antipsychotic medications. Objectives: This paper will help us understand the underlying factors that cause metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities; and to advice interventions that would help improve the condition of mental health consumers. Background: The review articles used in this paper shows a high linkage between metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities with the use of Antipsychotic medications; which is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among metal health consumers. Approach: Selective Article Reviews are being used. Findings and Implications: Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects such as weight gain, diabetes and hypertension are some of the risks of Antipsychotic drugs; however, there are other underlying factors that cause this such abnormalities such as genetic factors, lifestyle, and other medications. Hence, education, early monitoring and lifestyle modification is highly recommended. Conclusion: Atypical drugs are the frequently used treatment for mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia; but despite of its metabolic and cardiovascular side effects still it’s used is increasing. Therefore, early intervention and monitoring must be implemented, with the promotions of education, lifestyle and diet management. Introduction It is well known that psychotropic drugs, in general and antipsychotic drugs, in particular have as one of their side effect liabilities and potential...
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...in detail. Along side the discussion of the long-term condition I will focus upon the group of people who are seen to be the most inclined to suffer from that ailment, focussing on the factors that impact upon their trajectory or path travelled with the illness. I will then go onto discuss the possible interventions that will assist patients with the long term condition to cope with their illness, drawing upon national policies developed especially for sufferers of that long term condition. In order to fully encompass the trajectory of a person with a long-term condition I will produce a case study that looks at the history of the patient’s condition and the current health problems with which they face, including the symptoms and experiences during the process of care. Frameworks for affective holistic care will be discussed, ensuring that they take into account the patient’s social needs, cultural needs and their own views for their care; in an environment where their narrative is heard and respected. Within this case study the role of the nurse will also be discussed, focussing on the assessing, planning and delivering of care in a way that utilises the multidisciplinary team. Slough is a predominantly urban area that is located at the east of Berkshire and is West of London. In the 2011 census...
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...Systematic Approach to Care through Effective Person-Centred Care Planning. The NHS places a strong emphasis on delivering person-centred care to patients. Patient-centred planning was adopted as national government policy in 2001 via the “Valuing People” paper and more recently as part of the “Valuing People Now” document (DOH,2009). Person-centred planning is now promoted as a key method in delivering the personalisation objectives of the Governments “Putting People First” programme for social care (DOH, 2007). The Coalition continues this commitment towards personalisation of care with its “Capable Communities and Active Citizens” document (DOH, 2010). One key area to ensure that care is delivered in a systematic person-centred way is through effective care planning that involves the patient in the process as a key stake holder. Several systematic models to nursing care are available that will facilitate practitioners in ensuring that all needs of the individual are identified and met. This essay will define what is meant by the term “person centred care”, will explore the systematic nursing models of care delivery and will highlight good practice in constructing person-centred care plans. This will be done using examples of an original care plan (constructed by the author for a real patient whose name has been changed) - and will draw upon information and evidence from a range of contemporary sources. It is appropriate in the context of this essay to firstly define...
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...Health promotion involves empowering people to make critical decisions in all aspects of their health, especially self-perception, health perception, and the ability to influence positive changes in lifestyle. Empowerment often includes finding a balance between core passionate beliefs and obtaining optimal health. Health promotion is achieved by using government and community resources in areas of policy formulation that will have positive impact on the people in different areas such as: provision of safe working conditions, adequate housing, health education, food, and support with lifestyle changes. Other arrears includes re-orienting health care workers about health promotional teachings, and balancing individual emotions, physical ability, spiritual response, and social impact of lifestyle changes to create motivation towards achieving personal responsibility and desired healthcare goal. This author believes that health promotion can be achieved by individuals willing to participate fully in healthcare decisions in order to sustain progress and promote well-being by improving quality of life, even when living with a chronic condition. The purpose of health promotion is very important in nursing practice because nurses approach patients’ health problems through a holistic view. They work together with members of the healthcare team, to not only educate patients about illness management, but to focus their attention on teachings about staying healthy. According to the Center...
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...living conducive to wellness. Nurses are part of the answer because they are well equipped to interact with our community in ways that encourages choices and openness to decisions that have a more positive impact on lifestyles and health outcomes`According to the American Journal of Health promotion Health Promotion “Health Promotion is the science and the art of helping people change their lifestyles to move toward an optimal health.” From my point of view it is also the process enabling people to take action in taking control over their health through educational and environmental support of others. Others believe Health promotion encompasses principles of addressing broad determinants of health by means of developing healthy public policy creating supportive environments strengthening community action, developing personal skills. As a theory Health Promotion remains an essential guide in addressing the major health challenges faced by developing countries. Nurses are the key health professional gui ding individuals, families, and community toward making the right decisions when it comes to health promotion. Nurses possess the skills, and know the theories and models to implement evidence based interventions into their practice to foster healthy lifestyle and to create healthy home, school, community and nation. The World Health Organizations (WHO) has repeatedly called...
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...disease in humans, thus leading to the main question being studied: what interventions reduce osteoporosis in older Canadian adults? This subject holds great importance in nursing practices, in that nurses are able to facilitate client protection through promotion of interventions, early detection and overall management of said disease. This nurse-driven public education on the importance of interventions allows people...
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...person to reach their individual potential for optimal health (Edelman & Mandle, n.d.). In order to reach these goals, levels of prevention have been defined and nurses take an active role in the implementation of positive changes in clients’ lifestyle. On each level of the health promotion continuum, the nurse has to keep in mind the clients’ cultural and educational background to develop mutually agreed- upon goals. “Primary care providers, including nurse practitioners and other advanced practice nurses, now attempt to involve individuals and their families in the delivery of care, teaching individuals about individual responsibilities and lifestyle choices has become an important part of their job”(Edelman & Mandle, p. 9). These positive changes improve the quality of the clients’ and families lives. The three- levels of health care promotion are primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. All of these levels fall under the wellness continuum. The purpose of this paper is to compare these three levels of health care promotion and give example of how each can be implemented throughout the continuum of wellness promotion. The main goal of primary prevention is to educate and promote health. “Primary prevention intervention includes...
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...to then implement interventions and management strategies to prevent her from falling again in the home. E.g. RN finds small steps to get in each room. RN consults with OT and OT recommend wedges be put to give a smooth and efficient walk way. Establish a risk register that identifies falls risks related to individuals and environment – A risk register can be effective for gathering data on what has ‘nearly’ happened or for potential risks, but can also be used for falls that have already occurred. It is usually used to gather information to find the root source of an issues e.g. “I have nearly fallen over the telephone cord 5 times”, this will assist in the implementation on an intervention for the client, e.g. purchasing of a wireless phone or putting line under a mat. 4. Identify 3 members of the multidisciplinary health care team who will be involved in the management of Mrs Phillips rehabilitation. Describe their role with reference to the guidelines. Nurses (EN /EEN / RN) – Making referrals to appropriate healthcare practitioner, conducting and screening nursing assessments, monitoring and administering appropriate care, medication management and administration, patient education, review of patient management plan. Physiotherapists - Assist in implementing strategies for falls prevention, rehabilitation for Mrs. Phillips, patient education, and review of patient management plan. Occupational Therapy – Implementing and developing interventions where needed in patient’s...
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...cardiovascular risk burden make significant demands on already scarce health resources. The healthcare system in SSA is often challenged by lack of sufficient resources to provide adequate patient care. Both lack of institutional resources and up-to-date practical information for healthcare providers often jeopardizes patient care [99]. A review by Motala (2002) [100] noted that the increasing diabetes trends in Africa are influenced by inadequate health care infrastructure, inadequate supply of medications, and lack of available healthcare facilities and providers. Issues such as lack of protocols for diabetic complication evaluation and monitoring, little or non-existent referral systems, inadequate health facilities, and absence of multidisciplinary diabetic care teams also make diabetes care difficult [101]. Among diabetes patients in Mozambique and Zambia, patients in need of insulin were faced with the high cost of the medication when available but were also faced with lack of availability of insulin when needed [102]. Similarly, Whiting and colleagues (2003) [101] noted that the contextual, clinical, and health systems challenges to the delivery of health care for diabetes in Africa is influenced by several factors, including poor patient attendance at health clinics, short consultation time with physicians (leaving little or no time for patient education), inadequate staff, limited staff training, poor control of blood glucose and blood pressure, inadequate referral systems...
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...Introduction Nursing researchers have been using Pender’s Health Promotion model to facilitate lifestyle changes, and bring about increased protection and improvement in public health. One of the major public health concerns for many nations is Diabetes. According to Ho, Berggren, & Dahlborg-Lyckhage (2010), 246 million people worldwide have diabetes, equating to almost 6% of the world’s adult population, with 80% of these people live in developing nations. This diabetes prevalence is further influenced by the aging population, unhealthy diet, overweight, physical inactivity, and obesity. In the 2010 meta-ethnographic research study, Ho, Berggren, & Dahlborg-Lyckhage, used Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) to analyze and contribute to the understanding of what clients perceived as being important in an effective empowerment strategy for diabetes self-management. Meta-ethnography is a research method that use an inductive and interpretative method to compare and interpret multiple qualitative research findings revealing analogies between the studies to develop new concepts and models (Ho, Berggren, & Dahlborg-Lyckhage, 2010). Health Promotion Model (HPM) HPM is a nursing model which emphasizes the role of expectations in predicting health behaviors. HPM identifies three factors that influence health behavior, and how these three factors directly and indirectly influences health- promoting behaviors. Individual characteristics and experience, which includes...
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...past, is not the answer for today's healthcare needs. Today, patient education is the primary focus with the emphasis on prevention of disease by screening for risk factors and encouraging patients to practice behaviors that foster good health. In the past patients would seek medical care only after symptoms had developed that interfered with their lifestyle. Todays’ trend reflects patients taking a proactive approach to preventing a disease after they have been exposed to the education through mass media such as commercials, the internet, or brochures obtained from clinics or physicians’ offices. With the advances in technology medical professionals are able to reach far more people than in the past. This technology has given professional nurses the ability to encourage more patients to improve their health while fostering positive behavioral changes, referred to as health promotion. Health promotion is defined as the process of empowering patients to improve their health while fostering behavioral, cognitive and emotional activities as to advocate health and well-being of the population as a whole (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Lifestyle choices and motivation both play a major role in positive patient outcomes. As stated by Edelman & Mandle (2010), “Primary care providers, including nurse practitioners and other advanced practice nurses, now attempt to involve individuals and their families in the delivery of care, and teaching patients about individual responsibilities and...
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