...The preganglionic neuron must first synapse onto a postganglionic neuron before innervating the target organ. The preganglionic, or first neuron will begin at the "outflow" and will synapse at the postganglionic, or second neuron's cell body. The postganglionic neuron will then synapse at the target organ. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are often closer to the spinal cord while parasympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to project to and synapse with the postganglionic fiber close to the target...
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...number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training The beating frequency (heart rate) is controlled by the balance of stimulation coming from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Both nervous inputs to the heart converge on a small area of tissue on the right atrium. Roles of Internal Receptors Autonomic Nervous System Two major divisions * Sympathetic; activated in response to challenge- * Parasympathetic; active in the absence of challenges * Both...
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...The Nervous System ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Structural classification-The Nervous System is the master controlling and communicating system in the body. The nervous system has subdivisions- the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord, which interprets incoming sensory information and then acts as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system. The peripheral system includes all of the nerves outside the central nervous system. Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord and cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. Theses nerves serve as links in the communication network, connecting everything together. Functional Classification- The functional classification deals only with the peripheral nervous system. The sensory (afferent) division consist of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors in various parts of the body. Somatic sensory fibers deliver impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles and joints. Visceral sensory fivers transmit impulses from visceral organs. The sensory division keeps the central nervous system informed about the things going around the body. The motor (efferent) division carries impulses from the central nervous system to the specific organs. The impulses activate muscles and glands. The motor division is broken into a subdivision-somatic and autonomic nervous system. The somatic...
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...What is the Nervous System: The nervous system is a complicated network of cells and nerves that co-ordinates its action by sending signals to and from different parts of the body [1]. These nerves and cells carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. [3] The nervous system consists of two main parts which are: 1-The Central nervous system. 2-The Peripheral nervous system. To start with, the Central nervous system is made of two main parts which are the Brain and the Spinal Cord. The brain is positioned inside the skull, and it contains cells called the neurons and supporting cells called the glia. The brain also has two types of matter inside it which are grey matter and whit matter. Each one of them...
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...2) ANS preganglionic neuron (cell body). Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 533; Fig. 14.2 3) ANS postganglionic neuron (cell body). Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 533; Fig. 14.2 4) Intrinsic ganglionic cell. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 533; Fig. 14.2 5) Nonmyelinated nerve. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 533; Fig. 14.2 Match the following: 6) Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers. Answer: A Page Ref: 535; Tbl. 14.1 7) Collateral ganglia. Answer: A Page Ref: 538; Fig. 14.6 A) Sympathetic B) Parasympathetic 8) Increases blood pressure. Answer: A Page Ref: 535 9) Decreases heart rate. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 10) Causes erection of the penis. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 11) Stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 12) Active after you have eaten a meal. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 Match the following: 13) Preganglionic sympathetic. Answer: A Page Ref: 533; Tble. 14.1 A) Acetylcholine (ACh) B) Norepinephrine (NE) 14) Preganglionic parasympathetic. Answer: A Page Ref: 533; Tbl. 14.1 15) Postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands. Answer: A Page Ref: 535; Tbl. 14.1 16) Postganglionic parasympathetic. Answer: A Page Ref: 533; Tbl. 14.1 17) Most postganglionic sympathetic. Answer: B Page Ref: 533; Tbl. 14.1 True/False Questions 1) Since the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferen...
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...Chapter 9 Nervous System Nervous System Function: The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. _____sensory_______ _______receptors______ at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as _______sensations_______, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ______effectors________. | The Central Nervous System is made up of the ____brain_________ and ______spinal cord______ ______________. | The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of the _____spinal_________ and ________cranial__________ nerves. | Neuroglial Cells fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis. Four are found in the ________________ and the last in the __________________. _______________________ cells are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. ________________________form myelin in the brain and spinal cord. __________________ are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces. ________________cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles. ______________________ cells are the myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system. | Neurons:...
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...burning and feels like they are being pricked and he has vision problems. These symptoms are both sensory and motor. 2. If these symptoms were caused by the central nervous system the symptoms would be more severe his receptors are not effectively communicating back to the central nervous system with the symptoms that he have yes he could have had peripheral nerve damage. He also has damage to his somatic nervous system due to the loss of his somatic reflexes in his feet. 3. The sensory neuron is where Nick’s reflex arc damage begins. The receptor is being triggered by the stimuli and the information can’t travel along the damaged sensory neuron to continue the arc to the centers, motor neurons effectors and the damage could be further along the reflex arc giving the exact same symptoms. 4. The sympathetic division would be active which would inhibit the G.I. tract which leads to the parasympathetic division of his nervous system being affected. 5. The parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS connects to the hypothalamus by the neurons in the brain and spinal cord and relay information. The lateral and posterior parts of the hypothalamus controls the sympathetic division which constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. The anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus controls the parasympathetic division which will lower the blood pressure. 6. The prefrontal cortex intitates these responses rapid heart rate and elevated blood pressure and also sweating...
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...Anatomy of the Nervous System 3 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss...
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...The human body is comprised of complex systems, many of which occur automatically or without conscious thought. These involuntary systems allow for maintenance of heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, excretion, thermoregulation, visual accommodation, and procreation. Automatic or involuntary processes occur due to the actions of organs, hormones from the endocrine system, and neuron communication from the nervous system. The portion of the nervous system that regulates these involuntary processes is aptly called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is composed of afferent and efferent neurons that work to communicate messages to and from the brain and spinal cord, also known as the central nervous system (CNS). The...
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...The autonomic nervous system, ANS for short, is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system; which is responsible for regulation of homeostasis and coordinates the functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. The ANS is like the Somatic Nervous System as they both have afferent and efferent neurons; while in the ANS, the afferent pathways originate in visceral receptors and efferent pathways attach to the visceral effector organs. ANS can be further subdivided into two major divisions: the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. These two subdivisions can work in three different ways: opposite of each other, independently, or together through a more complex process. Depending...
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...The Nervous System and Special Senses Abstract This paper contains a brief discussion on the overview of the nervous system and the organs that play a major role in the system. It goes into further detail of the nervous system by separating into the central nervous systems and its functions, the peripheral nervous system and its two branches under the system; including what it is responsible for and briefly how it works. The paper then discusses the special senses. It focuses on the eyes and ears and how they function to perform their major duties. The Nervous System and Special Senses One of the most complicated systems of the body, the nervous system is responsible for many different body functions. It is composed of two primary cell types-neurons and neuroglia. The neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses to different parts of the body. The neurons are usually identified by the way they travel, such as afferent (sensory) - moving toward the brain or spinal cord, or efferent (motor) -moving away from the brain or spinal cord (Nervous System and Special Senses). The neuron is a special structure in itself. It is composed of a cell body, a nucleus, dendrites, axons, and a myelin sheath. The dendrites carry impulses to the cell body, while the axons carry the impulses from the cell body and out to muscles, glands and other dendrites. Neuroglia is much simpler than neurons. Their main function is to support the neurons and bind them to other neurons or tissue...
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...PSY 11 OUTLINE: CHAPTER 4 TITLE: SKIN RECEPTORS AND CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS The sense organ involved in the sense of is the skin. The skin or cutaneous sensation responded to touch, pressure, warmth, cold and pain. If the skin feels an object on it, the sensation aroused is touch while if an object is pressed firmly against the skin, the sensation aroused is pressure. Pain and pressure are referred to as tactual or tactile experiences. Warmth and cold are called thermal experiences. Different layers of skin that differs in degree of sensibility: * The epidermis or outer layer * The dermis or intermediate layer; and * The adipose tissue or the deep layer Sensitivity of the skin various stimulation is not equally distributed. Lips and Fingertips * Very sensitive to touch and pressure Skin Tissue * Sensitive to pain when pinched or pricked. Calf of the leg * Sensitive to cold VESTIBULAR SENSATION This is the sense of balance that gives information about one’s body as a whole and its position in relation to the pull of gravity and balance. Vestibular Apparatus * Located in the inner ears which are composed of vestibular sacs and semicircular canals Vestibular sacs...
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...Name________________________________Block_____Date______________________ Ch 7 The Nervous System Notes Lisa Peck I. Organization of the Nervous System (pp 222-224) Nervous system- the master controlling and communicating system of the body 3 functions: 1. sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring inside & outside body stimuli- changes sensory input- gathered information 2. processes and interprets the sensory input integration- nervous system makes decisions about what should be done 3. effects a response by activating muscles or glands (effectors) via motor output Regulating and Maintaining Homeostasis nervous system - fast-acting control via electrical impulses endocrine system- slow-acting control via hormones release into the blood Structural Classification (p 223) 2 subdivisions: Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of: brain spinal cord functions: integrating center.........interpret incoming sensory information command center..........issue instructions based on past experience & current conditions 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of: nerves 2 types: cranial nerves- carry impulses to and from the brain spinal nerves- carry impulses to and from the spinal cord ganglia- groups of nerve cell bodies function: communication lines, linking all parts of the body Functional Classification 2 (pp 223-224) only deals with peripheral nervous system (PNS) 1. Sensory (Afferent) Division- nerve fibers...
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...Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System CNS PNS Autonomic Nervous System Somatic | Autonomic | Fibers do not synapse once they have left the CNS | Fibers synapse once in ganglia after they have left the CNS | Innervates skeletal muscle | Innervates Smooth/Cardiac muscles & Gland cells | Always Excitation of the muscle | Either Excitation or Inhibition of effector cells | Function:Locomotion | Function:Regulates visceral functions | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSNeuroeffector Junction | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSGanglionNeuroeffector Junction | | | Subdivisions of ANS | Sympathetic | Parasympathetic | Origin of preganglionic fibers | Spinal Nerves T1-L2(Thoracolumbar Division) | Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, XSpinal Nerves S2-S4(Craniosacral Division) | Location of Ganglia | In Sympathetic Chain(Paravertebral GangliaOr Abdominal PrevertebralOr Collateral Ganglion)Preganglionic usually shorter than Postganglionic Fibers(Except Adrenal Medulla) | In or near effector organsPreganglionic usually longer than Postganglionic Fibers | Branching of Preganglionic Fibers | Extensive branchingAve. Ratio Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:20 | Limited branchingAve. Ration Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:1(Except the Vagus) | General Description of effect on organ response | Preparation for emergency/Stressful situations“Fight or Flight” | Conservation and restoration of body’s resources“Rest & Digest” | Localization of...
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... Title: Cardiac Conduction 1. What is the function of the Conduction System? All cells must contract in a specific sequence. This sequence is determined by the pathway known as the conduction system. 2. Cardiac cells are connective and autorhythmic. What does this mean? Connective cells, action potentials, (excitatory signals) can propagate from one cell to another via gap junctions. Autorhythmic cells can excite themselves spontaneously without stimulation of the nervous system and contract at a regular rhythm. 3. Cells from different parts of the heart’s conduction system have different natural rhythms. What are the average beats per minute at each of the following parts of the heart? a. Sinoatrial Node (SA) 100 bpm b. Atrioventricular Node (AV) 40-50 bpm c. Ventricles 20-40 bpm 4. What is the function of the SA Node? Describe how this happens. The healthy heart’s pacemaker, SA node triggers contraction because it depolarizes at a faster rate than other parts of the conduction system. 5. The AV node starts a series of events that leads to ventricular contraction. Describe this series of events. The AV node is the only connection between the atria and ventricles, once the signal passes the AV node, it propagates through the ventricular portion of the conduction system. AV bundle and left and right bundle branches, apex of the heart,...
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