...Physiology Lab Dr. Xu 2 March 2016 Frog Skeletal Muscle Lab Introduction A biologist by the name Jan Swammerdam performed the first experiments on muscle physiology between 1661 and 1665. Swammerdam demonstrated that an isolated frog muscle can contract if the sciatic nerve is irritated with a metal object. Almost a century later, a physician by the name Luigi Galvani demonstrated that frog muscle responds to electrical currents. In the late 1840s, either Carlo Matteucci or Carl Ludwig attributed to the invention of the kymograph, which is illustrated as a rotating drum powered by a clockwork motor. The invention of the kymograph changed experimental physiology by allowing muscle contractions, and other actions, to be recorded and analyzed for the first time ever. Muscle cells, or muscle fibers, are defined as the basic unit of a muscle. Therefore, complete muscles are constructed from bundles of muscle fibers, but there are no gap junctions between adjacent cells so each fiber performs independently. Myofibrils establish an ordered structure for single muscle fibers. Every myofibril is comprised of actin and myosin. Actin and myosin are contractile proteins that can slide past each other when Ca2+ and ATP are present. A motor unit is described as a single motor neuron and all of its innervating muscle fibers. Like nerve tissue, muscle fibers produce an all-or-none response to a stimulus, generating a twitch. A single motor neuron supplies numerous muscle fibers to make...
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...Lab #12. The Nervous system. Sensorimotor transformations. EPPS BIOE 2101 Spring 2016 INTRODUCTION The nervous system “is” you. Nervous cells transform signals from the outside world into “spikes,” voltage changes, or chemical signals, perform transformations on these signals, and then may turn on muscles. Muscles, in turn, cause behavior: a smile, or moving across the room. Your nervous system is responsible for your interaction with the world, from sensing it to acting upon it. | Parts of the nervous system: the spinal cord, motor neurons, and sensory neurons. Sense organs in muscles transmit sensory information to spinal cord interneurons, that connect to motor neurons, that in turn activate muscles. (Adapted from Kandell et al., 2000). | | Parts of the nervous system: the spinal cord, motor neurons, and sensory neurons. Sense organs in muscles transmit sensory information to spinal cord interneurons, that connect to motor neurons, that in turn activate muscles. (Adapted from Kandell et al., 2000). | Neurons – The cellular building block of the nervous system is the neuron. These cells are typically excitable: they can “spike,” a process by which their membrane voltage quickly changes, and they transmit information. Neurons can transduce signals from the outside world into spikes, transmit spikes to each other via connections called “synapses,” and connect to muscles, in order to turn the muscle on and make it contract. When spikes happen in neurons...
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...1: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following? You correctly answered: c. autorhythmicity 2. Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is called the You correctly answered: a. plateau phase. 3. Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential? You correctly answered: b. The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle action potential. 4. The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the frog heart has You correctly answered: c. a single, fused ventricle. 05/18/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: When you increase the frequency of the stimulation, what do you think will happen to the amplitude (height) of the ventricular systole wave? Your answer : a. The amplitude will increase. Predict Question 2: If you deliver multiple stimuli (20 stimuli per second) to the heart, what do you think will happen? Your answer : c. wave summation and tetanus Stop & Think Questions: 1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope. Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and then click Submit to record your answer in the lab report. You answered: 60 beats/min Which of the following...
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...Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following? You correctly answered: c. autorhythmicity 2. Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is called the You correctly answered: a. plateau phase. 3. Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential? You correctly answered: b. The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle action potential. 4. The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the frog heart has You correctly answered: c. a single, fused ventricle. 06/04/13 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: When you increase the frequency of the stimulation, what do you think will happen to the amplitude (height) of the ventricular systole wave? Your answer : a. The amplitude will increase. Predict Question 2: If you deliver multiple stimuli (20 stimuli per second) to the heart, what do you think will happen? Your answer : d. neither wave summation nor tetanus Stop & Think Questions: 1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope. Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in the lab report. You answered: 60 beats/min Which of...
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...INTRODUCTION: The skeletal muscle is an important organ in the human body that allows for movement and support of the skeleton, helping the body execute various tasks from precise control movements (writing a letter or picking up a chalk) to more abrupt, powerful movements (lifting weights or running). The skeletal muscle is one of the main types of muscle in the body (the other two being cardiac and smooth muscles) that allows movement by contraction of the muscles. When a motor unit, a single nerve that innervates all the muscle fibers, activates these muscles fiber, it causes a muscle contraction. These muscle contraction occurs when motor neurons from the spinal cord leaves and activates multiple muscle fibers, the number of muscle fibers depend on the type of muscle. According to the Hennemen size principle, muscles that react rapidly and exert fine control have smaller motor units than those with larger, weight-involving muscles, whose movements are less precise, will require larger motor units. The means of movement and force generation is based on the skeletal muscles contraction. Contractile units of the skeletal muscles include thick myosin and thin actin myofillaments or fillaments. Sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber. The repetition of the sarcomere structure make up myofibrils and hundreds to thousands of these myofibrils make up a single muscle fiber (Sherwood 258). Contraction is initiated by an increased in the intracellular calcium...
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...When pilocarpine binds to a specific binding site on the receptor, a conformational change from a closed to open conformation is induced. (Auerbach, 2014) This open conformation has a much greater affinity for binding agonist (Auerbach, 2014). The increase in affinity leads to higher stimulation of the receptor (Aurbach, 2014). This continual stimulation will increase transmission of the action potential to the postsynaptic cell, to cause muscle contraction (Desaki et al., 1998). While it has been shown that pilocarpine serves as an agonist for muscarinic receptors, it has not been concluded...
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... BIOMECHANICS LAB 3- CALUM NICHOLL Introduction Using a motion analysis system (Vicon Nexus System) the class were able to analyse the forces generated whilst the subject carried out counter movement and squat jumps. The T-Series cameras (6xT160, 6xT40) and the force plate that is dived into 4 sections were used to record the forces. The subject uses the stretch shortening cycle to gain height when jumping. There are threes phases that make up the stretch shortening cycle (SSC), the concentric, amortization and eccentric contractions. These three phases refer to muscular contractions, which form the stretch shortening cycle. This lengthening and shortening cycle of muscle actions is fundamental to athletic movement. The initial eccentric phase of contraction involves the muscle lengthening or stretching under tension. This type of contraction is used to decelerate the body. A basic example of this is the running motion, when the athlete makes contact with the ground their centre of gravity drops quickly. The muscles contract and control this sinking motion. The concentric contraction quickly follows the eccentric contraction and involves a rapid shortening of the muscles. The period of time between the beginning of the eccentric contraction and the start of the concentric contraction is known as the amortization phase and is the most important part of a plyometrics exercise. This phase is marked by a very brief period where the muscle is completely stationary...
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...NAME: Ivelina Nikolova _ LAB TIME/DATE :F 10am________________________ Class worksheet is due next period in your lab. No late papers will be accepted. No cheating and/or copying answers. Only your original work with be accepted. Activity 1: Understanding Nephron Structure and Function Identify All Indicated Structures of The Nephron. (6 points) Name the part of the nephron associated with each step of urine formations (3 points) Filtration: in the glomerulus__________________________ Reabsorption: in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and in the loop of Henly__________________________ Secretion: In the proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting duct____________________________ Activity 2: Understanding Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors that Affect Filtration Rate (GFR) 1. Explain how the macula densa influences GFR? (2 points) Macula densa senses fluid flow in the nephron. If there is an increase in blood flow, the macula densa senses that and vasoconstrictor substances are released that lead to vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, which will lead to decrease in the GFR and glomerular capillary pressure. And if there is a low blood flow we will have a vasodilation. 2. What happens to GFR if the diameter of the afferent arteriole is increased? Why? (2 points) We will have an increase of pressure in the glomerulus, more blood can get in there than can get out, so if there is an increase...
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...Broussard Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by You correctly answered: c. motor neurons. 2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in You correctly answered: d. a single action potential and a single contractile event in the muscle fibers it innervates. 3. In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in You correctly answered: c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction You correctly answered: c. the cellular events involved in excitation-contraction coupling occur. 11/10/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question: As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts, what will happen to the amount of active force generated with each stimulus? Your answer : c. The active force will first increase and then plateau at some maximal value as the stimulus voltage increases. Stop & Think Questions: What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0, and why does this observation make sense? You did not answer this question. Correct answer: a. 0.00 g; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this stimulus. What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle? You did not answer this...
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...Intestinal changes due to hypokalemia occur because the decrease in smooth muscle contractions in the GI tract lead to decreased peristalsis, the constriction and relaxation of muscles to push contents forward, causing hypoactive bowel sounds in all four abdominal quadrants (Ignatavicius 164). Age, drugs, and disease are all very important when it comes to potassium loss. The patient is 68 years old with cirrhosis and is currently taking digoxin. The patient’s age and disease lead to an increase in potassium loss as well as the increased sensitivity of cardiac muscle due to the use of digoxin. (Ignatavicius...
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...reference to the human body. (LECT & LAB) Describe each of the following levels of organization of the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, system, organism. (LECT & LAB) Identify the principal systems of the body. (LECT & LAB) Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body. (LECT & LAB) Compare common anatomical terms used to describe the various regions of the human body. (LECT & LAB) List by name and location the principal body cavities. (LECT & LAB) Define homeostasis and explain the effects of the lack of homeostasis on the body's function. (LECT & LAB) Describe the chemical level of organization of the human body. Describe the interrelationship of matter, elements, and atoms. (LECT) Identify by name and symbol the principal elements of the human body. (LECT) Diagram and label the structure of a typical atom. (LECT) Describe the function of electrons located in incomplete outer energy levels. (LECT) Define the terms isotope and radioisotope and give their functions. (LECT) Describe the three types of chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) and give an example of each. (LECT) Describe what happens during a chemical reaction. Give three types of chemical reactions. (LECT) Interpret the information given in chemical notations. (LECT) Define ion, oxidation, and reduction. (LECT) Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. (LECT & LAB) Define solution, solute, and solvent. (LECT & LAB) Define...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...hearing loss regain their hearing. Artificial Vision such as Retinal Prosthesis or Bionic Eyes well helps the blind to regain the sight that was once lost or never had. Brain Stimulation Systems will help people with Parkinson’s disease to alleviate tremors and movement disorders that are associated with this disease. BSS is also being tested to help the people with paralysis regain the use of their limbs again and it is being tested in people with severe Depression, (OCD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tourette syndrome, chronic pain sufferers, and other mental disorders. Bradley Greger, PhD said, “Chips may one day enable brain-native internet browsing or most any other function currently possible with a computer.” Brain-Computer Interface Will we need a keyboard or mice to input information into are computers in ten or twenty years from now? Cognition Enhancement is in your future and is being researched and tested as we speak. What is Cognition Enhancement and how will it work with Brain-Computer Interface? “Future brain chip implants will allow data to be transmitted directly to the brain while the subject is sleeping, dramatically decreasing the amount of time that is needed to assimilate new data every day without affecting quality of sleep.” (Edit, Staff-gigaom.com, 2009, ¶ 1) “Intel’s research lab, scientists...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...phagocytic cells & lymphocytes which play roles in the body defines mechanisms & resistance to disease. Ex- Spleen Lymphatic Capillaries: Weave btwn the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose CT of the body these vessels to be EXTREMELY permeable due to mini-valves. Lymphatic Trunks: drain large areas of the body, named for the regions which they drain lymph Lymphatic Ducts: R Lymphatic Duct -drains lymph from R upper limb & right side of head and thorax 2) Thoracic Duct much larger b/c receives lymph from the rest of the body Lymph Transport: Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure conduits Use the same mechanisms that promote venous return in blood vessels to move the lymph a)Milking action of active skeletal muscles b)Pressure changes in the thorax during breathing c)Valves to prevent back flow Lymphoid Cells: Agranulocytes: 4.Lymphocytes Only 2% are found in blood, Most are in lymph tissue (lymph nodes, & spleen) Perform immune responses Arise in red bone...
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