...Introduction One of the topics that exist since ancient times are leadership, national culture and organizational culture because every nation and country have their culture and need their leaders. Some of the leaders are better than others and because of this reason they manage to govern their countries better and to win advantage for them. Like every country the companies all over the world have their organizational cultures and their leaders. Every company is trying to shape its organizational culture striving to reach its personal goals and because some are better than others they have better products and bigger market shares. The first purpose of this paper is to present the old organizational culture, the old values and leadership style of Ford and how they affected the performance of the company. The second goal of the paper is to show why the need for change came in Ford and how they managed to implement this change into practice. Organisational culture, Leadership and Leadership Style – Definitions One of the possible definitions for organisational culture that exists is as follow: Organisational culture is “the set of shared values, beliefs and norms that influences the way employees think, feel and behave toward each other and toward people outside the organization” (George and Jones, 2012). One of the aspects which are considered in this paper and which is aspect of organisational culture is organizational structure. It can be described as “the pattern of relationships...
Words: 3208 - Pages: 13
...Executive Summary The aim for this thesis is to answer the problem statement: How do national cultures influence leadership styles? To give an answer to this question, this thesis is divided into three parts: leadership, national culture and the connection between them. The conclusion of this thesis is based on analytical and exploratory research. The first part, on leadership, focuses on mainly two types of leadership: transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is mainly based on the transaction between leaders and their followers. Bass described four components of transactional leadership: Contingent reward, Active management by exception, Passive management by exception and Laissez-Faire leadership (1997). Transformational leadership focuses mainly on inspiring and stimulating the followers. Transformational leadership contains also four components: Idealized influence (Charisma), Inspirational motivation, Intellectual stimulation and Individualized consideration. The second part focuses on different studies on national culture: Hofstede (1983), Schwartz (1990) and Inglehart (1997). Each study has different values and dimensions, both all three studies show some similarities. The first similar dimension contains: Hofstede’s Power distance, Schwartz’ Hierarchy versus Egalitarianism and Inglehart’s Survival and measures the degree to which the people in a national culture accept and expect the unequal distribution of power. The second similar dimension...
Words: 8555 - Pages: 35
...The Connection between National Culture and Organizational Culture Kyb Fugfugosh San Francisco State University IBUS 681 (01) Date 12/10/2012 2 The Connection between National and Organizational Culture The term “culture” is generally ascribed to societies in a country, or ethnic and regional clusters within a nation, but can also be assigned to organizations, institutions, and family. Social organizations, whether national cultures, or institutional cultures develop because members’ behavior is not arbitrary, and can sometimes be anticipated and calculated. Organizations are bound by culture, which includes the individual behaviors of members and the collective purpose of the organization. In his frequently referenced book, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values (1984), Geert Hofstede provided a methodology for the cross-cultural studies of nations, and the organizations that develop based on cultural values. Cultural concepts, as they relate to organizational studies, are borrowed from anthropology, in which views vary, and there is no consensus. Therefore the application of the “cultural perspective” to organizational studies also varies, and is based on assumptions about the nature of both “culture” and “organizations” (Smircich, 1983). Pettigrew (1979) advocated the use of cultural concepts borrowed from sociology and anthropology in the examination of organizational behavior. He advanced “longitudinalprocessual” studies of organizations...
Words: 2714 - Pages: 11
...Culture is a defining feature of a person's identity, contributing to how they see themselves and the groups with which they identify. Culture may be broadly defined as the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to another. Every community, cultural group or ethnic group has its own values, beliefs and ways of living. Culture forms an important element of social life of a man. It is the culture that makes human animal to man. It regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It teaches him what type of food he should take and what manners, how he should cover himself and behave with the fellows, how he should speak and influence the people, how he should co-operative and compete with other. Man has acquired these qualities required to live and social behavior even for complicated situations. In here we are trying to discuss how culture can affect to the marketing process when it comes to the international marketing because culture is different in every country and also even in the same country there are different sub cultures too. In order to be successes in international marketing, marketers have to understand and these differences of cultures around the world. Culture Definition We define culture as the sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to direct the consumer behavior of members of a particular society (Consumer Behavior, Shiffman and Kanuk) Components of culture ...
Words: 939 - Pages: 4
...brought with it changes that affect almost every aspect of people’s lives. One such change is the result of the growing tendency to culture merger. People from all strata of life from different countries all over the world enjoy the same movies, television shows, food and fashion. The global village ushered in by Marshal McLuhan has not only become a contemporary reality but seems to have demolished all frontiers, not only between countries but also between cultures and so national cultures which give form to national identity have been absorbed in one global culture resulting in the loss of individual national identity. Various debates on whether globalisation improves cultural diversity or else makes this diversity uniform are very much on the agenda. Culture distinguishes one country from another. It links people to places in a number of ways. These links include religion, dress, food, or the media. The latter serves also as a means for advertising different cultures around the world. One may easily claim that, due to the increasing interpenetration happening in our world, national cultures are becoming diluted and homogenised into one huge global culture. The term ‘interpenetration’ refers to the “distant cultures... come[ing] face to face with each other at a local level...” (Cochrane & Pain, 2004, p.16). The globalisation of culture is just one way in which globalisation manifests itself. Globalisation can be summarised as the force that covers all areas of our...
Words: 1753 - Pages: 8
...Explain the utility of dimensions of national culture to an international manager. International University College, Dobrich, Bulgaria Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK International Business Management BA (Hons) International Business & Cultural Difference Assignment 1 Philippe Bergonzoli Bergonzoli.ph@gmail.com Content Introduction 2 Hofstede’s dimensions 2 1-The Power Distance Index 2 2-Individualism versus Collectivism 3 3-Masculinity versus Femininity 4 4-Uncertainty Avoidance Index 4 5-Long Term-Orientation versus Short Term Orientation 5 6-Indulgence versus Restraint 6 Comparison Overview 7 Others theories 7 Schwartz’s dimensions 7 Inglehart’s dimensions 9 GLOBE dimensions 10 Culture Measurement 10 Culturally endorsed implicit leadership (CLT) 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction The globalization has been the key which allowed the exchange and diversification of different culture. Nowadays, the proper understanding of cultural differences has become a daily matters for businesses because employees, products, services,… are located, are sold and bought across the world (Mirja Ivonen, Diane H. Sonnenwald, Maria Parma, Evelyn Poole-Kober, August 1998). The subject is not new and has been discussed and analyzed for the past four decades (Xiumei Shi, Jinying Wang, 2010). Geert Hofstede, a Dutch social psychologist and professor emeritus of organization anthropology and international management is one of the pioneer...
Words: 4475 - Pages: 18
...Corporate culture is largely influenced by national culture and sustained by corporate leadership So many civilisations exist today; all rich with individual cultural heritage and each, distinct with unique features, characteristics, and value systems. Therefore it holds that countries have their individual and distinct cultures which are unique and which apply to them. Consequently, these cultures get infiltrated and remodelled to form part of the culture of organizations as well as influences the decision making behaviour of the corporate leadership system or process. Geert Hofstede, considers that ‘Culture is the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others’. It could be seen a range of values and meanings shared among individuals and entities belonging to a group, body or category. National culture is regarded as shared meanings, [conscious or unconscious] promoted among people existing within or originating from a country or state and is therefore regarded as the basic value system measure from which organizational values and corporate culture [which is understood as the belief systems or set of values shared that governs behaviours and attitudes within a corporate organization or entity] is developed. A company's corporate leadership (which is constituted of the top executives who govern its operations and plot its strategies for the future,) therefore has the responsibility to uphold this value system...
Words: 1126 - Pages: 5
...Final Project GMT - 506 Management Theories & Practices Organizational Culture of National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Submitted to Dr. Faisal Asghar Imam Submitted by Anum Malik Ayoosha Saleem Haseeb Ahmad Muhammad Iqrash Awan Zammad Ahmad NUST Business School Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Organization’s Background .................................................................................................................. 3 Research Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 3 Literature Review.................................................................................................................................. 4 Findings................................................................................................................................................. 5 5.1 Artifacts......................................................................................................................................... 5 Physical artifacts ................................................................................................................... 5 Information artifacts.............................................................................................................. 6 5.1.1...
Words: 3483 - Pages: 14
...k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy management. Most of cultures are Centralism of the Self Culture. If a global corporation invests to a country, the country cannot reject the investment. But if the investment is contradictory of their rules and to protect domestic industry, the corporation won’t be welcomed in the nation. So corporation must be understanding national cultures before enter to start business in a nation. k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy management. Most of cultures are Centralism of the Self Culture. If a global corporation invests to a country, the country cannot reject the investment. But if the investment is contradictory of their rules and to protect domestic industry, the corporation won’t be welcomed in the nation. So corporation must be understanding national cultures before enter to start business in a nation. k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy management. Most of cultures are Centralism of the Self Culture. If a global corporation invests to a country, the country cannot reject the investment. But if the investment is contradictory of their rules and to protect domestic industry, the corporation won’t be welcomed in the nation. So corporation must be understanding national cultures before enter to start business in a nation. k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy...
Words: 297 - Pages: 2
...1.0 Introduction This paper will be discussed about defining culture in organization according to the Schein’s definition. The Schein’s theory is include of the (a) a pattern of basic assumptions, (b) invented, discovered, or developed by a given group, (c)as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, (d) that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore (e) is to be taught to new members as the (f) correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to chosen problems’.(Schein, 1990, 111). So by this all theory will be discuss about the theory in the organization or the company I had been choose to study how much this theory will be applied toward the organization or the company. The company that I had been choose is Starbuck company that selling the drink and beverage toward people. The other reason I choose Starbucks is because it has worldwide branch including Malaysia. So that it must adapt it certain culture in the nation in order to survive. Starbucks also including the best company in the world that because of it successes to expand the company to the whole worldwide. In term of management Starbucks also has the best management in the world. According to the Fortune.com Starbucks get a ranking no 5 world for the most admired company so far. By this I will related the Schein’s theory toward this company and how it functioning. 2.0 Problem statement 2.1 What are the basic assumptions within the organization...
Words: 2009 - Pages: 9
...Consumer Culture is a beguiling illusion that completely glosses over the hard realities of national, ethnic and religious differences. It is therefore a dangerous fiction for the marketing manager to engage with.” Discuss, with examples. Introduction Globalization has made a more variety of products available for all consumers. In this sense, globalization increases differences, rather than generate homogenization (Lee & Usunier, 2009). Moreover, global influences are adapted to local circumstances; therefore, globalization results in an increasingly cultural diversity. The existence of a global consumer culture does not imply the disappearance of differences; rather, the modern culture results in the sum of these differences (Arnett, 2002). Global consumer culture (GCC) is a new stratum of common culture that superimpose on national cultures (Lee and Usunier, 2009) in the same way in which these overlap local traditions and subcultures existing within national boundaries, given the fact that most countries are already multicultural (Smith, 1991). Notably, it has been argued that culture is the most influential factor on consumer behaviour (Cleveland and Laroche, 2007); consequently, it is important to define the extent to which a modern global culture determine purchasing decisions, and these insights should inform marketing strategies. Therefore, the question is whether a GCC does exist, in which sense it should be interpreted, and how it does affect national cultures and consumers’...
Words: 3284 - Pages: 14
...com/loi/rhrd20 Connection, value, and growth: how employees with different national identities experience a geocentric organizational culture of a global corporation Maria S. Plakhotnik, Tonette S. Rocco, Joshua C. Collins & Hilary Landorf To cite this article: Maria S. Plakhotnik, Tonette S. Rocco, Joshua C. Collins & Hilary Landorf (2015) Connection, value, and growth: how employees with different national identities experience a geocentric organizational culture of a global corporation, Human Resource Development International, 18:1, 39-57, DOI: 10.1080/13678868.2014.979009 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2014.979009 Published online: 11 Dec 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 288 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rhrd20 Download by: [University of Exeter] Date: 12 December 2015, At: 14:41 Human Resource Development International, 2015 Vol. 18, No. 1, 39–57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2014.979009 Connection, value, and growth: how employees with different national identities experience a geocentric organizational culture of a global corporation Maria S. Plakhotnika, Tonette S. Roccob*, Joshua C. Collinsb and Hilary Landorf c School of Social Sciences and the Humanities, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Saint-Petersburg, Russia;...
Words: 10166 - Pages: 41
...rewarding on the one hand but more demanding and risky on the other . Consequently, in their attempt to gain competitive adva ntage, firms frequently expand their operations to new foreign markets and their choice o f how to enter those markets is influenced by a wide variety of factors. This paper will only focus on developin g a conceptual model of the influence of national culture on the entry mode decisions by combining two international business themes : the multi - national business perspective with the ho me and ho st country influences. The paper will be structured as follows: firstly, a short review of the theories used, more precisely of the hierarchical model of market entry modes and of Geert Hofstede’s model of five cultural dimensions of national culture , will b e provided . Secondly, a conceptual model will be developed, proposing that national culture influences choices between equity and non - equity, as well as within the equity category, but not within the non - equity category. Finally, several conclusions will b e drawn . A multi - national business perspective - The hierarchical model of m arket entry modes – When deciding to enter a new market, firms are confronted with a wide variety of different entry modes to choose from, taking into account their desired level of ownership and control, resource commitment and risk taking among others . Thus, entry modes choices are highly strategic decisions, assuming...
Words: 2467 - Pages: 10
...National Moments Fueling Nationalism, and Nationalism Fueling Wartime Culture LE300 – Warfare and Culture Core Assessment Paper Abstract This paper will take a close look at nationalism, nation moments and war time culture, and how the three influence each other. National moments inspire nationalism, and nationalism inspires culture. There will be a focus on America’s national moment of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the nationalism that was bread from it, and the war time culture it inspired. Another focus will be on the freedom that Australia gained from the Britain after the landing in Gallipole, and the nationalism that grew while they were fighting with the British Expeditionary Force during the Great War. Lastly we will examine modern day nationalism, and take a look at a differing opinion on the subject. The Great War was filled with defining national moments for each country involved, which lead them to develop their own sense of nationalism. Their sense of nationalism influenced the way they fought and strategized in World War I. David Silbey’s chapter, “Connecting Culture and the Battlefield: Britain and the Empire fight the Hundred Days,” in Wayne E. Lee’s book, “Warfare and Culture in World History,” describes how operational decisions guided cultural development during World War I, and in turn, how wars are “…constructions of the cultures and societies that wage the wars, built according to the principles, beliefs, and myths of those cultures...
Words: 1591 - Pages: 7
...ßCultural-Competence Assignment Introduction The purpose of this essay is to firstly understand the arguments between McSweeney and Hofstede about national cultures. The argument starts on the Hoftstede’s published book Culture’s Consequences. Hoftstede’s cultural dimensions theory has got popular and in the same time criticised by other scholars, while McSweeney is one of the scholars who have been critising the cultural dimensions on people from different nations. This essay will firstly summarise the ideas and arguments of both of McSweeney and Hofstede in order to develop the understanding about the reasons why they are conflicting with each other on the cultural dimension theories. Following the summary of the two scholars ideas and argument, this essay will discuss the agreement and disagreement of both scholars. Reflection on this course on national culture will be specified as well in order to show whether my personal understanding about culture has been changed or improved. Summary of the ideas and argument of both McSweeney and Hofstede * McSweeney’s argument McSweeney expresses his doubts about Hoftstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences. The criticism that McSweeney has on the theory of Hoftstede’s cultural dimensions based on the description of national cultural differences in the Culture’s Consequences published in 1980 (McSweeney, 2002). First of all, the methodology applied in the research of Hoftstede’s model is critised...
Words: 1737 - Pages: 7
