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Naufragios Essay

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El año de 1527 era la era del descubrimiento, la ilustración, la generación de nuevas ideas gracias a diversas culturas descubiertas y que poco a poco se han ido adaptado como colonias en el nuevo mundo. Eso es lo que nos indica Naufragios, un libro que se adapta al estilo pintoresco, y que tiene ciertas connotaciones del amor gentil y del ideal de los últimos caballeros conquistadores de la rama española, siguiendo el hilo del cid campeador, un icono como ninguno de la figura noble en el habla hispana.
Para entender un poco el contexto del libro, tal vez hubiera sido necesario dar ciertas pautas o indicaciones sobre la situación, porque realmente han pasado casi un siglo desde el acontecimiento de Colon y las indias, una aventura que describe a los ojos del protagonista como es la vivencia en el nuevo mundo, lo que puede parecer un poco ambiguo, pues ya después de un siglo no es tan nuevo.
Lo que se va a esclarecer en este ensayo son tres puntos, el primero es a groso modo, de una forma muy generalizada explicar los acontecimientos de la época en la que es narrada Naufragios, pues es algo muy interesante pero muy difuso lo que se conoce sobre el contenido de los primeros capítulos. A mi parecer, debe describirse como un momento introductorio, pues sino el contenido sería muy elitista y restringido para personas que tengan un elevado conocimiento de ese tipo de estilos, cosa que no aplica para una novela, la cual en este caso, su intención es llegar al lector casual, pues si bien es descrita por modismos y descripciones un poco difíciles de entender, la intención de las acciones es claramente visible y muy llevadera.
“A 17 días del mes de junio de 1527 partió del puerto de San Lúcar de Barrameda el gobernador Pánfilo de Narváez, con poder y mandado de Vuestra Majestad para conquistar y gobernar las provincias que están desde el río de las Palmas hasta el cabo de la Florida, las cuales son en Tierra Firme”
Naufragios, Capitulo 1: En que cuenta cuándo partió la armada, y los oficiales y gente que en ella iba

Naufragios es una narración en primera persona de la expedición comandada por el adelantada y conquistador Pánfilo de Narváez, en Naufragios, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca narra de manera minuciosa como fue la experiencia de la exploración en las tierras desconocidas del golfo de México y la frontera con Estados Unidos, en lo que el mismo Cabeza de Vaca consideraba un territorio sumamente hostil y agresivo. La experiencia inicial narrada en Naufragios es conocida como “La Expedición de Narváez”
La expedición de Narváez fue una tentativa española de instaurar a Pánfilo de Narváez como adelantado de la Florida española en los años 1527 y 1528. Esta expedición es famosa como una primera incursión para la búsqueda de la fuente de la juventud.
Inicialmente el grupo estaba constituido por unos 400 hombres. Durante el viaje hacia Florida la expedición hizo escala en La Española y en Cuba, donde sufrió un huracán y otras tempestades. En el relato, se narran las desventuras que sufren el grupo en su expedición, pues sus anotaciones y pensamientos sobre el clima, los nativos, el territorio y la situación que vive el grupo hacen que mermen la moral en el grupo y mine la energía por esas terribles condiciones que sufren, Cabeza de Vaca narra de una manera un poco subjetiva (pues al no comprender inicialmente a los nativos al estar en su posición de conquistador) como es la interacción con los habitantes de las tierras a las que llegan. “…anduvimos por ellos hasta legua y media con el agua hasta la mitad de la pierna, pisando por encima de ostiones, de los cuales recibimos muchas cuchilladas en los pies, y nos fueron a causa de mucho trabajo, hasta que llegamos en el río que primero habíamos atravesado, que entraba por aquel mismo ancón, y como no lo pudimos pasar, por el mal aparejo que para ello teníamos, volvimos al real, y contamos al gobernador lo que habíamos hallado…”
Naufragios, Capítulo V: Cómo dejó los navíos el gobernador
Cabeza de Vaca detallo cada objeto con el que interactuaba, su destreza en la narración es notable, realmente era un escritor nato con mucha versatilidad que trabajaba a capa y espada en sus experiencias, por ello, es considerado el primer autor histórico del siglo XVI.
Existen dos bases para definir al aventurero de la época del descubrimiento: el comercio y la reputación. Con el comercio viene todas las ventajas que cualquiera puede desear, oro, tierras, títulos (no hablamos de títulos de caballeros o nobleza similar, pues ese tipo de reputación viene por linaje, o por derecho de conquista, pero este no es el caso), así el descubrimiento de rutas óptimas para el comercio libre y vanguardista afecta mucho el rendimiento del aventurero, cada grupo de navegación ve un futuro prometedor pero muy arriesgado en la apertura de nuevas vías para el intercambio de recursos, por ello, se necesitan personas prometedoras, con talante duro y de iniciativa con un carácter fuerte y personalidad magnética, este es el perfil necesario para un aventurero, justo lo que una novela como Alvar Nuñez trata de relacionar con nosotros, es una persona carismática, muy persuasiva y muy inteligente, pero aun así es muy distante del grupo general y posee cierta prepotencia que el personaje va puliendo y evolucionando a medida que la trama avanza.
Es importante notar el parecido de la narración con la poética y épica novela del máximo exponente del caballero castellano, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, mejor conocido como El Cid Campeador. El protagonista es un poco ingenuo y transparente, del tipo justiciero y bastante pulido, pero se nota la ascendencia en su forma de comunicarse, siendo de un linaje con gran reputación. Aquí entra el segundo punto base en el desarrollo del aventurero de la época del descubrimiento: la reputación. Puede, que aunque intente ser una novela realista, su posición es imparcial e intenta con nobleza cumplir los objetivos asignados por un orden superior, el ideal de un caballero romántico esta descrito en el transcurso de la historia de Naufragios.
El prestigio, el honor, la emoción, la distinción entre las altas ramas de los reinos era considerado la máxima garantía de éxito entre el aventurero, se trata del reconocimiento merecido por las elites y las más altas esferas por los esfuerzos realizados por su reino, su país, su patria, puede que no sea realmente el objetivo del aventurero promedio codearse con las oligarquía, pero es algo que definitivamente no pasa desapercibido y es muy apreciado pues trae consigo muchas ventajas.
Como puede notarse, el análisis de este tipo de novelas es bastante emotivo y tiene un trasfondo muy complejo, pues al ser una novela de tono realista y con una pasión entregada a la descripción de nuevos hechos según las vivencias de un simple hombre abre las puertas a mil opciones de hilos de interés. Naufragios es una fuente de entretenimiento que aunque pueda parecer pretenciosa, lo cierto es que solo trata de contar una aventura como una alternativa en la novela de hoy en día.

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