...NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, otherwise known as NATO, is a mutual defense alliance between several North American and European states. It was established in 1949 upon the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty. Today, it is one of the most important international organizations in the world, primarily safeguarding the freedom and security of its member nations. However, it initially began after World War II ended and the fear of the spread of Communism loomed. The aftermath of World War II consisted of many devastating events, including the divide of Europe. As soon as World War II ended in 1945, conflict between Western nations and Communist Eastern nations began. Western nations included the United States, France, and...
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...devastating in economical and social perspective. In the recent years however, most of the wars are internal meaning within the countries rather than against one another. To help promote peace and bring the world together the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created. NATO was established on April 4th 1949 and its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium. When NATO was first founded it was shaped as a political association but that changed during the years. The entire idea of NATO was to protect all the Western European countries and the United States from a possible attack from the Soviet Union. On March 17, 1948 the Treaty of Brussels was signed by Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom. These are the first member states of the NATO that remain still very active in this organization. However, all these European countries needed the support and military supply of the United States thus immediate talks on its joining the organization started. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on April 4, 1949 in Washington D.C. and despite the five mentioned state members and the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland also joined the organization. So, at the beginning NATO was created to bring a few countries together and be protected by the other enemy countries or political system. Communism, the Cold War, and the Korean War, all created a sense of insecurity and fear so developed countries wanted to stick together and fight against all...
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...NATO Expansion Is NATO America’s New Tool POL 300 March 12, 2010 NATO Expansion Is NATO America’s New Tool After serving two tours one of them had a combined consecutive tour length of six and one half years, I never realized how close I was to NATO headquarters located in Brussels Belgium. After being deployed to Bosnia Herzegovina and realizing the role NATO was playing gave me a new found understanding of its mission. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization known as NATO was formed in response to the threat Western Democracies encountered from the spreading influence of communism in the post World War II era. Currently NATO has 28 nations who have aligned themselves in the organization, which has seen its share of good and bad times. During the immediate period up until the cold war era NATO was a driving force for peace efforts between countries and states. After the President Reagan’s historical proclamation on June 12, 1987 while speaking to the people in West Berlin, at the Brandenburg Gate. His speech is considered by many to be the beginning of the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism. The wall actually was torn down during November 9-11, 1989, reuniting families who were once separated by the wall. This event, even though a joyous occasion begin the slow demise of what NATO stood for. What would be the next step for NATO now that the Cold War was ending and the reality that communism’s spread was significantly diminished to a meager...
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...Who is a part of NATO? NATO is an Alliance that consists of 29 independent member countries. Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherland, Norway,Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. What is the main purpose of the NATO? In response to this, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed. NATO is a formal alliance between the territories of North American and Europe. From its inception, its main purpose was to defend each other from the possibility of communist Soviet Union taking control of their nation. Who is the head of NATO? Together with the Chairman of...
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...NATO: Joint Operations In the years following the Second World War, a new superpower began to emerge that had conflicting ideals with the United States and Western Europe, the Soviet Union. As a result of Soviet military might, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 to counter and deter Soviet military aggression. The original treaty included 12 nations from North American and Western Europe, today, the number of member nations has grown to 29 with the three largest contributors being the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. NATO is a strategic military alliance with a specific mission set and through its 69 years of history, has utilized joint operations between nations to prevent war and when need be, used...
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...militarily dominated by the United States. From its very beginning, NATO was not simply about defending the Allies against the Soviet threat but the alliance also became the institutionalization of the relationship between North America and Western Europe. In the words of NATO’s first Secretary General, Lord Ismay, the role of NATO during the Cold War was “to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down” (Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. June 15, 2011. The New York Times). During the Cold War years, NATO played a decisive and unrivalled role in Western Europe’s security architecture. The collapse of Communism and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the period from 1989 to 1991 called into question NATO’s future role and even its continued existence. After the end of World War II, all involved countries, with no exception of being victorious or defeated, have started seeking of the prevention of a new disaster by reconstructing and maintaining the security and peace primarily in Europe. All huge and disastrous events (such as World Wars) which affected whole world were originated from the uncomfortable conditions and conflicts in the continent. Thus the main task was to settle a mechanism that would eliminate any emerging threat against the continental security and maintain the order and peace. For this purpose, in 1949 West European countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in order to protect the member countries...
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...As NATO continues to expand, Russia sees little cause for joy Nowadays, NATO is in the middle of a confused debate about its identity and role. In particularly about how it will affect relations with Russia, the security of Ukraine and the Baltic States, and the peaceful integration of Ukraine into Europe. More and more voices are being raised in the United States against this policy and therefore my claim is: NATO must not expand any further towards Eastern Europe. NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. The fundamental role of NATO is to ensure the freedom and security of its member countries. It is one of the foundations on which the stability and security of the Euro-Atlantic area depends and it serves as an essential forum for consultations on matters affecting the security interests of all its members. Its first task is to defend against any threat of aggression. Russia has a very clear opinion on this debate. In the first place, NATO expansion is seen as a betrayal of unrealised promises made by the West in 1990-1991, and also as a sign that the West regards Russia not as an ally, but as a defeated enemy. Russians point out that Moscow agreed to withdraw troops from the former East Germany after NATO promised not to station its troops there. But now NATO has crossed over eastern Germany and ended up 500 miles closer to Russia, in Poland. In the second place, Russians fear that the inclusion of the Baltic States and Ukraine within NATO, will ultimately...
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...Hungary it wasn’t as polarized as they were still having free elections free press in 1947 parliament were allowed to debate and the borders in the west open and most medium sized business still were in private hands which is then showing that the polarized division was not Inevitable but was slow with major co operation in the border countries like Hungary. Another cause of the polarization was the Western rearmament. this was another source of polarization as it had tensed up the already harsh relations that the two blocs had. As in April 1949 the US had formed North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) which was a coalition of western countries to work together if a member felt threatened the rest would go to war to assist the needing member causing the polarization as now there was an actual threat to Stalin and the Soviet’s future as now if Germany was to become a member of NATO then the Soviet attempts at reuniting Germany such as the Berlin...
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...On December 31, 1999, Boris Yeltsin stepped down as president, marking the beginning of a period of immense change in Russia (“Vladimir Putin”). When Yelstin resigned, Russia was in a state of political and economic turmoil. Vladimir Putin was put into power and he immediately began the struggle of trying to rehabilitate Russia. Putin offered stability and gave the confused country direction and structure. He diligently worked at reducing the concerns and problems presented in the early years after the fall of Communism such as corruption, economic strife and improved foreign relations. His way of leading Russia became a new form of government in and of itself: a unique intermediate leadership between Western style democracy and Communist leadership. Putin found a way to combine ideals of both in a way that was most beneficial for the majority of Russia. Putin’s ideals for Russia offer an extreme change in economy, moving away from the outdated state controlled government and current oligarch system, and towards economic self-sufficiency. When Putin inherited the country from Yelstin, the economy was incredibly unstable. The 1998 financial crisis, the lowest economic point in Russia history, was only one year prior to Putin taking office. In 1999 the gross domestic product (GDP) of Russia was at a record low of $125 million. (“Russian Economy”) In perspective, The United States GDP in 1999 was over nine billion. Under the Putin administration, the GDP more than doubled, putting...
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...introduced this new concept. The 1999 Kosovo conflict was a war between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FR of Yugoslavia) and Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The KLA was formed to fight the oppression caused by the Serbians. Their tactics and methods increasingly became more brutal when they began killing Serbian police officers throughout the country (Haney, 1999). This ignited outrage and retaliation from the FR of Yugoslavia. FR of Yugoslavia began to send troops to retake KLA controlled areas. Civilian casualties caused by Serbian troops have been estimated to be roughly around 10,000. NATO then entered the conflict on humanitarian grounds. As NATO began their aerial bombing campaign, hackers, or people who illegally access a computer system (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hacker) disabled and took control of the international web servers. Serbian hackers attacked NATO and US government websites using the denial of service, where computer resources were unavailable (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker). In light of this, the Pentagon general office released a 50-page booklet with the guidelines for waging a cyberwar. This was entitled, “Assessment of International Legal Issues in Information Operations.” It was unclear whether the information operations (IO) are considered weapons and that the Laws of War did indeed apply to...
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...The Grand Strategy of the United States by R.D. Hooker, Jr. INSS Strategic Monograph Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Grand Strategy of the United States R.D. Hooker, Jr. INSS Strategic Monograph National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. October 2014 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. NDU Press would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. Cover: President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden meet with members of the National Security Council in the Situation Room of the White House hours before his national address, September 10, 2014 (The White House/Pete Souza) First printing, October 2014 Contents The Roots of American Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A Century Like No Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Ends of Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Means of Grand Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...amazed by his efficient memory. Suddenly, an explosion illuminated the dark, foggy night sky, and a unearthly tremble jolted him awake. “I fled back to my parent’s home.” He exclaimed. He expands on his experience of that long, fearful night, where the country was constantly carpet-bombed by f-16s, where over 1000 civilians died. Despite an ongoing war, Blerim Sharri fought hunger and stress by continuing his studies with old english textbooks. “It was hard. I never fully understood what I was actually studying, until I found an old Albanian to English dictionary.” He says. Sharri starts explaining where he learned to speak fluent English and Serbian, “I learned [English & Serbian] from my study books and soldiers passing by.” At the time, NATO troops had started fighting for Kosovo’s defense and started occupying the outskirts of Kosovo, where Sharri lived, most of the soldiers spoke fluent, formal...
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...after joining NATO even though he never showed any interest or willingness to do so. To a large extent, Roberson was heavily inclined towards supporting American interests at the expense of NATO affairs. Nonetheless, he took a firm position in the fight against terrorism especially after the September 11 terror attacks in the United States. As a matter of fact, conjuring the fifth article on mutual defense was a pragmatic step in the right direction for the NATO Secretary General. The fight against terrorism received a new boost during his reign. Some of his critics believed that he could have done better in his leadership style than he portrayed while at the helm of NATO.[2] NATO involvement in Afghanistan could be deemed as one of the failures of Lord Robertson because he permitted the action. The gross humanitarian crisis created by NATO involvement could not be equated to the skewed objectives of the move. On the other hand, Lord Robertson played a crucial role in the campaigns to keep Scotland under the United Kingdom. This followed attempts by some leaders in Scotland to separate the country from the United Kingdom. In reference to Robertson, the union is important for the economic development of Scotland. It can also be recalled that the decision to avail war assets to Turkey was a crucial move when Robertson was the Secretary General of NATO. Although the move was initially meant for a good purpose, Turkey was eventually ravaged by war courtesy of the NATO decision...
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...Notes for Exam 5- Geography North America Tuesday, November 16, 2010 Physical Geography * Latitude is very important –broad range * Western climates- Mountains (change the climate of the region) * Example: Sierra Nevada and Rockies * Deserts and dryness- Because the mountains are so tall they absorb the precipitation * Further west- very wet * Louisiana- very close to the equator, nothing to stop the storms -2 of the largest countries in the world include (Population)- 1. Canada- 1/10th of the US- 33 million * Lots of empty land in this area 2. The US- 300 million pop * Highly urbanized (D): Megalopolis- Applies to the US and Canada, very big *PROS OF North America 1. -Farming and Ranching and Agriculture * Used to be dominate * 1790: employed 90% of the work force * 1880: dropped down to 50%- because of industrialization * Today: less than 2% * In the US only 1% of population are farmers * Farm populations fell by 2/3 in the beginning of the 20th century * Farms are consolidating * 20% drop in the number of farms * Agriculture has become more meganized (more industrial) More money to keep it going, more land and more machines * Farms are still critical in the US and Canadian economy * 2000: US Alone, $216 billion dollars in farming alone * Land use, agriculture remains dominant * Varies by region * Dairy farming in the east * Live Stock...
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...2008 1. 2009 the Guam international agreement signed 2. Removal of 8,000 U.S. troops 3. Ways to strengthen security and defense C. U.S. and Syria chemical weapons 1. Inactivity threatens the middle east 2. International inspectors destroy chemicals 3. Geneva agreement II. Aspects that led to U.S. rise as a world super power A. Victory over Spain in the Spanish American war B. Cuba gained independence from Spain C. U.S. gained possession of Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico III. International incidents since WWII Americans take a policing role A. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor B. Attacks on U.S. diplomatic compounds in Middle East C. U.S. and Korean conflict 1950 IV. Driving forces that fueled international incidents A. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization B. San Francisco Treaty 1. Base military personnel in Japan for defense C. Treaty of cooperation and security 1. Treaty allows the U.S. to keep forces in Japan D. The Geneva Agreement 1. Form of intervention 2. Long term liabilities for Syria Resources: 1. Harry, R. (2013). A Solution Acceptable to All? A Legal Analysis of the Senkaku-Diaoyu Island Dispute. Conell International Law Journal, 46(3), 653-682. 2. By Dave Boyer, T....
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