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La naturaleza o natura, en su sentido más amplio, es equivalente al mundo natural, universo físico, mundo material o universo material. El término "naturaleza" hace referencia a los fenómenos del mundo físico, y también a la vida en general. Por lo general no incluye los objetos artificiales ni la intervención humana, a menos que se la califique de manera que haga referencia a ello, por ejemplo con expresiones como "naturaleza humana" o "la totalidad de la naturaleza". La naturaleza también se encuentra diferenciada de lo sobrenatural. Se extiende desde el mundo subatómico al galáctico.
La palabra "naturaleza" proviene de la palabra germanica naturist, que significa "el curso de los animales, carácter natural."[1] Natura es la traducción latina de la palabra griega physis (φύσις), que en su significado original hacía referencia a la forma innata en la que crecen espontáneamente plantas y animales. El concepto de naturaleza como un todo —el universo físico— es un concepto más reciente que adquirió un uso cada vez más amplio con el desarrollo del método científico moderno en los últimos siglos.[2] [3]
Dentro de los diversos usos actuales de esta palabra, "naturaleza" puede hacer referencia al dominio general de diversos tipos de seres vivos, como plantas y animales, y en algunos casos a los procesos asociados con objetos inanimados - la forma en que existen los diversos tipos particulares de cosas y sus espontáneos cambios, así como el tiempo atmosférico, la geología de la Tierra y la materia y energía que poseen todos estos entes. A menudo se considera que significa "entorno natural": animales salvajes, rocas, bosques, playas, y en general todas las cosas que no han sido alteradas sustancialmente por el ser humano, o que persisten a pesar de la intervención humana. Este concepto más tradicional de las cosas naturales implica una distinción entre lo natural y lo artificial (entendido esto último como algo hecho por una mente o una conciencia humana).
La atmósfera terrestre es un factor clave que sustenta el ecosistema planetario. Esta fina capa de gases que envuelve la Tierra se mantiene en su sitio gracias a la gravedad del planeta. Está compuesta por un 78% de nitrógeno, un 21% de oxígeno y trazas de otros gases. La presión atmosférica disminuye con la altitud. La capa de ozono de la Tierra desempeña un papel esencial en la reducción de la cantidad de radiación ultravioleta que llega a la superficie. Ya que el ADN puede verse fácilmente dañado por esta radiación, la capa de ozono actúa de escudo que protege la vida en la superficie. La atmósfera también retiene calor durante la noche, reduciendo por tanto las temperaturas extremas diarias.
Las variaciones del tiempo atmosférico tienen lugar casi exclusivamente en la parte baja de la atmósfera, y actúa de sistema convectivo para redistribuir el calor. Las corrientes oceánicas son otro factor importante para determinar el clima, especialmente la circulación termohalina submarina, que distribuye la energía calorífica de los océanos ecuatoriales a las regiones polares. Estas corrientes ayudan a moderar las diferencias de temperatura entre el invierno y el verano en las zonas templadas. Es más, sin las redistribuciones de energía calorífica que realizan las corrientes oceánicas y atmosféricas, los trópicos serían mucho más cálidos y las regiones polares mucho más frías.
El tiempo puede tener a la vez efectos beneficiosos y perjudiciales. Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, como los tornados o los huracanes, pueden emplear grandes cantidades de energía en su trayectoria y arrasar con todo lo que encuentren a su paso. La vegetación superficial ha desarrollado una dependencia de la variación estacional del tiempo, y los cambios repentinos, aunque sólo duren algunos años, pueden tener un efecto devastador, tanto en la vegetación como en los animales que dependen de ella para alimentarse.
El clima planetario es una medida de la tendencia del tiempo atmosférico a lo largo del tiempo. Pueden influir en él varios factores, como las corrientes oceánicas, el albedo superficial, los gases de efecto invernadero, las variaciones en la luminosidad solar y los cambios en la órbita del planeta. Basándonos en los registros históricos, hoy sabemos que la Tierra ha sufrido drásticos cambios climáticos en el pasado, incluso glaciaciones. El clima de una región depende de una cierta cantidad de factores, como la latitud. Una franja latitudinal de la superficie con características climáticas similares conforma una región climática. En la Tierra, existen varias de estas regiones, que van del clima tropical en el Ecuador al clima polar en los polos. En el tiempo también influyen las estaciones, que resultan de la inclinación del eje de la Tierra con respecto a su plano orbital. De esta forma, en cualquier momento dado durante el verano o el invierno, hay una parte del planeta que está más directamente expuesta a los rayos del Sol. Esta exposición se va alternando al tiempo que la Tierra va describiendo su órbita. En todo momento, sin importar la estación, los hemisferios norte y sur experimentan condiciones climáticas opuestas.
El tiempo es un sistema caótico que puede modificarse fácilmente con sólo pequeños cambios en el entorno, por ello las previsiones meteorológicas exactas sólo se limitan a algunos días. En conjunto, están sucediendo dos cosas a nivel global: (1) la temperatura está aumentando por término medio; y (2) los patrones del tiempo están cambiando y volviéndose cada vez más caóticos.
El hecho de que las formas más básicas de vida vegetal comenzaran a realizar la fotosíntesis fue clave para la creación de condiciones que permitiesen el desarrollo de formas de vida más complejas. El oxígeno resultante del proceso se acumuló en la atmósfera y dio lugar a la capa de ozono. La relación de simbiosis entre células pequeñas y otras mayores dio lugar al desarrollo de células aún más complejas llamadas eucariotas.[19] Las células se agruparon en colonias y comenzaron a especializarse, dando lugar a auténticos organismos pluricelulares. Gracias a la capa de ozono, que absorbe las radiaciones ultravioletas nocivas, la vida colonizó la superficie de la Tierra.
Aunque no existe un consenso universal sobre la definición de la vida, los científicos, por lo general, aceptan que la manifestación biológica de la vida se caracteriza por los siguientes factores o funciones: organización, metabolismo, crecimiento, adaptación, respuesta a estímulos y reproducción. De manera más sencilla, podemos considerar la vida como el estado característico de los organismos. Las propiedades comunes a los organismos terrestres (plantas, animales, hongos, protistas, archaea y bacterias) son las siguientes: son celulares, tienen una organización compleja basada en el agua y el carbono, tienen un metabolismo y capacidad para crecer, responder a estímulos y reproducirse. Por ello, se considera que una entidad que reúna estas propiedades está viva. Sin embargo, no todas las definiciones que hay sobre la vida consideran esenciales todas estas propiedades: también se puede considerar que las formas de vida análogas creadas por el hombre son vida.

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