...Introduction Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that block or destroy the nicotine acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic membrane, causing muscle weakness and fatigue (Pendleton & Schultz-Krohn, 2006). Myasthenia gravis can occur at any age but onset usually occurs at an earlier age in women than in men. In the United States, there are about 14.2 cases of myasthenia gravis per one million people (Pendleton & Schultz-Krohn, 2006). Myasthenia gravis will be discussed in this paper according to the following: etiology, signs and symptoms, pathology and the progression of myasthenia gravis, diagnosis, prognosis, medical interventions, complications and resulting dysfunction of myasthenia gravis. Etiology Romi, Gilhus, and Aarli (2005) point to a genetic predisposition for myasthenia gravis with 30% of patients having mothers with myasthenia gravis or another autoimmune disease (p. 136). Other precipitating factors may include surgery, certain drugs, infection, and disorders of the thymus (Beers & Porter, 2006, p. 1899). Approximately 12% of babies born to mothers with myasthenia gravis display a passing muscle weakness termed “neonatal myasthenia” (Keesy, 2004, p. 485) not considered autoimmune, due to maternal antibodies crossing the placenta. Myasthenia gravis occurs at any age with the peak onset age in males between 50 and 70 years and in females between the teens and the thirties. Both...
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...Discussion The aim of the present study was to determine the substrate specificity of AChE and BChE by testing these cholinesterases in the presence of a number of cholinergic compounds. Also to investigate the sensitivity of AChE and BChE to various cholinesterase inhibitors. Referring to the results of this experiment, it demonstrated that AChE had limited substrate specificity, whereas BuChE had extensive substrate specificity. BuChE hydrolysed BuCh faster when compared to Ach. It also hydrolysed other esters such as suxamethonium and neostigmine. It is evident that hypothesis for this research are accepted, and the substrate specificity of both compounds can be determined in cholinergic compound and the sensitivity in various cholinesterase inhibitors. George and Balasubramanian’s (1981) the aryl acylamidases and their relationship to cholinesterases in human serum, erythrocytes and liver study concluded that liver and aryl acylamidase when compared with erythrocyte aryl acylamidase was associated with acetylcholinesterase. Erythrocyte and serum aryl acylamidase illustrated some similarities in their sensitivities to amine compounds like serotonin and choline derivatives, the liver enzyme had no effect to any of these compounds. The liver aryl acylamidase differed from cholinesterase inhibitor. This is evident in other researchers work e.g. Miao et al., 2010. Human serum when compared to horse serum cholinesterase showed the differences in specificity. It showed that...
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...Myasthenia Gravis and Physical Therapy Student’s Name Professor’s Name Class Institution of Affiliation Date of Submission Myasthenia Gravis and Physical Therapy Myasthenia Gravis According to medical research studies, Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease that develops when an individual’s immune system makes certain antibodies that affect its tissues. The antibodies produced by the body destroy or block muscle receptors that are fundamental in communication between the nerve-to-muscle and muscle contraction. The receptors are often referred to as acetylcholine (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2010). The condition results in weakness of muscles and the effects tend to increase a lot when one is involved in physical activity that only reduces after resting. The most important fact to note is that the degree by which muscle weakness occurs due to myasthenia differs greatly among the affected individuals. The difference ranges from a localized form that is only limited to ocular myasthenia to a more severe form in which other muscles, such as those that control breathing, are affected (Drachman, 1994). In the traditional context, the condition has often been regarded to affect both genders and all ethnic groups. The most common cases are often found in younger women under the age of 40 and older men over the age of 60, although the condition can occur at any given age within the population. Epidemiological studies done in Greece found a Female...
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...Ανασκόπηση Όγκοι του Θύμου Αδένα – Τι γνωρίζουμε; ΧΑρΑλΑμπος Ζήςής Χειρ. Θώρακος, Επιμελητής Νοσοκομείου «Ευαγγελισμός» Ο θύμος αδένας θεωρήθηκε για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα όργανο χωρίς ιδιαίτερη σημασία στις λειτουργίες του οργανισμού. Η εξαίρεσή του μάλιστα αποφασιζόταν εύκολα, ειδικά στην καρδιοχειρουργική προκειμένου να εξασφαλιστεί καλύτερη προσπέλαση στην καρδιά. Η αντίληψη αυτή άρχισε να αλλάζει από τα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 1960, με την αναγνώριση της κεντρικής θέσης που κατέχει στη διαδικασία της ανοσίας 1 και στην ανάπτυξη των Τ-λεμφοκυττάρων . Στο κείμενο που ακολουθεί παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά τα τελευταία δεδομένα για την αντιμετώπιση των όγκων του θύμου αδένα. Ανατομία Η εμφάνιση του αδένα ποικίλλει σημαντικά και διαφέρει ανάλογα με την ηλικία. Είναι μεγαλύτερος κατά την πρώιμη περίοδο της ζωής μέχρι την ηλικία των 15 ετών, μολονότι παραμένει ενεργό όργανο ακόμη και σε γεροντική ηλικία. Είναι μαλθακής συστάσεως, δίλοβο όργανο, με συνδετικό ιστό στη μέση γραμμή που συγχωνεύεται με την κάψα του κάθε λοβού. Στα παιδιά είναι περισσότερο πυραμοειδές στο σχήμα και στερεότερο στη σύσταση απ’ό,τι στη μετέπειτα ζωή, όταν πια μειώνεται ο λεμφικός ιστός. Στη γέννηση είναι περίπου 10-15gr, γρήγορα φτάνει τα 20gr και μένει σ’αυτό το επίπεδο ακολούθως, παρά τη μείωση που επέρχεται βαθμιαία στην ποσότητα του λεμφικού ιστού. Η θέση που τυπικά καταλαμβάνει ο θύμος είναι το πρόσθιο-άνω μεσοθωράκιο, ανάμεσα στο στέρνο και το περικάρδιο. Προσθίως βρίσκεται το στέρνο, τα παρακείμενα...
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...| Research Paper Part 1 – Introduction & Body Paragraphs | EN 1320 | | Anthony Brown | Week 8 | | Myasthenia Gravis (pronounced My-as-theen-a Grav-us) derived from the Greek and Latin words and it means “grave muscle weakness.” Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body ("National institute of," 2012). The prevalence of MG in the United States is estimated to be about 20/100,000 people ("What is myasthenia," 2010). MG is a rare but very serious disease and many people who have been diagnosed do not recognize the symptoms. If detected early, MG can be treated successfully with, if any, very little side effects in the future. Once diagnosed with MG, that person must go through a drastic life change; Enduring rigorous treatments depending on how aggressive the disease has become, possibly undergoing a life threatening surgery, and living with myasthenia gravis for the duration of their life. “Muscle weakness caused by MG progresses as the effected muscle is used repeatedly. Since symptoms typically improve with rest, but your muscle weakness may come and go” (Staff, 2010). The first signs and symptoms of MG are ptosis and diplopia. “Ptosis is a drooping of the upper eyelid. The lid may droop only slightly, or it may cover the pupil entirely” (What is ptosis?, N.d.). “Diplopia (double vision) is a common subjective complaint, or diplopia may...
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...As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 2012, 5(05), 364-373 Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry ISSN 1906-3040 Available online at www.ajofai.info Research Article Kinetics of the reduction of pesticide residues in vegetables by ultrasonic cleaning Ratikorn Buakham1, Sirichai Songsermpong1* and Chutima Eamchotchawalit2 1 Food Engineering Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research. Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. 2 Email: sirichai.so@ku.ac.th Abstract The problem of pathogen and pesticide residues in vegetables is a big concern to both consumers and exporters. This study introduced a new method of cleaning vegetables with high frequency sound waves (ultrasonic) as a way to solve the problem. This research aimed at studying the kinetics of reduction of pesticide residues in four kinds of vegetables: coriander, kale, yard long bean and red chili by using the ultrasonic cleaner (60 kHz 140 W) with tap water compared with soaking in tap water. The cleaning was done at 20, 25 and 30oC for 0, 3, 7 and 10 minutes. The determination of the toxicity levels was done by means of cholinesterase inhibition technique. The decimal reduction time, the reaction rate constant and the activation energy were determined. It was found that ultrasonic cleaning at 25oC and soaking in tap water at 30oC was the best combination to reduce...
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...Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosis Myasthenia gravis is a chronic disease characterized by progressive weakness and fatigue of the voluntary muscles. It is caused by an abnormal breakdown in communication between your muscles and nerves. Although it can affect people of any age, it is commonly seen in females below the age of 40 and in males above the age of 60. While there is no cure, treatment for myasthenia gravis helps relieve its signs and symptoms. A myasthenia gravis diagnosis can be made after your doctor reviews your medical history, conducts a physical examination and performs some laboratory tests. Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis Myasthenia gravis is arare autoimmune disease characterized by skeletal muscle weakness. This chronic and progressive disorder causes your voluntary muscles to become weaker without thinning out (atrophy). To make a myasthenia gravis diagnosis,...
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...Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that affects neuromuscular transmission. Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors in the muscles resulting in weakness and fatigue. Symptoms typically first present as ocular myasthenia, intermittent ocular muscle fatigue causes diplopia and ptosis of the upper eyelid. Other symptoms may include: difficulty breathing due to fatigue of the chest wall muscles, trouble with chewing and swallowing, difficulty talking, drooping of the head and difficulty performing daily activities (A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, 2011). While it is the most common neuromuscular transmission disorder, myasthenia gravis only affects around one out of every ten-thousand persons with a higher incidence in young adult females (Cohen, Camilo, Lawrence, & Thomas, 2008). Normal Neuromuscular Transmission Muscles are controlled by nerve impulses originating in the brain. These impulses are sent via nerve fibers to the muscles being controlled. As the impulse reaches the end of the nerve fiber, vesicles release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by exocytosis. Acetylcholine crosses the neuromuscular junction to receptor sites on the end plate membrane of the muscle. Muscles contract as a result of the acetylcholine binding to these receptors (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, Inc.). To terminate the neuromuscular transmission, acetycholinesterase and diffusion deactivates the acetylcholine. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis ...
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... Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body. The name myasthenia gravis, which is Latin and Greek in origin, literally means "grave muscle weakness." With current therapies, however, most cases of myasthenia gravis are not as "grave" as the name implies. In fact, for the majority of individuals with myasthenia gravis, life expectancy is not lessened by the disorder. The hallmark of myasthenia gravis is muscle weakness that increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Certain muscles such as those that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often, but not always, involved in the disorder. The muscles that control breathing and neck and limb movements may also be affected. Myasthenia gravis is caused by a defect in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. It occurs when normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the neuromuscular junction - the place where nerve cells connect with the muscles they control. Normally when impulses travel down the nerve, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels through the neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors which are activated and generate a muscle contraction. In myasthenia gravis, antibodies block, alter...
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...Analysis of Indirect-acting Cholinergic Stimulants: Pyridostigmine and Neostigmine Vanessa Rhule Drugs can be are related by their chemical structure, the way they work or if they are used for the same purpose (Pubmed Health, 2012). A cholinergic stimulant is a class of drugs used to increase activity at acetylcholine synapses and can be further subdivided into two categories; direct and indirect acting cholinergic stimulants. This categorization is based on their mechanisms of action and specificity for clinical use (Ciccone, 2007). Direct-acting cholinergic stimulants increase activity at the acetylcholine synapses by binding directly with the cholinergic receptor on the other hand; indirect-acting cholinergic stimulants put forth the same effect by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme situated on the cholinergic synapse. For the purpose of this paper, an analysis of indirect acting cholinergic stimulants will be completed, with focus on Pyridosigmine and Prostigmin and their implications to physical therapy practice. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants Indirect-acting cholinergic stimulants are also known as Cholinesterase inhibitors or Anticholinesterase agents. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase activity at cholinergic synapses by preventing the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine (ACh) after its release from the presynaptic terminal. Cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit acetylcholinesterase thus allowing more acetylcholine to remain...
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...Treatment The treatment of Myasthenia Gravis is dependent upon whether it is seen as an autoimmune disease or a congenital neuromuscular disease within the patient. As an autoimmune disease, MG is treated through the usage of immunosuppressive drugs, medication with the intended goal of reducing the efficacy of the immune system. Some of these drugs include prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporin, and mycophenolate, in order from most commonly used to least prevalent. Other less commonly used forms of treatment for autoimmune MG includes plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, and thymectomy. In general, MG results in antibodies focused against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the cholinergic neuron receptor protein which signals...
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...Botulism in Argentina STUDENT’S VERSION Original investigators: Rodrigo G. Villar, MD,1 Roger L. Shapiro, MD,1 Silvina Busto, MD, MPH,2 Clara Rive-Posse, MD, MPH,3 Guadalupe Verdejo MD, MPH,4 Maria Isabel Farace, DVM,5 Francisco Rosetti, MS,5 Jorge A. San Juan, MD,6 Carlos Maria Julia, MD,MPH,3 John Becher, RPh,1 Susan E. Maslanka, PhD,1 David Swerdlow, MD1 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2Ministero de Salud-Region V, 3Ministero de Salud y Accion Social, 4Pan American Health Organization, 5Departamento de Bacteriologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 6Hospital F. J. Muñiz, Buenos Aires, Argentina Case study and instructor’s guide created by: Jeanette K. Stehr-Green, MD NOTE: This case study is bas ed on a rea l-life outbrea k investigatio n underta ken in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1998. Some aspects of the original outbreak and investigation have been altered, however, to assist in meeting the desired teaching objectives and allow com pletion of the case study in less tha n 3 hours. Students should be aware that this case study describes and promotes one particular approac h to foodb orne disea se outbrea k investigatio n. Procedu res and po licies in outbreak investigations, however, can vary from country to country, state to state, and outbreak to outbreak. It is anticipate d that the ep idemiolo gist investiga ting a foodb orne disea se outbrea k will work within the fra mework of a n “investig ation team ” which inclu des...
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...LECTURE 10-19 OBJECTIVES Lecture 10 1. Describe the functions of the various types of muscle * Skeletal- limb movement * Cardiac- heart movements * Smooth- movements of hollow organs 2. Describe the involvement of connective tissue in a skeletal muscle * Endomysium- surrounds and fills up spaces between individual muscle fibers * Perimysium- ensheaths muscle fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) * Epimysium- ensheaths the whole muscle 3. Name the components of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe their function * Sarcoplasm- cytoplasm * Sarcolemma- plasma membrane * T-tubules- inward extensions of the sarcolemma * Mitochondria- provide ATP * Sarcoplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum * Myofibril- contains thick and thin filaments, myosin and actin 4. Sketch a myofibril 5. Describe the neuromuscular junction * Junction of a muscle fiber and axon of motor neuron it is attached to 6. Name the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular function * Acetylcholine 7. Draw a diagram showing how the thin and thick filaments are organized in the sarcomere and list the five steps involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber 8. Define what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling, and describe how it works * The coupling of nerve impulse with muscle contraction hinges around the release of calcium ions * 1, the action of acetylcholine cause a wave of electrical depolarization to spread...
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...Addison’s Disease Addisonian Anemia Albright’s Syndrome Alport’s Syndrome Alzheimer’s Argyll-Robertson Pupil Arnold-Chiari Malformation Barrett’s Bartter’s Syndrome Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy Bell’s Palsy Berger’s Disease Bernard-Soulier Disease Berry Aneurysm Bowen’s Disease Brill-Zinsser Disease Briquet’s Syndrome Broca’s Aphasia Brown-Sequard Bruton’s Disease Budd-Chiari Buerger’s Disease Burkitt’s Lymphoma Caisson Disease Chagas’ Disease Chediak-Higashi Disease Conn’s Syndrome Cori’s Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Crohn’s Curling’s Ulcer Cushing’s Cushing’s Ulcer de Quervain’s Thyroiditis Primary adrenocortical deficiency Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness Progressive dementia • Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) • “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react • Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis • Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux Hyperreninemia Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein) CNVII palsy (entire face; recall...
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...CORE SYLLABUS for National Eligibility-Cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for Admission to MBBS/BDS Courses The Medical Council of India (MCI) recommended the following syllabus for National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for admission to MBBS/BDS courses across the country (NEET-UG) after review of various State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE, NCERT and COBSE. This is to establish a uniformity across the country keeping in view the relevance of different areas in Medical Education. PHYSICS S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. CLASS XI Physical world and measurement Kinematics Laws of Motion Work, Energy and Power Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body Gravitation Properties of Bulk Matter Thermodynamics Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory Oscillations and Waves CLASS XII Electrostatics Current Electricity Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Electromagnetic Waves Optics Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atoms and Nuclei Electronic Devices CHEMISTRY S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CLASS XI Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Some p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques Hydrocarbons...
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