...Internet Assignment 1 New Zealand Forest Resources New Zealand is a widely diverse ecoregion which is made up of 7 contiguous ecoregions. These regions are spread over 170,000 sq. km (or, 65,500 sq. miles). With only 5 major temperate rainforests in the world, the temperate forests of the South Island of New Zealand are some of the largest areas of native vegetation in the country. The New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) belongs to the ancient conifer family, Araucariaceae, one of the largest and longest-living trees in the world. The most southern-growing species, New Zealand kauri, is restricted to the sub-tropical forests in areas north of latitude 38°. The Afforestation Grant Scheme (AGS) helps growers establish new forest plantations. Producing 100% of its products from plantation forests; the New Zealand plantation forests and wood products industry is based on wholly renewable resources, the industry is predominantly based on sustainable plantations of Monterey pine or New Zealand pine, and Pinus radiata, commonly known as radiata pine. Douglas-fir and various eucalyptus and cypress trees are also grown for timber. FOA members manage around two-thirds of the plantation forests of New Zealand’s 1.79 m ha plantation forestry estate. Over 94% of the plantation forests are privately owned and over 90% of New Zealand’s planted forests are pinus radiata. Forestry in New Zealand is geared to both domestic and export demand. About 44% of the harvested logs and various percentages...
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...How far do you agree that the building of castles was the main reason why the English were unable to mount a successful challenge to William I’s rule? After William’s victory at Hastings in 1066, he introduced Motte and Bailey castles, which showed the Norman’s power, when faced with rebellions from 1068. Nevertheless, not only did he use castles to prevent the English from mounting a challenge to Williams rule, he also introduced the feudal system, as well as the Doomsday book and harrying of the north. To begin with, William was a Norman, where he lived in a country full of castles which showed of wealth. On top of this, French kings had gained a reputation for building castles, as a way of coping with the constant attacks by Vikings from Scandinavia. After the victory of William at Hastings in 1066, he acted swiftly to solidify his victory, where he began to build motte and bailey castles, which was newly introduced as before the conquest there was only one apparent castle in Hereford. Although William was a powerful man, he was unpopular in the English kingdom, where he was faced with rebellions from 1067, with the first rebellion in Dover. William managed to respond by re-asserting his authority as he captured villages, towns and road crossings in places where rebellions took place and building a castle. This was then a visible sign of the Norman’s power over the English. The castles provided his troops with strong defensive structures to guard against any upstart Saxons...
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...more than seven counties in Southern Jersey, the Pine Barrens account for 22% of New Jersey’s total land area. The Pine Barrens play an important role in maintaining a large portion of New Jersey’s biodiversity while providing some of the cleanest drinking water and numerous recreational activities. However, strict preservation laws have allowed much of the Pinelands to become exceedingly thick while the potential for wildfire grows along with it. In order to prevent an uncontrollable wildfire and to preserve the integrity of the forests biodiversity, forests must be seriously managed in a sustainable and ecological way. As of right now, many unmanaged regions of the Pine Barrens pose many threats to surrounding communities through increased severity of wildfires and can also contribute to a decrease in...
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...in the South to dry savannah in the North ,which is flat and sparsely vegetated. The country is blessed with mineral, physical, biological and energy resources. From the mangrove and rain forests of the south, through the various savannahs, and semi-arid ecosystems of the north, the nation is richly endowed. But what went wrong? The word ‘wildlife’ brings to mind ‘animals in the forest’. It is difficult to give a specific definition of the word. However, wildlife traditionally refers to non-domesticated animal species, but has come to include all plants, fungi and other organisms which grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. The term ‘wildlife management’ on the other hand I will refer to mean preservation and conservation or maintenance of wildlife resources. Also it is the art of maintaining balance in the needs of wildlife and the needs of people using the best science. It includes game keeping, wildlife conservation and control, which aims to halt the loss in the earth’s biodiversity by taking into consideration ecological principles such as carrying capacity, disturbance and succession and environmental conditions such as physical geography, etc. About a century ago, that is before the arrival of Europeans, a diversity of animals roamed the country’s forests and grasslands in appreciable numbers. A stable ecological relationship existed between people and wildlife in many areas during this period. However over the last twenty years, various human...
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...ONE: INTRODUCTION Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) serves and represents a new pattern in forestry as forest areas need to be adequately managed. As Young (1982) stated a long time ago, management of the forest for multiple land use is now common. This is due to the encroachment of forest areas and illegal felling in the protected forest areas. This brings about the determination of the use of the forest, forest land and forest products to ensure that the benefits derived today are similarly obtained in the future. Adekunle et al (2013), indicated that since the knowledge of tree growth parameters plus yield is very essential for effective forest management; data for the growth/ yield parameters can be obtained through field inventory by recording diameters and height along the stem or bole of a tree (Tonolli et al, 2011)...
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...is deforestation? Deforestation is the removal or damage of vegetation in a forest to the extent that it no longer supports its natural flora and fauna. In other words, deforestation can be defined as the transformation of forest land to non-forest uses where forest land includes lands under agro-forestry and shifting cultivation, and not simply closed canopy primary forests (FAO/UNEP, 1982). However, this definition does not include “logging”. More inclusive was Myers’s 1980 definition, where deforestation refers, “generally to the complete destruction of forest cover through clearing for agriculture … [so] … that not a tree remains, and the land is given over to non-forest purposes … [and where] very heavy and unduly negligent logging … [result in a] … decline of biomass and depletion of ecosystem services … . So severe that the residual forest can no longer qualify as forest in any practical sense of the world.” Alan Graigner (1980, AS quoted in Saxena and Nautiyal, 1997) asserts that selective logging does not “lead to forest clearance and does not constitute deforestation”, whereas Norman Myers (1980, 1993) thinks that logging is crucial because, although it may only affect a small proportion of trees per hectare, it damages wide areas and is the precursor of penetration by the forest farmers. For the purpose of this study, the FAO’s latest definitions (1993) will be used. The FAO defines forests as “ecosystems with a minimum of 10% crown cover of trees and/or bamboo, generally...
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...APES Chapter 11 Review 1. Five types of public land in the United States: * National Forest System- these forests are managed by the U.S. Forest Service and used for logging, mining, livestock grazing, farming, oil and gas extraction, recreation, hunting, fishing, and conservation of watershed, soil, and wildlife resources. * National Resource Lands- managed by the Bureau of Land Management, these lands are used for mining, oil and gas extraction, and livestock grazing. * National Wildlife Refuges- 542 refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Most refuges protect habitats and breeding areas for waterfowl and big game to provide a harvestable supply for hunters, a few protect endangered species from extinction. * National Park System- managed by the National Park Service. It includes 56 major parks and 331 national recreation areas, monuments, memorials, battlefields, historic sites, parkways, trails, rivers, seashores, and lakeshores. Only camping, hiking, sport fishing, and boating can take place in the national parks, but sport hunting, mining, and oil and gas drilling is allowed in National Recreation Areas. * National Wilderness Preservation System- 660 road less areas that lie within the other types of public lands and are managed by agencies in charge of those lands. Most of these areas are open only for recreational activities such as hiking, sport fishing, camping, and non-motorized boating. 2. In 1988, an industry-backed coalition...
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... a country that not long ago was a major net importer of wood products, is increasingly dominant as an exporter of value-added wood products such as furniture. What are the reasons behind these shifts in sources of supply and demand for wood and wood products? Direct forces such as population growth and rising socio-economic levels drive demand for wood and paper products. Increasing purchasing power in developing economies empowers consumers, both private and public, to purchase homes, furnishings and accessories. Indirect factors, such promotion of wood, strengthen demand and translate to significant gains in consumption in some markets. Consciousness of climate change and the advantages of wood for products and energy is creating a new impetus for increasing wood products consumption, including wood-derived energy products. Government and industry policies are important market drivers. Government policies can support increased utilization of wood, or can restrict wood in construction when standards favor competitive building materials. Public procurement policies can be important in this regard. Policies of the wood industry and of companies using wood and paper products, can raise demand, for example through supportive corporate social responsibility programs. Addressed in this paper are a range of products, from wood raw materials to value-added wood products. Included are analyses of sectors involved in primary...
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...Deforestation Identifying the Problem Deforestation is the removal of related ecosystems or rainforests into ecosystems that are less biodiverse such as croplands, pastures, or plantations. Also, more people need wood to make furniture, houses, and many more everyday things. An estimated 18 million acres of forest are lost each year. Believe it or not but in 100 years if the current rate of deforestation continues all forests will be gone. This will cause terrible effects on the global climate and it will get rid of the majority of plant and animal species on the planet. Deforestation is mainly due to our acts that are totally against the laws of nature. To create new land area for people forests are being destroyed. This trend shows the greed of humans and the increasing needs. There are two different types of deforestation: Clear Cutting and Slash and Burn. Clear Cutting is cutting down a large area of trees that are standing at the same time. Slash and Burn is when people cut down all the foliage in a forest and burn it to access the nutrients. (4) A lot of the countries with high amounts of deforestation are the ones that are developing. For the countries to grow and develop their economies they need access to more resources, employment of people, logging to manufacture more timber products, and agricultural expansion. The solution to getting all these positive things is deforestation. The world’s highest rates of deforestation are happening in the economies...
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...Edward Lohmeyer 12/7/13 The Genocide of Forests Forests still cover approximately 30 percent of the earth’s surface, but every year areas the sizes of Panama are being decimated (Deforestation). The clearing of large tracks of forests, which is thereafter converted to a non-forest use, is known as deforestation. Deforestation has a multitude of devastating effects in the world we live in. However with the cooperation of people worldwide this process can be drastically slowed down and even stopped. Forests are cut down for various reasons, but are almost always related to money in some way or another. The most common reasons are Urbanization, logging, large-scale agriculture, mining and urbanization. Deforestation can occur naturally and is caused by lighting, which then triggers forest fires. On average in U.S. 4 million to 5 million acres are lost due to forest fires, but in recent years more than 9 million acres have burn. Scientist believe the reason for the drastic increase is because global warming making summer season longer and dryer which is inductive to forest fires (Wildfires). Healthy forests help absorb greenhouse gasses and carbon emissions that are caused by human civilization and contribute to global warming. Without trees, more carbon and greenhouse gasses enter the atmosphere. To make matters worse, trees actually become carbon sources when they are cut, burned, or otherwise removed. According to the World Wild Life organization 15 percent of all...
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...Two opposing stakeholders are the small oil palms growers and the orangutans that live in the rain forest. The orangutans lead an arboreal life and live off of a diet largely consisting of fruit. They just want to be left alone to swing from tree to tree and eat fruit in the rain forest. Smallholders are looking for a way to make money and raise their standard of living. There are not a lot of options in Indonesia and Malaysia for them. One way is to grow oil palms. But to do that they need land and the easiest way to get it is to take land that is currently covered by rain forests. So they cut or burn the rain forest down to grow palms. Unfortunately this destroys the habitat of the orangutan. The orangutans can’t just pack up and move or adopt new ways of surviving in a new environment. They need the forest to survive. The growers don’t have a lot of resources to work around the rain forest issue so they take land away from the orangutan to provide for their families. The World Wildlife Fund and Little Brownie Bakers have opposing stakes in this issue. World Wildlife Fund is interested in saving the animals that live in the rain forest from destruction. They oppose cutting down the rain forest to make way for plantations. Little Brownie Bakers is interested in quality ingredients for their products. With no clear alternative to palm oil they need a supplier that can produce enough palm oil to meet demand. They buy from a plantation that is cutting down rainforest and that...
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...Deforestation Jason Hennessee Axia College of University of Phoenix Deforestation “Dad! Dad! It’s opening day! Can we please go to the forest to watch the boats race?” Junior, age 10, was very excited about the idea of watching the boats race from the relative quiet and shade of one of the forests to border the river. “Sissy already has the car packed for the trip, and I think she even remembered to grab the charcoal this time!” Dean opened one eye. Seven in the morning was a bit early to leave for the boat races thirty minutes away when they started at nine. But, such was Junior’s excitement that Dean forced himself out of his bed earlier than he planned on. “Ok, son. Let’s check Renee’s packing and we’ll see about weather and conditions. Does Mom have her work finished yet?” Anne appeared framed in the bedroom door. “Yeah. I have some more reading to do, but I can do it at the site. The races are not my favorite thing, but you’ll need my help if the kids want to get wet. However, there is something I need to talk to you about. Junior, honey, please go make sure you have a cooler full of water and juice for us today.” Off like a shot, Junior dashed out of the room and Anne went in, closing the door behind her and lifting Dean’s laptop to the bed. “Dean, I think the forest is gone. Check this out.” Dean read the headlines and cutlines of the pictures and articles that Anne showed him. He shook his head as one by one they all told a devastating...
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...of Science and Technology December 2014 Contents Introduction 1. Impacts of deforestation 2.1. Deforestation contributes to global warming 2.2. Deforestation loses biodiversity 2.3. Deforestation impacts soil negatively 2. Causes of deforestation 1.1. Population growth is an indirect reason of deforestation 1.2. Deforestation is rooted by urbanization and industrialization 1.3. Agriculture leads to deforestation 3. Solutions Conclusion References | 111233345567 | Deforestation: A threat against our planet Introduction Forests play an important role in our lives. Not only do they maintain biodiversity, for example providing food and shelters for animals and plants, but they also provide important sources such as food, woods, and herb medicines for human beings. They, moreover, help control climate and prevent soil from erosion. Forests, however, are under threat by deforestation – an act of clearing trees to exploit resources like woods, minerals, medicines and to create land for agricultural activities or space for building facilities, for instance houses, roads, etc. Deforestation is a pressing problem, and it is killing our planet because of many reasons. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of deforestation on our planet, the causes of deforestation, and some necessary solutions to reduce deforestation. 1. Impacts of deforestation 2.1. Deforestation contributes to global warming ...
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...Week 8 212-241 FORESTS -economically valued -timber from coniferous->softwood (important to Canadian economy) -timber from deciduous->hardwood -timber harvested in many ways -clear-cutting -new forestry, sloppy way of clear-cutting to leave trees, mimick natural disturbances -selection systems, some left behind -ecologically valued -NA timber industry focus on fast growing tree species in plantations -plantations more as crop agriculture than ecologically functional forests -maximum sustainable yield, argues for cutting trees shortly after they have gone through their fastest stage of growth -trees may be cut long before grown as large as they would in absence of harvesting -some harvesting seek uneven-aged stands, similar to natural forests -growth of NA fuelled by land clearing and logging -agriculture major cause of conversion of forests and grasslands -many parts of developing world uses slash and burn agriculture -agriculture in many countries supported by govt -Brazillian govt give subsidies to farmers clearing rainforest for farmland -livestock graze ¼ earth surface -possible overgrazing, ruin soil -deforestation proceeding rapidly in developing nations Forest Management Principles -harvesting of material should not occur at rate that exceed capability of resource to replenish -National Forest Strategy -many managers practice ecosystem-based management -attempts to manage harvesting to minimize impact on ecosystems -adaptive management...
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...Chapter 1 1.0 Project Title: Assessment of forest disturbance caused by logging impacts in 2014 at Besul Tambahan Forest by using High Resolution satellite data 1.1 Background of Study Forest can be defined as a place which having a high density of trees, any area which is packed with tall and big vegetation are also considered as a forest. The trees in the forest are divided into two which are overstory or canopy, and the other one is the understory such as moss layer, moss layer and shrub layer. Generally, there are many types of forests such as Tropical Rainforests, Sub-tropical forest, Mediterranean Forests, Temperate Forests, Coniferous Forest, Montane Forests, and Plantation Forest. These type of forests are classified based on the...
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