...talking, that he has a slurring of his words. The patients also stated he has an appointment with his primary care provider later on this week. What could be causing the symptoms thispatient is experiencing? Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired, autoimmune-neuromuscular disease that has many signs, symptoms and some treatment options, dental professionals will need to alter their treatment to accommodate these patients. Pathophysiology Myasthenia gravis is pronounced ( my- as-thenia -grav- is). MG is...
Words: 3333 - Pages: 14
...Myasthenia Gravis and Physical Therapy Student’s Name Professor’s Name Class Institution of Affiliation Date of Submission Myasthenia Gravis and Physical Therapy Myasthenia Gravis According to medical research studies, Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease that develops when an individual’s immune system makes certain antibodies that affect its tissues. The antibodies produced by the body destroy or block muscle receptors that are fundamental in communication between the nerve-to-muscle and muscle contraction. The receptors are often referred to as acetylcholine (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2010). The condition results in weakness of muscles and the effects tend to increase a lot when one is involved in physical activity that only reduces after resting. The most important fact to note is that the degree by which muscle weakness occurs due to myasthenia differs greatly among the affected individuals. The difference ranges from a localized form that is only limited to ocular myasthenia to a more severe form in which other muscles, such as those that control breathing, are affected (Drachman, 1994). In the traditional context, the condition has often been regarded to affect both genders and all ethnic groups. The most common cases are often found in younger women under the age of 40 and older men over the age of 60, although the condition can occur at any given age within the population. Epidemiological studies done in Greece found a Female...
Words: 1543 - Pages: 7
...Analysis of Indirect-acting Cholinergic Stimulants: Pyridostigmine and Neostigmine Vanessa Rhule Drugs can be are related by their chemical structure, the way they work or if they are used for the same purpose (Pubmed Health, 2012). A cholinergic stimulant is a class of drugs used to increase activity at acetylcholine synapses and can be further subdivided into two categories; direct and indirect acting cholinergic stimulants. This categorization is based on their mechanisms of action and specificity for clinical use (Ciccone, 2007). Direct-acting cholinergic stimulants increase activity at the acetylcholine synapses by binding directly with the cholinergic receptor on the other hand; indirect-acting cholinergic stimulants put forth the same effect by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme situated on the cholinergic synapse. For the purpose of this paper, an analysis of indirect acting cholinergic stimulants will be completed, with focus on Pyridosigmine and Prostigmin and their implications to physical therapy practice. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants Indirect-acting cholinergic stimulants are also known as Cholinesterase inhibitors or Anticholinesterase agents. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase activity at cholinergic synapses by preventing the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine (ACh) after its release from the presynaptic terminal. Cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit acetylcholinesterase thus allowing more acetylcholine to remain...
Words: 2198 - Pages: 9
...Case Study for Final Exam Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body. The name myasthenia gravis, which is Latin and Greek in origin, literally means "grave muscle weakness." With current therapies, however, most cases of myasthenia gravis are not as "grave" as the name implies. In fact, for the majority of individuals with myasthenia gravis, life expectancy is not lessened by the disorder. The hallmark of myasthenia gravis is muscle weakness that increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Certain muscles such as those that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often, but not always, involved in the disorder. The muscles that control breathing and neck and limb movements may also be affected. Myasthenia gravis is caused by a defect in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. It occurs when normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the neuromuscular junction - the place where nerve cells connect with the muscles they control. Normally when impulses travel down the nerve, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels through the neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors which are activated and generate a muscle contraction. ...
Words: 7043 - Pages: 29
...ANT250 I Anatomy and Physiology I The Muscular System Module Three Case Assignment 20 May 2013 Professor: Dr. Koronika Q1. Describe normal anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) ...
Words: 1341 - Pages: 6
...Pathophysiology essay Lung compliance and its disorders Philippe Wöllenstein Study group 3052; Topic No.62 29.04.2015 ------------------------------------------------- Abstract ------------------------------------------------- The essay comprises an introduction explaining the term pulmonary compliance. The next section includes a definition and characteristics of the group of diseases-restrictive pulmonary disorders. Further on a short summary of restrictive lung diseases and especially their cause follows trying to contribute a better knowledge of the topic to the reader. In the end the reader can find a short conclusion. Table of contents General information about lung compliance Restrictive pulmonary diseases intrinsic restrictive lung diseases Extrinsic restrictive lung diseases 1. Neurological disorders 2. Neurodegenerative-autoimmune-inherited disorders III. Conclusion IV. Resources I. General information about lung compliance Compliance is a measure of the elasticity of body tissues. The latter specifies how much gas or liquid can be filled in a closed system until the pressure rises up to one pressure unit. To understand the mechanism of the pulmonary compliance it is important to define the The alveolar pressure first. The latter is the pressure found inside the alveolus at any instant of the respiration. Thus at resting position, without any air flowing in or out of the lung , the pressure found in the alveolus is equal 0cm...
Words: 2339 - Pages: 10
...Bell's palsy is a form of facial paralysis resulting from a dysfunction of the cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) causing an inability to control facial muscles on the affected side. Often the eye in the affected side cannot be closed. The eye must be protected from drying up, or the cornea may be permanently damaged, resulting in impaired vision. In some cases denture wearers experience some discomfort. The common presentation of this condition is a rapid onset of partial or complete paralysis that often occurs overnight. In rare cases, it can occur on both sides resulting in total facial paralysis. Bell’s palsy is defined as a one-sided facial nerve paralysis of unknown cause. Several other conditions can also cause facial paralysis, e.g., brain tumor, stroke, myasthenia gravis, and Lyme disease; however, if no specific cause can be identified, the condition is known as Bell's palsy. It is thought that an inflammatory condition leads to swelling of the facial nerve. The nerve travels through the skull in a narrow bone canal beneath the ear. Nerve swelling and compression in the narrow bone canal are thought to lead to nerve inhibition or damage. Usually it gets better on its own with most people achieving normal or near-normal function. Corticosteroids have been found to improve outcomes, when used early, while anti-viral drugs have not.[3][4] Many show signs of improvement as early as 10 days after the onset, even without treatment. Bell's palsy is the most common acute...
Words: 735 - Pages: 3
...Cancer occurs when cancer cells form on the outside surface of the thymus. Thymic carcinoma is more aggressive and more difficult to treat than thymoma. People with thymoma cancer typically have an autoimmune disease as well, such as myasthenia gravis, acquired pure red cell aplasia, and rheumatoid arthritis. Also, thymic cancer is very rare and in the US-- only 400 cases per year, hence medical experts are unsure if there are specific causes. According to the American Cancer Society, roughly 4 out of 10 people have no symptoms when they’re diagnosed with thymic cancer. Many times, cancer is found during other medical tests or exams. When symptoms do occur, they may include a persistent cough, breathing difficulties, or chest pain. Because of how nonspecific the symptoms are, diagnosis can be delayed. Interestingly enough, some studies have suggested a possible link with this cancer with age. The American Cancer Society states, “The risk of this type of cancer goes up with age. This type of cancer is rare in children and young adults, is seen more often in middle-aged adults, and is most common in those in their 70s.” In relation to my life, my grandmother, was old (68 years) and had rheumatoid arthritis, which is a typical autoimmune disease associated with thymic...
Words: 994 - Pages: 4
...BIO483 Exam #4 Review Comprehensive and/or early Weeks Know all conditions that cause splenomegaly All associated diseases with EBV Week 1 Mechanisms of Cellular Adaptation Types of necrosis and pathology where most likely found. Apply the definitions of Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Week 2 Pain Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers ...
Words: 1128 - Pages: 5
...1 ) Rabies Rabies is a viral disease causing inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ). The virus is a member of the family Rhaboviridae. Worldwide, several variants of the virus have been identified, each associated with a single wild animal host that acts as a reservoir of infection for a particular geographic area. Although all warm -blooded vertebrates are susceptible, only mammals are important in the spread of rabies. In British Columbia, bats are the only reservoir of rabies. Records of bats submitted for rabies testing suggest that relatively few are infected, even among those submitted because they are behaving abnormally. Bats are valuable components of the natural ecosystem and many species are at risk in British Columbia. Other potential hosts of British Columbia include domestic dogs/cats, foxes, raccoons, skunks, wolves and coyotes. " Spill over " of rabies to terrestial mammals from bats has occurred in British Columbia, but rabies has never been maintained in wild populations of terrestrial mammals. Rabies should be suspected in any wild animal exhibiting any behavior considered " abnormal" including ; loss of fear or unusual friendliness, excitation or aggression, depression, incoordination, paralysis, convulsions or seizures, abnormal vocalizations, appearance of nocturnal creatures during the day, signs of choking or inability to drink or swallow food, drooling of saliva or frothing at the mouth. In Carnivores, evidence of having...
Words: 8420 - Pages: 34
...Organization, 5Departamento de Bacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 6Hospital F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina Case study and instructor’s guide created by: Jeanette K. Stehr-Green, MD NOTE: This case study is bas ed on a rea l-life outbrea k investigatio n underta ken in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1998. Some aspects of the original outbreak and investigation have been altered, however, to assist in meeting the desired teaching objectives and allow com pletion of the case study in less tha n 3 hours. Students should be aware that this case study describes and promotes one particular approac h to foodb orne disea se outbrea k investigatio n. Procedu res and po licies in outbreak investigations, however, can vary from country to country, state to state, and outbreak to outbreak. It is anticipate d that the ep idemiolo gist investiga ting a foodb orne disea se outbrea k will work within the fra mework of a n “investig ation team ” which inclu des perso ns with expertise in epidemiology, microbiology, sanitation, food science, and environmental health. It is through the collaborative efforts of this team, with each member playing a critical role, that outbreak investiga tions are successfully com pleted. Please send us your comments on this case study by visiting our website at http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/phtn/case s t u d i e s ....
Words: 6267 - Pages: 26
...Pediatric Chiropractic Care: Scientifically Indefensible? Published by Sam Homola under Chiropractic,Science and Medicine Comments: 37 In a paper published in 2008, two academic chiropractors offered this observation: “The health claims made by chiropractors with respect to the application of manipulation as a health care intervention for pediatric health conditions continue to be supported by only low levels of scientific evidence. Chiropractors continue to treat a wide variety of pediatric health conditions.”1 Despite lack of support by the medical and scientific community, chiropractic treatment of children is growing in popularity, and more chiropractors are specializing in “chiropractic pediatrics.” The International Chiropractic Association offers a post-graduate “Diplomate in Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics” (DICCP) and publishes a “peer reviewed” Journal of Clinical Chiropractic Pediatrics. The diplomate syllabus is a 30-module, 360+ hours classroom course during weekends over a three-year period. There is no hospital training and no contact with diseased or injured children — only a “mandatory observational/training weekend at a chiropractic center for special needs children under multi-disciplinary care.”2 A post-graduate certification in chiropractic pediatrics (CICCP) can be earned after 180 hours of classroom instruction. In a June 2008 joint press release, the American Chiropractic Association’s (ACA) Council on Chiropractic Pediatrics and the Council...
Words: 2417 - Pages: 10
...important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3. Circulating hormone levels: Changing levels of growth hormone, androgens and estrogens, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin increase or decrease the rate of mineral deposition in bone. As a result, many disorders of the endocrine system will have an impact on the...
Words: 6301 - Pages: 26
...|Prefix/suffix |Meaning |Example(s) | |balano- |Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis |Balanitis | |bi- |twice, double |Binary[disambiguation needed [pic]] | |bio- |life |Biology | |blast(o)- |germ or bud |Blastomere | |blephar(o)- |Of or pertaining to the eyelid |Blepharoplast | |brachi(o)- |Of or relating to the arm |Brachium of inferior colliculus | |brachy- |Indicating 'short' or less commonly 'little' |brachycephalic | |brady- |'slow' |Bradycardia | |bronch(i)-...
Words: 3541 - Pages: 15
...MedDRA® TERM SELECTION: POINTS TO CONSIDER Release 3.13 Based on MedDRA Version 12.1 ICH-Endorsed Guide for MedDRA Users Application to Adverse Drug Reactions /Adverse Events & Medical and Social History & Indications 1 October 2009 © Copyright ICH Secretariat (c/o IFPMA) Copying is permitted, with reference to source, but material in this publication may not be used in any documentation or electronic media which is offered for sale, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. IFPMA Chemin Louis-Dunant, 15 P.O. Box 195 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Tel: +41 (22) 338 32 00 Fax: +41 (22) 338 32 99 2 Table of Contents 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 4.0 4.1 4.2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4 OBJECTIVE OF THIS DOCUMENT ................................................................................................. 4 PURPOSES OF USING MEDDRA ................................................................................................. 5 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 5 SCOPE OF THE POINTS TO CONSIDER ......................................................................................... 6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES...
Words: 9792 - Pages: 40
