...The Advancement and Obstacles of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Abstract This essay discusses articles that observe the financial standing of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration, as well as the correlation between public opinion and governmental funding. The main discussion goes through a history of the administration, separated into five different eras based on significant missions, and how each era differed based on the expected outcome of a mission or program. In addition, the government and the public’s financial support is discussed for each program. The fifth era then leads into the discussion of current funding and cuts from the Obama administration and the future of the agency with different goals in place. NASA has changed the face of America. From the beginning, the administration had very ambitious and innovative ideas that sparked heavy admiration and support yet, also much criticism. This large support and opposition has led to many different obstacles to overcome in progression, such as lack of funding and public support for astronomically innovative ideas. History Lambright (2010) states the most fundamental explanation of the development of NASA, saying, “NASA has a life that is a function of its internal dynamics and political environment. As that environment has changed, NASA has adapted—sometimes voluntarily, other times under pressure. As NASA has altered, so, too, has its relationship with external...
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...The Development of Commercial Space Law MG261 Business Law II John S. Leonard Park University Abstract The commercialization of space progressed at a very slow and easily managed pace for the first four decades after humanity’s emergence into space. Now with the increased interests in space by private sector entities the factor of control has been altered to a point that must be addressed. The radical shift from government based exploration to private sector exploration and development of space based technologies can be attributed to the change in policies by the most influential nations that operate within outer space. The promotion of private industry by the United States of America since the political party lead by President Obama took charge of the government has opened the door for funding and ease of accessibility into outer space. With the potential for profit high, the number of private entities to develop space exploration and exploitation technologies will continue to grow and with this increase comes a need to overview to current space law in order to ensure that it is being implemented accordingly or if it needs to be restructured. The Development of Commercial Space Law Law is defined as, “the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision” (Law). The laws that are...
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...NASA Research Paper Chelsea Best 4138567 LSTD 300 Professor Kerney Since its beginning the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been pivotal in the scientific advancements made in the United States. Their vision, “To reach for new heights and reveal the unknown so that what we do and learn will benefit all humankind.” The scientist and researchers for NASA are trying to answer questions not just about the universe at large, but also about everyday human lives here on Earth. There are four focuses of NASA’s activity, called mission directives. Aeronautics, which focuses on meeting the worldwide demand for more eco-friendly and sustainable aircrafts. Human Exploration and Operations which involves operations on the International Space Station (ISS), developing commercial spaceflight and the ability for humans to explore beyond low-Earth Orbit. Scientist are exploring not only the Earth itself, but the universe beyond as well and works on charting the best exploration paths for us to continue discovering the universe. Space Technology is the final mission directive of NASA which combines elements from the others to develop and create the most innovative technology to aid future missions. NASA is also working hard to aid in the development of a private sector in space travel. Their hope is that by commercializing some aspects of space travel, such as routine trips to the ISS, more of their resources will be available for furthering their overall goals...
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...The Importance of Funding NASA When you look out into the stars and think of how vast the universe truly is it makes you feel small, so very small and insignificant that it creates an empty feeling that can be difficult to forget. We often at times get lost in our imagination of the absolutely endless possibilities that we simply will never be able to discover or even visualize because of the enormity of space itself. One of the utmost important events for the human species were the space race and the creation of NASA on October 1, 1958 because of the now known potential we hold as human beings and the things we have accomplished that at one point were never thought possible. The first human put on the moon was made possible by NASA in...
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...American identities as the period known as the Space Race. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, commonly referred to as simply NASA, became a symbol of the very essence of what America stood for. This unique event in American history, that occurred from 1957 to 1975, had most Americans looking to the skies. Given the historical importance and the extreme national pride that this time period still evokes, it is unsurprising that Hollywood has devoted time and resources to developing many movies involving this theme. Hidden Figures produced in 2016 and The Right Stuff in 1983 are movies that strongly show how the Space Race affected the American people. Although the two movies encompass much...
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...Abstract This essay touches on the issue of NASA funding. It tries to persuade NASA as well as the government to increase funding for NASA’s manned space missions. It uses substantial evidence from many sources to help make its argument valid as well as persuasive. Within the essay there is a brief introduction stating the thesis for the topic followed by a background section. This section helps to better explore the topic at hand. The main body of the argument revolves around the reasons with evidence for the thesis statement with refutation. Finally, the conclusion draws everything together by restating the thesis with reasons, and helping to better answer the question of whether funding should be increased for the space program. Introduction “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind!” These words of Neil Armstrong as he took his first steps onto the moon signified one of the greatest achievements of the modern world, and the American space program. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration have been responsible for many stupendous achievements not only for the U.S., but for humans abroad. As of February 2006, their mission statement has been to, “pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research.” What is the ultimate goal of NASA’s work? Do all of the discoveries we make benefit the general population? Will exploring the universe and searching for life on other planets help us gain the big picture of where we...
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...billion over the next five years” – President Obama, 2010 (Dunbar, “Obama on Space Exploration”). Six billion. That’s 600,000,000,000 pennies, 24,000,000,000 quarters, or 111,822 Americans making the average US income of $53,657 (Luhby, “Typical American Family Earnings”). It’s quite a lot of money, bringing the total budget NASA has to 18.4 billion. But that number is measly compared to 1200.7 billion that the US spends on the defense sector (“Federal Spending: Where Does the Money Go”). Off the bat, an imbalance is noticeable. In fact, it’s 99.5% noticeable. That’s because NASA’s current budget breakdown in comparison to all the other sectors the US government falls into the bottom .5% of the entire...
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...Policy Analysis of the Budget Percentage Appropriated to NASA February 5, 2013 Introduction to the Policy Issue. As it stands today, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is at a crossroads. It seems a lack of direction has plagued the organization in recent years and with the close of the Space Shuttle program this past year, the questions looming have become even more exposed. What next? Recent budget cuts have left NASA funded at its lowest level in four years5, forcing the space agency to juggle priorities (see Figure 4) and think uncharacteristically “inside the box” for answers to this question. Background on the Issue. NASA's budget peaked in the period 1964-1966(see Figure 2), during the height of construction efforts leading up to the first moon landing under the Apollo program. Since then, NASA has undertaken many projects, while its portion of the national budget has been slowly chipped away. There are many ideas, but no definite decisions on what NASA should set to achieve next. Without proper leadership, direction, and funds, NASA and the United States will soon take a back seat in the ‘space race’. Effects of Present Problem and Current Policies. Identifying policy alternatives is important because NASA’s impact can be seen through: * Being a leader in space exploration is still considered as essential to a majority of Americans (see Figure 3); * The dollars spent in each state, boosting economies throughout the entire nation(see...
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...competition between American and the Soviet Union space race and brought all nations closer together. During World War II, missiles were used for mass destruction in enemy territory. Military technology was improved over time, therefore, missiles became bigger and powerful. The United States and the Soviet Union created some of the most powerful missiles in the war. After the war, the...
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...My essay is about the space race. I will answer the following questions: What was the rocket that sent a satellite into space originally designed for? What was the space race and what caused it? Who was in the race? Did the US launch the first human into space, the first dog etc.? My essay will focus on the major events of the space race and on answering who won the space race and why. The first missile ever created was the V2 used by the Nazi’s in ww2. It was used to bombard and kill thousands of people. “American and Russian scientists raced to improve the range and accuracy of such missiles.”(history this day) Their goal was to have a missile that can travel a longer distance for the purpose of reaching the other side of the world to deliver...
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...Making Process Introduction: I am researching the decision making process that allowed on space shuttle, called the Challenger to go up into space, but was destroyed upon take off. I will analyze the reasons why NASA allowed this aircraft to take off, and the reason why it should not have. I will also research the aftermath and how this huge error could have been avoided. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created on October 1, 1958 by the President of the United States and Congress. It was to provide research into the problems of flight within and outside the Earth’s atmosphere. The main reason NASA was invented was due to World War 2. The United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a cold ward. During this time, space exploration become the one of the highest priority discussions. This became known as the space race. (American Psychological Association, 2011) The United States launched its first Earth satellite on January 31, 1958. It was called Explorer 1. Then the United States started several missions to the moon and other planets in 1950 and the 1960’s. It had 8,000 employees and an annual budget of $100 million. Nasa rapidly grew. They had three main laboratories. First, Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Second, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and thirdly, Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory. They also created two small testing laboratories. As NASA was becoming more and more successful, they eventually created even more centers. Today they...
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...The space race between the U.S.S.R and the United States was very important during the Cold War. The space race began in 1952 when the International Council of Scientific Unions decided to name July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958 as the International Geophysical Year, also known as IGY, because the scientists knew that the cycles of solar activity would be at a high point then. In October of 1954 the council called for artificial satellites to be launched during IGY to map out the Earth’s surface. In July 1955 the White House announced plans to launch an Earth orbiting satellite for the IGY and made proposals to government research agencies to undertake development of new satellites. The Naval Research Laboratory’s Vanguard proposal was chosen to represent the United States in September 1955. On October 4, 1957 the Soviets successfully launched Sputnik I, the world’s first artificial satellite. Sputnik was about the size of a basketball, weighed about one hundred and eighty pounds, and took ninety eight minutes to launch into Earth’s elliptical path. The launch of Sputnik changed the space race dramatically. The Sputnik, a big technological achievement, caught the United States off guard and captured the attention of the whole world. Sputnik’s size was bigger than Vanguard’s proposal of 3.5 pounds and was very impressive. On November 3, 1957 the Soviets launched another satellite named Sputnik 2 II, which was much heavier and even included a dog named Laika. Immediately...
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...Prints NASA A PROBLEM SOLVER I. Introduction: Space, the Final Frontier. Thesis Statement: Many predict funding NASA could solve some of the major economic crises we have, bringing us a solution in the face of extinction or possibly a new planet to live if needed. Funding NASA could be the most important thing we do for ourselves, our children and quite possibly the human species. II. The Big Idea 1. What is the big idea? A public program that would educate and help support NASA obtaining a bigger budget. 2. Who and where can they reach out to? List or people and where they could be found that would participate in this program. (Everybody) 3. Why would a program like this be so important? III. Economic Problem Solver 1. How can NASA solve our Economic Problem? A trickledown effect that we could be happy about. 2. NASA receiving a high budget could solve our money issues, education issues and job issues. IV. What has NASA done for us? 1. Commercial Products and New Science. List the day to day items that NASA has brought, as well as some of the bigger products and solutions. 2. Safer roads, refrigerator water filters, LASIK, scratch resistant lenses, the need to miniaturize everything. V. Space Travel 1. Public Space Travel a real possibility. NASA does not have enough funds in order to provide anything like this. Most of the technology for Public Space travel has been brought on by private companies. 2. Private Companies expanded to provide because NASA isn’t...
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...Federal Procurement Framework Randy P. Holder Professor: Lorna Malone LEG 440 Strayer University April 22, 2012 In implementing procurement policies, the executive branch, headed by the president, has a broad scope of managerial, and technical procurement responsibilities and procurement policy decisions, which may include, among others: supplementing and augmenting statutory procurement policies and procedures through executive orders, developing and maintaining statutory procurement policies and procedures, and determining whether to meet program needs by in-house performance or by contracting out. In the United States, the federal government has a very complicated and fragmented procurement organizational structure. First, the federal procurement operates within a democratic framework, under the constitutional check-and-balance powers of the three branches of government: Legislative, judiciary and executive. While the courts are not directly involved in setting procurement policies and rules, they try all legal cases that involve the federal government, including contract disputes, and their decisions become a source of federal procurement regulations. The Congress primarily influences the federal procurement system through laws, budget appropriations and its oversight powers. In addition, the Congress oversees federal procurements through its various standing committees, and the U.S. General Accounting Office. It also authorizes GAO to...
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... Mid Semester Examination Table of Content 1. Background 2. Vision Statement 3. SWOT Analysis of SpaceX 4. Porter’s Five Forces Model 5. SpaceX TOWS Matrix 6. SpaceX Business Model 7. SpaceX Business Level Strategy 8. Conclusions I. Background SpaceX or Space Exploration Technologies Corporation is a space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by former PayPal entrepreneur and Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk. SpaceX was founded with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. It has developed the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 launch vehicles, both of which were designed from conception to eventually become reusable. SpaceX also developed the Dragon spacecraft, which are flown into orbit by the Falcon 9 launch vehicle, initially transporting cargo and later planned to carry humans to the International Space Station and other destinations.[1] By 2012, SpaceX had over 40 launches on its manifest representing about $4 billion in contract revenue—with many of those contracts already making progress payments to SpaceX—with both commercial and government (NASA/DOD) customers. As of December 2013, SpaceX has a total of 50 future launches under contract, two-thirds of them are for commercial customers. SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for communication satellites flying to geostationary orbit, have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower...
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