...Physiology of Systems Introduction Pigs are from the mammalian clade. They are farming animals that that require the same systems as humans. Pigs and humans share some of the physiological concepts as humans. With them sharing some of the same physiological as humans it allows scientist and individuals to understand the anatomy and physiology of the systems we share. These systems include lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, and the skin system. The two frequently looked at systems are the digestive and skin system. The fetal pig provides the visual aid for the explanation of the anatomy and physiology of both the digestive and skin system. The organ skin is the largest organ on the human body. There are four tissues that make up this organ: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.The epithelial...
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...of the human body. Include the cell, skeletal and the muscular system and any other distinct features you may deem appropriate. Your answer may include various types of tissue found in the human body. Intro The body has many different features that work together to ensure it functions as it should, and ensure it stays healthy. This includes regulating heat, transporting nutrients and fighting of foreign bacteria that may cause harm. These features also include assisting with the body’s voluntary movement and the sending of signals throughout the body that allow these functions to occur. The Cell The main function of the cell includes both transporting different materials used throughout the body. Cells are used in...
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...Anatomy and Physiology Cell Organelles There are 50 trillion (50 million million) cells in the human body; they carry out chemical reactions essential to life, for example Blood cells. Nucleus The nucleus is the largest structure in any human cell, it contains gasps or pores, which allow protein and nucleic acid, pass through. It is the central part of the cell and it’s usually a lot darker than the rest of the cell because it absorbs stain quickly and stores the entire DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the human body. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material made up of salt and water, likened to a gel, which carries chemical reactions that take place in the body. It contains enzymes responsible for breaking down waste and aid in metabolic activity. And means cell material refers to anything inside the cell boundary and outside the nucleus. Mitochondria Concerned with energy release - each have a double-layered membrane and each inner layer is folded at intervals producing shelves or ridges known as cristate. They help cells to maintain proper concentration on calcium ions. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Studded with tiny black bodies used to fill the cell interior, has a similar structure to the cell membrane. They have no attached ribosomes and are involved in the metabolism of lipids or fats. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) With ribosomes attached to it’s membrane which makes it rough, it is also attached to the nuclear envelope that surrounds...
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...Differentiate the variation in vertebrate digestive system. 2 Main feeding mechanisms Suspension feeders Substrate feeders Fluid feeders Bulk feeders Main feeding mechanisms Suspension feeder/ filter feeders Sieve small food particles from water E.g : whales, clams and flamingos 4 Main feeding mechanisms Substrate feeders Animals that live in/on their food source Eat their way through the food E.g : earthworms and termites 5 Main feeding mechanisms Fluid feeders Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host E.g : mosquito, aphids 6 Main feeding mechanisms Bulk feeders Eat relatively large pieces of food (swallow altogether) Spend a long time to digest their food E.g : snake 7 8 Mouth Esophagus Stomach Large intestine Rectum Anus Tongue Glands in mouth that make saliva Pancreas Liver Gallbladder 9 The mammalian digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts Mammalian accessory glands are the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder 10 Stages of Food Processing Ingestion is the act of eating Digestion is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb In chemical digestion, the process of enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water Absorption is uptake of nutrients by body cells Elimination is the passage...
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...Cells, Tissues and Body Systems P2 Nervous Tissue A number of components make up the nervous system and these are also composed of the nervous tissue. The nervous tissue performs an imperative part in the fact that it is in charge for accepting, distributing and handling sensory input. It can be found in the three main areas of the nervous system which are the brain, nerves and the spinal cord. The nervous system contains two significant parts which are defined as peripheral and central. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the nerves that spread to all ends of the body and the central nervous system (CNS) consists of the spinal cord and the brain where it acts as the fundamental processing interior for all stimuli. Neurons are the specialised basic elements that work inside the nervous tissue. The functional and structural organisation of neurons can be described by elements such as an axon. This transmits information to different neurons, muscles and glands and is usually made from a nerve fibre which is a single process expanding from the cell body of a neuron and carrying nerve impulses away from it. Dendrites carry nerve impulses from adjacent neurons into the cell body and are one of the shorter branching processes of the cell body of a neuron. A motor neuron transmits electrical signals for communication within the body from the central nervous system to the brain and the spinal cord, to muscles and glands elsewhere in the body. The synapse causes...
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...Major body systems Cardio-vascular The cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system, pumps blood around the body. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood, it then returns to the heart where it is pumped around the body. It also allows nutrients, hormones, oxygen and carbon dioxide to be transported around the body. Heart: The heart is made up of three layers: * Pericardium – the outer layer of the heart made of two fibrous sacs with fluid between them. It is there to protect the heart and prevent friction between the different beats as well as preventing distension of the heart. * Myocardium – is a specialist cardiac muscle and does not have control over itself. It contains a network of fibres that transmit the hearts electrical signals causing the heart to contract. The myocardium at its thickest at the apex of the heart and it thins towards the base in accordance to the workload that the heart undertakes. There is fibrous tissue running through it providing support as well as the specialist fibres that conduct the electrical signals. * Endocardium – the endocardium is a smooth epithelial tissue that allows a rapid movement of blood, it extends through all the vessels in the circulatory system. The heart is made up of four chambers. The septum divides the two sides of the heart and on each side of the heart there is an atrium – where blood goes into – and a ventricle – where blood is...
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...Identify the anatomical components of the digestive system as well as their functions Discuss neural control of the digestive system Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion Discuss the effects of again and disease on the digestive system The GI tract is long tube that is open at both ends for the transit of food during processing Named portions of the tube include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum Accessory structures are not part of the GI tract, but they do contribute to food processing Accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas Digestive Processes There are 6 basic processes involved in digestion The Digestive System The GI tract, and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas, are responsible for facilitating the body’s metabolic processes. Catabolism: Larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, duodenum). In the GI tract, this is called digestion and can occur by either mechanical or chemical means. Anabolism: Smaller molecules are used as building blocks for larger molecules (liver). The Digestive System Mechanical digestion includes all movements that facilitate catabolic processes: Mastication Swallowing Mixing Increase contact of food with digestive chemicals Peristalsis Movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food The Digestive System Chemical digestion is mainly accomplished...
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...The Gross Structure of Body Systems The Gross Structure of Body Systems Contents page: Cardiovascular: Page 1 Respiratory: Page 2 Digestive system: Page 3 Renal: Page 4 Nervous system: Page 5 Endocrine: Page 6, 7 Reproductive system (both genders): Page 8 Musculoskeletal: Page 9 Section through bone: Page 10 Skin: Page 11 Immune System: 12 Lymphatic System: 12 Cardiovascular: The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and about 5 litres of blood that the blood vessels transport. The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ, which is the heart. The heart: The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body’s circulatory pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the various arteries (which provide oxygen and nutrients to body tissues by transporting the blood throughout the body). The heart is located in the thoracic cavity medial to the lungs and posterior to the sternum. Arteries: The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: •The intima, is the inner layer lined...
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...INVOLVES THE NON-SELECTIVE UPTAKE OF A SAMPLE OF THE EXTRA-CELLULAR FLUID Phagocytosis refers to another type of endocytosis that involves the selective uptake of a multimolecular particle. PHAGOCYTOSIS REFERS TO ANOTHER TYPE OF ENDOCYTOSIS THAT INVOLVES THE SELECTIVE UPTAKE OF A MULTIMOLECULAR PARTICLE. A hypertonic solution refers to a solution with a high osmolarity, thus it refers to a solution that contains high solute concentration and a low water concentration. If a cell were placed within a hypertonic solution, water would move via osmosis from the cell to the solution. Osmosis would occur in this direction as osmosis refers to the diffusion of water from an area of low osmolarity, the cell, to an area of high osmolarity, the solution. A hypotonic solution contains a low osmolarity, thus has a low concentration of solutes present and a large concentration of water present. If a cell is placed within a hypotonic solution, water would move via osmosis from the solution into the cell. This would be the direction of osmosis as osmosis refers to the diffusion of water from a low...
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...The digestive system consists of a series of connected organs that together, allow the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The liver and pancreas also play a role in the digestive system because they produce digestive juices. The endocrine system consists of eight major glands that secrete hormones into the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different tissues and regulate various bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth and sexual function. The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria, viruses and other pathogens that may be harmful. It includes lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, lymphocytes (including B-cells and T-cells), the thymus and leukocytes, which are white blood cells. The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts and lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body's defenses. Its main job is to make is to make and move lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, which help the body fight infection. The lymphatic system also removes excess lymph fluid from bodily tissues, and returns it to the blood. The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like conscious movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing), and sends signals to different parts of the body. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect every other...
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...List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the body. | Muscular system does the work; Skeletal System provides leverage for the muscular system to get you up the stairs; Cardiovascular System services your muscles with nutrients and oxygen, while removing carbon dioxide and other molecular wastes from them; respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body as a whole; digestive system supplies the nutrients to be brought to the muscle tissues; integumentary system to remove the heat your muscles are generating; nervous system (the sympathetic part) responds to the physical stress you are putting on your body; endocrine system a collection of organs (glands) that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; the hormones in turn control many aspects of the body’s form and function; The wastes being produced by the muscles’ metabolism will be removed by the urinary system; your immune response, produced by the lymphatic system; | | As a student runs up the stairs, which 2 body systems would be most immediate in their support of the muscular system in this activity? | Muscular and Skeletal systems | | As a student runs up the stairs, her ____________ system serves her by providing moisture for evaporation to moderate her body temperature. | Integumentary System | 10.2 | The Muscular System | | | Muscle Structural Organization | | | A muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells (fibers) bound into groups...
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...Digestive system -- 4 main functions being performed - Mechanically break downs food, with teeth, tongue, smooth muscle in digestive _____ - Chemically break down food with enzymes: acids - Reabsorb tiny particles from small intestines into capillaries surrounding sore intestine - Expel waste : indigestible material, excess lipids, excess H2O, dead cells: bacteria Parts of digestive system MouthPharynxesophagus esophageal sphincter Stomach Mouth- teeth break down food, tongue forms it into a ball of chewed food called a bolus. Secrete saliva- - has salivary amylase (enzyme) break down carbohydrates - also has lysozyme enzyme to attack bacteria - contain H2O to help lubricate bolus as we swallow Pharynx- leads to both respiratory (larynx) : digestive (esophagus) systems Esophagus- Z layers of smooth muscle which contract in wave-like contraction called peristalsis Esophageal sphincter - smooth muscle which allows bolus to enter the stomach (if sphincter allows acid “chime” (bolus that entered stomach) back up into esophagus; it is called heatburn/ GE reflex) Stomach- 3 layers of smooth muscle which clowne up the chyme (chewed food) + enzymes to help digest: pepsin help digest proteins: to help digest lipids Gastric acid also help break down chyme Stomach line with mucus so that we don’t digest our own stomach lining too fast; we still need to replace stomach lining calls: continually We secrete a hormone called Ghrelin from the stomach that is an appetite...
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...P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body In this assignment I will be explain the physiology of two named body system in relation to energy metabolism in the body. The system that I have chosen is the respiratory system and the digestive system. The respiratory system is where the exchange of gases in the body this is where the oxygen enters into the blood. The lung is the main organ which the lungs intakes oxygen into the body and the carbon dioxide is exported out. The respiration system is made up of many organs which help us to breathe properly. The digestive system is where the organs inside the body break down the food and convert it to energy and nutrients that are needed in the body. The stomach is a tube shaped which has all the food and liquid that we have ate and it makes around the body and it is a mainly long twisted tube that starts from the mouth and comes all the way down to the anus and into few organs such as the pancreas and the liver which stores any chemicals accessible. The metabolic rate...
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...IB Biology Topic 6 Human Health and Physiology Introduction – The human body is composed of cells organize into tissues, tissues organized into organs and organs organized into an organ system. This chapter will cover some of the major organ systems of the boy and how those organ systems interact with each other = physiology. 6.1 Digestion Why do we digest food? – Here is the series of the events in order: ~Ingestion: You eat the food. ~Digestion: A series of chemical reactions, whereby you convert the ingested foot to smaller and smaller molecular forms. ~Absorption: Small molecular forms are absorbed through cells of your digestive system and pass into nearby blood or lymphatic vessels ~Transport: Your circulatory system delivers the small molecular nutrients to your body cells. Digestion solves a problem of molecular size. – Many of the foods we ingest have very large molecules –to large to pass across any cell membrane. – In order to get into our bloodstream, molecules must pass through the cell membranes of our intestines and then through the cell membrane of the capillary. Therefore any food we eat must be chemically digested to a suitable size. (Page 165) Digestion allows you to turn molecules into ‘your own’ – Plant cells characteristically store excess carbohydrates in the form of starch whereas animals store excess carbohydrates as glycogen. – Each type of living organism has its...
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...Chapter.20 Lymphatic System & lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphatic System: returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back into the blood 3 Parts: Network of lymphatic vessels Lymph = fluid contained in those vessels Lymph nodes - cleanse the lymph as it passes through them Lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph fluid flows only towards the heart. when fluid pressure is greater then the pressure n the lymphatic capillary it will be drained toward the heart. order questions? how does it flow from the lymphatic capillaries to the heart? or opposite way around. The cistern chill collects lymph from the 2 larger lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs & form the intestinal trunk that drains the digestive organs. Lymphoid Organs & Tissues: provide the structural basis of the immune system -House phagocytic cells & lymphocytes which play roles in the body defines mechanisms & resistance to disease. Ex- Spleen Lymphatic Capillaries: Weave btwn the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose CT of the body these vessels to be EXTREMELY permeable due to mini-valves. Lymphatic Trunks: drain large areas of the body, named for the regions which they drain lymph Lymphatic Ducts: R Lymphatic Duct -drains lymph from R upper limb & right side of head and thorax 2) Thoracic Duct much larger b/c receives lymph from the rest of the body Lymph Transport: Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure conduits...
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