...AN ANALYSIS: THE NEW YORK TIMES VS. SULLIVAN Class, Section, Professor’s name, The New York Times vs. Sullivan The civil rights era was a time in American history when issues concerning race relations ranged from segregation to abuse. During this time, The New York Times vs. Sullivan case changed the face of the news and the country’s understanding of the first amendment forever and in turn represents what most people today recognize as freedom of speech (Harrison, Harrison, Gilbert, &Gilbert, 1991-2006). In the spring of 1960, racial tension high and Americans of all races fighting for change. The New York Times published a full-page advertisement describing the abuse and mistreatment at the hands of the people who carry the expectation to protect and serve. The civil right activism that many Americans know from history books and television was just beginning. The rise of students working together with King and other leaders to create the infamous sit-ins and in turn violent reaction of the police that is all too familiar in history books and documentaries. Martin Luther King participated in the first sit in at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Durham and upon returning to Atlanta was informed that he had a warrant in Alabama because of false information on tax records. Two groups, the Struggle for Freedom and the Committee to Defend Martin Luther King paid $4,800 dollars for the advertisement, which asked for donations...
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...Facts On February 8th, 1974, members of the Mentor High School wrestling team in Cleveland, Ohio were hospitalized when a fight broke out in a wrestling match against Maple Heights High School. Mike Milkovich, the wrestling coach of Maple Heights High School, outwardly criticized the referees for a series of bad calls during the game, causing tension between the two teams. Because of the coach’s rude comments, Maple Heights was subsequently put on probation for one year and could not participate in the state’s wrestling tournament. The Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) decided this decision. Maple Heights petitioned the hearing, saying that they were denied due process. A second hearing was permitted and the superintendent, Donald Scott and Milkovich testified and obtained a temporary injunction from the previous ruling. Following the second hearing, a sportswriter and reporter for the Lorain Journal, Ted Diadium, published an article accusing Michael Milkovich and Don Scott of lying under oath in a judicial proceeding in order to escape discipline from the state high school athletic association. Scott and Milkovich sued the Lorain Journal for defamation in Ohio state court in two separate suits. In Milkovich’s case, the trial court had a direct verdict, finding that there was no evidence of actual malice. However, a state appeals court reversed, saying that there was adequate evidence to go to the jury and the newspaper was not granted further appeals...
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...Amendment as a "distorted imitation" of an original work for the purpose of commenting on it. The subject matter is usually a political or entertainment figure or situation and it is often used in a comedic way to bring up a point or exaggerate the situation. Some forms of parody and satire are difficult to distinguish from truthful publications. Moreover, many forms of parody and satire can be particularly offensive to the subject of the parody. As a result, publication of various types of parody often involves litigation over libel, slander, and other types of Defamation. Fair Use Doctrine Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the reproduction of a particular work may be considered fair, such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining whether or not a particular use is fair. 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes 2. The nature of the copyrighted work 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole 4. The...
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...term referring to a government's actions associated with the First Amendment, freedom of speech, and the prevention of publishing materials. It generally comes in the form of a judicial orders called injunctions and in some cases referred to as censorship. The primary purpose is to prohibit speech in advance of publications, such as preventing specific documents from being released to the public or being published in articles in magazines and newspapers. In most cases, the government attempts to suspend the progress of ongoing publications and prevent their resumptions. Censorship that requires a person to seek governmental permission in the form of a license or imprimatur before publishing anything constitutes prior restraint every time permission is denied. Prior restraint also occur when there is a court order which prevents a particular gathering or assembling of a group from happening; or a policy of requiring licenses or permits before such assembling can occur. B. Sedition is an act of provoking discontent or rebelling against a government or authority. Also defined as an action by speech or writing promoting discontent or rebelling against a government or authority. Sedition has been referred to as mutiny and treason. C. Actual malice actual malice, which it defined as a defendant’s publication of a statement either 1) knowing it was false; or 2) exercising reckless disregard for the truth. - See more at: http://www.rcfp.org/browse-media...
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...Vegas On march 29 1960 a full page advertisement appeared in the New York Times it was called “Heed their rising voices” and the ad was sign by 64 members of clergy and as well as other prominent people. Advertisement complained that the police od Alabama that ring the campus of Alabama state college and padlock the dinign hall in order to intimidate the protesters. That Dr. king had been arrested seven times and acts of violence that was act at the protesters. It appeals the fund to supports the student movement and the struggle of the right to vote and the legal defends of Dr. King. In response of this ad L.B. sulban one of the 3 white elected city commisiners sued the NY times for libe l the priting of falsehood. Although he was never mention by name in the ad… but he maintain the words “the police in the ad” refered to him since he was the commissioner who supervise of mongomery police department. It turned out the ad contains some funtual errors that police did not ring the campus and dr king had been arrested only four times not seven. In addition the other alledge in one place the protesting students had sang “my country is my V”on the state capital steps when they actyually sang the national anthem. However all the white jury found the ny times guilty of liobel for publishing the ad and awarded Sullivan 500000 tyo Sullivan in damages .. Ny times appeals.. because 500000 is a fortune in 1964 even in NY times. The law suit id part of the effort by the white leadership of...
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...Madison vs. Marbury Supreme Court case was presented in 1803 by Florida state Court of Appeals. This case brings up the matter that forms the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The Madison vs. Marbury case established the principle of judicial review and the power of the federal courts to declare legislative, and executive acts unconstitutional. The case ended up with a conclusion of 4-0 decision for the case. New York Times vs. Sullivan in 1964 was a matter of the New York Times putting out false or untruthful information that could cause reckless disregard for the truth. This case established the malice stanford which has to be met before press reports about big famous public...
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...people weren’t able to freely write they wanted in the paper; as in talk bad about the government. The state government was no longer able to impose censorship and restrict speech, which is guaranteed by the First amendment. In 1798, the Sedition Act violated the first amendment by making it a crime to speak or write maliciously of the president or of Congress. President John Adams justified it by defining it as “intent to defame” or to bring either “into contempt or disrepute.” This act restricted the first amendment by limiting freedom of speech and of the press. This act stifled legitimate political discussions, because people were afraid to express themselves fully. This caused the act to be criticized for this reason. When it was time to renew the act in 1800, it wasn’t renewed. Those who were punished by this act were instituted by the government. Congress had voted on...
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...“The History of Marriage- A Right or Privilege?” Tatayana Mcfaddin English/147 9/21/2015 Annie Oakes “The History of Marriage- A Right or Privilege?” In early times, same-sex marriage was not considered taboo and in many cultures, it was encouraged. Random history (2011) explains that in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, the union between couples of the same-sex was recognized by the kingdom. During Greek’s early years, attraction between a man and another man was normal and was considered an expression of love. “The main considerations in same-sex relationships in early history were often love, beauty, and excellence of character rather than gender. “(Random History, 2011, P.1). Same-sex Marriages were often believed to be more pure than a heterosexual marriage. Marriage was believed to be the union of two people based on love. A marriage consisting of two males or two females, if women had the right to get marriage, was not frowned upon. It was not until the rise of Christianity that a negative attitude towards same-sex marriage became introduced. The belief that marriage was based on procreation and any relationship that was non-procreative began to increase in many societies. Random History’s 2011 research describes how Eastern religions varied in their views about homosexual marriages. Japanese Buddhism records the most tolerant attitude toward homosexuality, praising it for its mystery. Today, there...
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...Dualisms: A Response to Henry Sullivan* HOWARD MANCING n a recent essay entitled “Don Quixote de la Mancha: Analyzable or Unanalyzable?” published in this journal, Henry W. Sullivan makes the case for the psychoanalysis of literary characters. While there is much to ponder in Sullivan's essay, there are two points, both involving dualisms, that I would like to discuss. In the first case, Sullivan argues insightfully and convincingly against an absolute distinction between how we know and think about fictional characters and how we know and think about real people. In the second case, however, Sullivan insists on an absolute (Cartesian) mind-body dualism as a cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory. I would like to repeat and extend Sullivan's argument in the first case, but refute it and deny its validity in the second. First dualism: Fact/Fiction Sullivan cites as representative of a certain widely-shared approach Maud Ellmann's insistence that there is an important distinction between a “human being made of flesh and character made of words” (5), a distinction that allows us to make one kind statement about the former but not the latter. Ellmann is not alone in making the real-life/fictional distinction a fundamental matter of ontology. We are all familiar with arguments like hers, having heard * For a response to this response, see “Don Quixote & the ‘Third Term’ as Solvent of Binary Dualisms: A Response to Howard Mancing”, by Henry W. Sullivan, Cervantes 19.1 (1999):...
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...that marriage is the foundation for procreation, same-sex couples, without the ability to have their own child, should not be allowed the right of marriage. Seeing that there are many rights and responsibilities associated with marriage, same-sex couples are denied these and are being discriminated against. Same-sex couples are denied the right to make decisions regarding their partner’s health and medical treatment. This emotional trauma, as well as the inability to adopt one another’s children, is experienced by same-sex couples every day. Although many states have adopted civil unions, they are separate and unequal. Same-sex marriage should be legalized to create equality and eliminate the injustice involving same-sex couples. In early times, same-sex marriage was not considered taboo and in many cultures, it was encouraged. Random History (2011) explains that in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, the union between couples of the same-sex was recognized by the kingdom. During Greek’s early years, attraction between a man and another man was normal and was considered an expression of love. “The main considerations in same-sex relationships in early history were often love, beauty, and excellence of character rather than gender” (Random History, 2011, p.1). Same-sex marriages were often believed to be more pure than a heterosexual marriage. Marriage was believed to be the union of two people based on love....
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...The question to which extend other categories should be considered for display promotion needs careful evaluation. With product categories bought routinely, other than display-based forms of promotion seem to be more promising strategies with regard to promotional efficiency. Introduction Sales promotions cover a wide spectrum of activities to influence consumers to make a purchase. Especially monetary promotions like price-offs, rebates or coupons, are heavily used in this context, and their effects have received considerable attention in research (Darke 2001; Tellis 1998, p. 218). Among non-monetary approaches to influencing purchase behavior at the POP, displays are frequently used (Rossiter & Percy 1997, p. 391; Tellis 1998, p. 235; Sullivan & Adcock 2002, p. 148). For instance, Gibson (1992) reports that up to 62 percent of total sales of popular brands are attributable to displays. The impact of...
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...J. 1224 6093 Botha, Desere 2250 2556 Buys, Johan 2049 8705 Kleynhans, Wessel 1251 7755 Schoeman, Willie 1032 6065 Van Wieringen, Anton 1231 8388 Wohlfahrt, Andre 2255 3533 Module: Entrepreneurship Module Code: PBSB 821 Group: Chicken Run Assignment due date: 30 July 2011 Module: Entrepreneurship Module Code: PBSB 821 Group: Chicken Run Assignment due date: 30 July 2011 Element: | Mark: | Question 1 | | Question 2 | | Question 3 | | Question 4 | | Question 5 | | | | | | | | TOTAL | | Contents Question 1 ~ Who can be an entrepreneur? 3 Question 2 ~ Risks, rewards and trade-offs of a lifestyle business vs. a high-potential business that will exceed $5 million dollars in sales and substantial growth. 3 Question 3 ~ The difference between an idea and an opportunity, for whom, and lessons learned from exhibits C and D. 4 Question 4 ~ Reasons why the company has succeeded so far. 5 Question 5 ~ What should Roxanne & Burt do, and why? 5 List of sources 7 PHOTOS Front...
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...Title: The Devil in the White City MAJOR WORKS DATA SHEET (For PreAP & AP Summer Enrichment) Author: Erik Larson Date of Publication: 2003 Historical information about period of publication Biographical information about the author Took place time of the industrial revolution in america. America as around a whole was not in the best financial place, as factories were causing deaths and the change of the family dynamic in america. Born January 3, 1954 . Attended University in Pennsylvania. First journalism job for “Bucks County Courier Times.” This job helped to prepare him for when he worked for the “Wall Street Journal.” Setting(s) Symbol(s) Chicago, New York, France, Murder Castle, Jackson park devil- representing holmes, white city-...
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...l University of Phoenix Material Personality Theories Matrix THEORY | Psychoanalytic | Neo-Freudian | Trait | Biological | Humanistic |Behavioral/ Social | Cognitive | |School of Thought (List the factors that each school believes influence personality development) |Psychosexual stages: 1.Oral-Focus on mouth and a satisfaction of sucking and biting. 2. Anal-Pleasure of anus and a concern with feces. 3.Phallic-Fear and anxiety of castration from his father because of sexual desires for one’s mother. 4. Latency-Repression of infantile sexuality. 5.Gential-Maturity of sexuality, capable of genuine love. Concepts of Mental structure: 1. Id-Basic impulses, sexual and aggressive. Impulsive and irrational. This is also known as the pleasure principle when one seeks immediate satisfaction regardless of the consciences. 2. Ego-Test reality, seeks safety and survival, rational, and logic. 3. Super-Ego-Ideal and moral, strives for perfection, dictates, incorporative, imposes limitations on satisfactions. Unconscious Conflict: This is when a person may have a fear of certain things and may use other things to describe the fear. Example: If someone was afraid of an animal that they have never been in contact with. This may be a sign of a fear that is revealed as an unconscious conflict with something they know nothing about. |Alfred Adler: Strive for superiority: Born with a sense of inferiority. Striving to overcome these deficiencies of weakness and helplessness...
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...Connecticut 1965 "Does the Constitution protect the right of marital privacy even when the state has restrictions on the use of contraceptives?" "The court ruled in favor of the couple, and said that the state's restriction on the use of contraceptives infringed on the right to marital privacy." "Women now have the right to use contraceptives and this court ruling was the basis for other and later cases involving reproductive rights." New York Times v. Sullivan 1964 "Was The New York Times free speech rights protected with the printing of an advertisement that was not completely accurate"? "The Supreme Court ruled in favor of The New York Times, stating that the newspaper had the right under the first amendment to publish the advertisement." "This case meant that media outlets were protected by there first amendment rights and it made it harder for people, especially public officials to sue for libel." Miranda v. Arizona 1966 "Does the police interrogating a suspect without letting them know their constitutional rights violate the fifth amendment?" "The court ruled that the prospection could not use Miranda's confession because the police did not inform him of his right to not self incriminate himself and his right to an attorney." "Criminal suspects now have to be informed...
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