... * Identify the marketing trends in the firm’s natural resources and technological environments. * Explain the key changes that occur in the political and cultural environments. * Discuss how companies can react to the marketing environment. ------------------------------------------------- Natural Environment –involves natural resources that are needed as inputs or that are affected by marketing activities. Natural resource economics focuses on the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth’s natural resources. Its goal is to gain a better understanding of the role of natural resources in the economy. Learning about the role of natural resources allows for the development of more sustainable methods to manage resources and make sure that they are maintained for future generations. The goal of natural resources economics is to develop an efficient economy that is sustainable in the long run. Importance of Environment This diagram illustrates how society and the economy are subsets of the environment. It is not possible for society and economics systems to exist independently from the environment. For this reason, natural resources economics focuses on understanding the role of natural resources in the economy in order to develop a sufficient and sustainability economy that protects natural resources. Types of Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Some of the resources are essentials to survival, while others merely satisfy...
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...The Coordination of Legal Systems in Environmental Protection Introduction The objective of this paper is to examine the issues involved while protecting the environment and coordinate with the Australian legal system to devise an action plan for civil law. Factors that control the right usage of environment are a legal requirement in many countries. Australia is not an exception to this mainly because of the availability of abundant natural resources present in the country. This calls for biodiversity legislations and laws to avoid abuse of natural resources. Since, environmental protection plays an important role in many fields there is increased control and authority from different players that often leads to disputes. Policy-makers and lawyers have often overlooked the representation of systems used in legitimate regulatory behavior in the context of environmental protection. Environmental regulations are based on certain models that are perceived and created to aide policy-makers. These models help legal professionals and policy-makers to understand technical aspects and adverse impact on the environment for correctly framing laws and in decision making. Role of Environmental Models in Policies and Regulations Environmental models play an increasing role in decision making. They act as a catalyst for policy making and also for devising regulatory strategies. Models are required to be understood for policy makers and lawyers because of their focus in dispute resolution...
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...understanding of marine protection areas within Australian waters and to analyse its policy from an environmental and economic viewpoint, in order to forward policy recommendations for future consideration. A Background to Environmental Policy The underlying assumption behind environmental policy is that by designing social intervention we can bring about environmental improvement. However, designing a policy that actually produces the changes you seek is extremely difficult. Chiefly, planning and policy attempt to exercise control, to develop a desired future (Thomas 2007, p.7). But control is difficult enough to achieve over people, let alone trying to control the physical environment (Thomas 2007, p.7). Another fundamental issue for policy-makers is the direction of the policy. In particular they have to consider whether they are attempting to prevent environmental impacts that result from human action, or whether they are attempting to adapt to such changes, consciously or unconsciously (Thomas 2007, p.8). Natural Resources Natural resources have been critical for human welfare since people first started to walk the earth several million years ago (Field 2005 p.27). Natural resource economics is the study of how the flow of goods and services derived from natural resources is, and should be, managed in today’s world (Field 2005 p.37). Field continues to state that resource management problems derive from the underlying technological, institutional and cultural factors...
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................2 III.Effective management of .................................................................................3 natural resources and the environment IV. Integrated development planning ................................................................... and implementation V. Prevention and control of Pollution ................................................................. and environmental degradation VI.Proactive approach to regional .......................................................................... and global environmental issues VII. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ VIII. Reference ........................................................................................................ Introduction The rapid development of economy, high depleted, high pollution mode of economic growth,to make the country's environment problem increasingly prominent. However, many of the countries in the implementation of green strategy to make the country's economic sustainable development. this report through discussed to Green strategies based on environmental policy in Malaysia how can improve environmental quality. And from the education and awareness, the effective management of natural resources and environment,comprehensive development planning and implementation, prevention and control of environment pollution and degradation...
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...Date: Environmental security Introduction An environment basically refers to the total surrounding of all organisms both living and the dead, including natural forces that come into place. All these factors provide conditions for development and growth of an economy whereas on the other hand security refers is a set of customs and rules that govern a society. Therefore environmental security simply means how our surrounding is being protected to avoid damage and depletion of the resources. Many of the natural resources include water, land, air, soil, energy, minerals and all those that are in the resources. Environmental security entails the basic protection of the most important resources that we have e.g. the ecosystem service and have a complete assurance that there will be a constant supply of the resource in the near future without depletion. The human society and its natural surrounding is being threatened by the new global pressures that have been posing challenges on degradation an depletion of the natural resources. The global pressures may include competition to access of water, land, minerals and other fundamental resources, increase in the population of various countries thus posing pressure in land, there has been an increase in the demand for energy due to increased number of people thus having many industries for provision of employment and manufacture of food. Thus our vital resources face danger of depletion and damage if no proper regulations and rules...
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...Law Environment and Development Journal LEAD REVIEW OF NESREA ACT 2007 AND REGULATIONS 2009-2011: A NEW DAWN IN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan COUNTRY LEGISLATION 8/1 VOLUME LEAD Journal (Law, Environment and Development Journal) is a peer-reviewed academic publication based in New Delhi and London and jointly managed by the School of Law, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - University of London and the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC). LEAD is published at www.lead-journal.org ISSN 1746-5893 The Managing Editor, LEAD Journal, c/o International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC), International Environment House II, 1F, 7 Chemin de Balexert, 1219 Châtelaine-Geneva, Switzerland, Tel/fax: + 41 (0)22 79 72 623, info@lead-journal.org Country Legislation REVIEW OF NESREA ACT 2007 AND REGULATIONS 2009-2011: A NEW DAWN IN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan This document can be cited as Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan, ‘Review of NESREA Act 2007 and Regulations 2009-2011: A New Dawn in Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in Nigeria’, 8/1 Law, Environment and Development Journal (2012), p. 116, available at http://www.lead-journal.org/content/12116.pdf Muhammed Tawfiq Ladan, Professor of Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, Email: mtladan@gmail.com Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs...
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...every promise of remaining high, and supplies of natural gas and oil worldwide are dwindling. Renewable and alternative energy sources – for example, wind-generated electricity, or nuclear power – are being developed and considered at the national level; however, at the time of writing more than half of the total energy consumed in the United States comes from oil and natural gas sources. Specifically, natural gas was – in 2011 – providing fully a quarter of the total energy consumed in the United States (Obama, 2013). Hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking”, provides a means of exploiting the reserves of natural gas within United States territory. These natural gas reserves are positioned in such a way that they cannot typically be exploited by traditional methods, and instead are produced by a process of hydraulic fracturing. This means of oil and gas production is relatively new, and it remains controversial in terms of economics, safety and environmental cost. In addition to ecological, sociological and political considerations, there are many legal issues involved in the production of energy via hydraulic fracturing (Hagstrom and Adams, 2012). Regulation The actual activity of hydraulic fracturing is carried out by private corporations; however, the process is governed by multiple State and Federal regulations and laws. As the field of hydraulic fracturing is developing quickly and recently, legislation and regulation are likewise in a state of development. Significant...
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...of the Environment & Natural Resources The country is widely acknowledged as having an outstanding endowment of natural resources, which could provide essential ecosystem services to the population. Demands arising from development and utilization activities, population expansion, poor environmental protection, and external factors such as climate change, however, have placed the country’s environment and natural resources under grave threat. For the medium-term, an environment that is healthy, ecologically balanced, sustainably productive, climate change resilient, and one that provides for present and future generations of Filipinos is envisioned. This vision will be pursued through an integrated and community-based ecosystems approach to environment and natural resources management, precautionary approach to environment and natural resources, sound environmental impact assessment (EIA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). These, then, are all anchored on the principles of shared responsibility, good governance, participation, social and environmental justice, intergenerational space and gender equity, with people at the core of conservation, protection and rehabilitation, and developmental initiatives. Assessment State of the Environment and Natural Resources The degraded state of the country’s environment and natural resources is felt most intensely by the poor, especially the rural communities given that they depend on these resources for their primary source of...
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...Fossil Fuel vs. Renewable Energy: Which is More Environmentally Safe? Cassandra Bohaychyk ENG-122 Professor Welsh June 23, 2013 Fossil Fuel vs. Renewable Energy: Which is More Economical and Environmentally Safe? While both have vital uses in the U.S, oil energy and renewable energy are pitted against each other as the main focuses of resources in the U.S environmental policy because each has an effect on the environment. Renewable energy is constant and can be found all over the nation, but may be costly in different ways. Fossil fuels may be a natural resource but are a one-time use that could eventually become obsolete, and could also be costly. Demonstrating in this research is a plethora of information leading to the outcome of the U.S environmental policy, and whether fossil fuels or renewable resources are best for the environment. Fossil Fuels include coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are concentrated organic compounds created from remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago formed into biomass. The refining and consumption of these resources have a massive impact on the environment and will eventually be exhausted. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), fossil fuels meet around 82% of U.S. energy demand. According to the Institute for Energy Research, oil is the “transportation fuel” that makes all modern modes of transportation possible and moves both people and goods around the world. Once the products of...
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...industries and one of the largest income earners of the country, it becomes mandatory for the Government to step-in and regulate the unabated and indiscriminate cutting of the coconut trees. For reasons of national interest, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to provide for the growth of the industry by embarking on a sustainable and efficient replanting program. | Republic Act No. 8041 | National Water Crisis Act of 1995 | It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt urgent and effective measures to address the nationwide water crisis which adversely allocate the health and well-being of the population, food production and industrialization process. | Republic Act No. 7942 | Philippine Mining Act of 1995 | All mineral resources in public and private lands within the territory and exclusive economic zone of the Republic of the Philippines are owned by the State. It shall be the responsibility of the State to promote their rational exploration, development, utilization and conservation through the combined efforts of government and the private sector in order to enhance national growth in a way that effectively safeguards the environment and protect the rights of...
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...drinking water as well. When considering water as a resource, it has direct value through utilitarian use. Today more than ever, we not only value clean water as a necessity to sustain life, but there is also quite a market in the selling of water; water for irrigation, human consumption, as well as livestock consumption. Since water is a flow resource, it is affected by activities that have nothing to do with it. For example, a small feedlot may be on top of a hill, when the livestock waste runs to lower ground, it runs in the nearby canal, which then empties into the creek will affect neighboring water tables. This can contaminate the drinking water in the wells. The Federal government has imposed regulations of waste water through the Department of Environment Quality. Early in our history, America was quite delinquent with our management of waste. Perhaps the land seemed vast and lack of scientific knowledge led to poor waste management. Because of these practices, many drinking water sources were contaminated with harmful toxins. The Love Canal was a catalyst that got the federal government involved. “Though the federal government had established a long history of oversight of water resources…it was not until 1965 that the federal government finally put the solid waste problem on par with protection of water resources” (Roberts, 2011, sec. 1978-1980). State regulating agencies such my home state, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, have the latitude to regulate how citizens...
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... INTRODUCTION Environmental Laws are the standards that governments establish to manage natural resources and environmental quality. The broad categories of ‘natural resources” and “environment quality” include such areas as air and water pollution, forest and wildlife, hazardous waste, agricultural practices, wetlands, and land use planning. The promulgation of the Kenya Constitution, 2010 marked an important chapter in Kenya environmental policy development. Hailed as a green Constitution, it embodies elaborate provisions with considerable implications for sustainable development. These range from environmental principles and implications of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) to the right to clean and healthy environment enshrined in the Bill of Rights. This paper will highlight on the Water Act, Land Act, Forest Act and International Convention of environment (Mohammed,2012). LAND ACT Land resources are finite, fragile and non-renewable. Land is considered a capital and asset that provides the essential services for development and human well being. Consequently, the demand and pressure on land is ever increasing. The main driving force leading to pressure on land resources is the increasing rate of population growth; hence demand for more food and shelter(Mohammed,2012).. Policy Statements according to (Mohammed, 2012) ...
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...limits of the market mechanism in environmental management Bo Gustafsson Swedish Collegium for Ad6anced Study in Social Sciences, SCASSS, Gota6agen 4, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden ¨ ¨ Abstract This paper tries to evaluate the role of the market mechanism in environmental management and warns against reductionist views on the causes and remedies of environmental damages. According to some of these views, proper pricing of the environment and extensive use of market mechanisms in environmental management would solve environmental problems. But various conditions tell against such simplifications, namely: the complex causality behind environmental damages; the complexity of the functions and values of nature; as well as limitations of the market mechanism in coping with the functions and services of nature. Several of those limitations — the difficulties of defining and enforcing property rights to nature’s functions and services; the pervasiveness of externalities conditioned by the public goods characteristics of many environmental functions and values; the difficulties in enticing, processing and using information about environmental goods; and the high transaction costs caused by all these circumstances—often rule out contracts and trading of environmental services. It is less known that the basic cause of market existence and extension, namely specialization and division of labour, have negative environmental effects. With respect to environmental policy, conceptual problems are analyzed...
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...of instructor: Douglas Kennedy Date: November 26, 2012 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 2 NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................. 2 ISSUES ......................................................................................................................................3 INTERESTS ..............................................................................................................................3 The Agrium Board...............................................................................................................4 Natural Resources Conservation Board (NRCB) ...............................................................4 Northeast Strathcona County Residents Group (NSCRG)................................................. 4 Sturgeon County Residents (SCR)...................................................................................... 5 INSTITUTIONS .......................................................................................................................5 Alberta Environment.......................................................................................................... 5 Alberta Health and Wellness (AH&W).............................................................................. 6 Capital Health Authority (CHA).......................
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...The Environmental Policy of the United States The environmental policy of the United States is federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States. The goal of environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs. This policy grew mainly out of the environmental movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s during which several environmental laws were passed, regulating air and water pollution and forming the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Partially due to the high costs associated with these regulations, there has been a backlash from business and politically conservative interests, limiting increases to environmental regulatory budgets and slowing efforts to protect the environment. Since the 1970s, despite frequent legislative gridlock, there have been significant achievements in environmental regulation, including increases in air and water quality and, to a lesser degree, control of hazardous waste. Due to increasing scientific consensus on global warming and political pressure from environmental groups, modifications to the United States energy policy and limits on greenhouse gas emission have been proposed, but such efforts have made limited progress. Power delegation and policy jurisdiction[edit] Executive branch[edit] ...
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