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Neuroplasticity Psychology

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Previous research has demonstrated that neuroplasticity is disrupted in mood disorders as well as in animal models of stress. Pittenger and Duman (2008) hypothesize that chronic stress, which typically precipitates or exacerbates depression, disrupts neuroplasticity, where antidepressant treatment can produce the opposite effect and enhance neuroplasticity. There are different levels of neuroplasticity such as structural plasticity, functional synaptic plasticity, as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms accompanying such changes. In Pittenger and Duman’s (2008) article, meant primarily for the medical community, these factors are discussed in great detail. The last 50 years have seen breakthroughs in the discovery of different categories …show more content…
It is disruptive of the hippocampus-dependent memory. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, modeled by long-term potentiation (LTP) is believed to represent an important component mechanism of hippocampus-dependent memory formation. In rats, it is seen that severe stress can impair LTP in the hippocampus. Also seen is enhanced long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus due to stress. Sustained levels of stress can damage the hippocampus at the level of morphological neuroplasticity which would include reduction of dendrites, reduction in spin density, and a shrinkage of the neuropil in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). This is due to behavioral stress leading to atrophy and retraction of the apical dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells, leading to a reduction in the amount of neuropil without frank cell loss. This is similar to what has been documented in post-mortem examination of the hippocampus of subjects with major depression. Furthermore, prolonged high-dose corticosterone can result in hippocampal pyramidal cell death. The presence of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is a widely accepted belief. Acute and chronic stress has been shown to reduce neurogenesis in the hippocampus of rodents. Neurogenesis appears to be required for the behavioral response to antidepressants, as represented in observation of rodents, leading to the hypothesis that impaired …show more content…
Significant regression of the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), similar to what is seen in the hippocampus, has been observed in rats. A consistent neuropathological finding in subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) is the reduction in the number of glia. Also seen is chronic stress results in the reduction of the proliferation of glia and endothelial cells in the mPFC. Glia plays a role in the synthesis and inactivation of glutamate, central to many forms of neuroplasticity, so we can see how altering the number of function of glia could impact

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