...Introduction The Nigerian Civil War, 1967 – 1970, was an ethnic and political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the South-eastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra. The war became notorious for the starvation in some of the besieged war-bound regions, and the consequent claims of genocide made by the largely Igbo people of those regions. Causes of the Conflict The conflict was the result of serious tensions, both ethnic and religious, between the different peoples of Nigeria. Like most modern African nations, Nigeria was an artificial construct, put together by agreement between European powers, paying little regard to historical African boundaries or population groups. The Nigeria which received independence from Britain in 1960 had a population of 60 million people of nearly 300 differing ethnic and tribal groups. Of the ethnic groups that made up Nigeria, the largest were the largely Muslim Hausa in the north, the Yoruba in the half-Christian, half-Muslim south-west, and the Igbo in the predominantly Christian south-east. At independence a conservative political alliance had been made between the leading Hausa and Igbo political parties, which ruled Nigeria from 1960 to 1966. This alliance excluded the western Yoruba people. The well-educated Igbo people were considered by many to be the main beneficiaries of this alliance, taking most of the top jobs and leading business opportunities in the Nigerian federation. The Yoruba westerners...
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...I am proud to be a Nigerian; Nigeria is one of the largest countries in Africa, got independence October 1st, 1960 and became a republic 1963. After a couple of years, we saw the raise of the civilian war, then the military came and took over power the people of Nigeria felt abit suppressed but through all this means we survived, we stayed on top. The late 90’s gave birth to democracy in Nigeria but still we struggled to adjust once more, still took a firm stand and progress through these hard times. Nigeria, strong people, happy people you cannot deny that, even the Guinness book of record tagged us one of the happiest nation in the world. Throughout this time, a few people gave us a bad name saying we had the people who stole money and people who gave the impression of the world that we are bad people, angry people and scam artiste. It seems like things where not going to get better but with the appearance of a great man late president umar musa yar’adua things started to change, Nigeria started to get better, the youth were given the voice, the people began to speak out, our nation began to enjoy its riches, our agriculture stood out, our land is exceedingly fertile, with limitless depositions of mineral resources scattered all over the country. Name it; crude oil, gold, iron ore, limestone, salt, bitumen, coal, clay, tin, cotton? We have them all. Not to mention hundreds of produce able cash and food crops. Moreover, Nigeria is the most populated country in Africa, and 7th...
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...CAMERA BLOCKING FOR EMOTIONAL BY: TO N I W E I S S Director, Screenwriter, Storyboard Artist I M PAC T O U R TO P I C TO D AY : H O W TO T E L L S TO R I E S W I T H A C A M E R A H O W TO T E L L S TO R I E S W I T H A C A M E R A WO R K S H O P OV E R V I E W PA RT 1 • STORY FLOW & LOGIC: what are shots for ? • SHOT FLOW & RYTHM: how are shots put in sequence ? H O W TO T E L L S TO R I E S W I T H A C A M E R A WO R K S H O P OV E R V I E W PA RT 2 • CAMERA MOVEMENT & EMOTION: moves are feelings • BLOCKING, ANGLES & FRAMING: aesthetics tell stories H O W TO T E L L S TO R I E S W I T H A C A M E R A PA RT 1 WO R K S H O P OV E R V I E W H O W TO T E L L S TO R I E S W I T H A C A M E R A S TO RY F L OW S TO RY F LOW & LOG IC: wha t a re shots for ? Eac h n ew sh o t i n a s e quence creates either : (1 ) in for mati on (2) emoti on To de ci de whi c h i nfo r mation or emoti on i s impor tant to your stor y, a sk th e 2 quest ions every director asks : (1) wh o d o es th e s to r y / scen e b elong to ? (2 ) w ha t do I wan t t o tel l t he a udi en ce ? H O W TO T E L L S TO R I E S W I T H A C A M E R A S H OT F L OW SH OT F LOW & RYTHM : how a re shots put in sequence ? Th e bas ic pa tte r n of a sh ot fl ow i s „Q & A “: o ne s ho t po s es a QU ESTI O N... t he ne x t sh o t ANSWER S it.... a nd e n ds wit h a nother QU EST I ON.... H O W TO T E L L S TO R I E S W I T H A C A M E R A S H OT F L OW S H OT F LOW & RYTHM: editing...
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...Because of having large population and growing economy, Nigeria is often cited as the Giant of Africa. Being at the frontline of African development, Nigeria is blessed with a rich blend of tropical rainforests, sea-beaches and beloved river Niger. That’s why a good number of people visit Nigeria every year in order to have a good time here. If you are not a Nigerian and you want to visit Nigeria as a traveler or for doing business, you will require a Visa for that though Nigeria offers Visa-free travelling for some of the countries. This privilege is only for the Citizens of Economic of West African States (ECOWAS). Excluding the citizens of these countries, all visitors are advised to apply and obtain proper visas from the nearest Nigerian Mission - Embassy, High Commission or Consulate prior to get entrance into Nigeria. Please note here that Nigeria doesn’t offer visa upon arrival, which means visas can’t be issued at the port of entry. Here goes a brief about two major types of visas that have the most demand: 1. Tourist and Visitors' Visas To whom it may concern: • Visitors who want to visit Nigeria only for tourism. • Any person wishing to visit his/her family members. Prerequisites for issuing tourist visa: • Valid national passport with a validity period of 6 months at least at the time of travel. • Printed copy of a completed Online Visa Application Form with one passport size photograph attached and a copy of Payment Confirmation page. • Letter of invitation...
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...impression a good one! First Steps Establishing a personal relationship with your colleagues and superiors is common in Nigeria. You can expect the first two hours to be spent on getting to know your business contacts. Family and health matters are very important in Nigeria, and they will inevitably be brought up. Please don’t try to rush through this process or impose your own agenda at these initial meetings. For things to go smoothly afterwards, it is important to be pleasant and agreeable. The matter of addressing people might be hard to get used to for expats from “first-name office cultures”. You should always wait until you are invited to use someone’s first name. Until then, Nigerians prefer the use of Mr./Mrs./Ms. and surname. Titles are of utmost importance, too. Many Nigerians will insist on being addressed with full titles at all times. Some occupations are used as titles as well, such as “engineer”, for...
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...FADILA MOHAMMED YAKASAI 10473 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DR WILSON GARACHI NIGERIAN ECONOMY NIGERIA’S BALANCE OF TRADE AND EXCHANGE OF LOCAL CURRENCY WITH DOLLAR Nigeria reported a NGN 171.3 million exchange shortfall in March of 2016, contrasted with a NGN 168.7 million surplus a year prior. It was the least hole recorded following May of 2011 drove by a sharp fall in fares because of lower oil costs. Year-on-year, shipments drooped 65 percent to NGN 282 million and imports sank 31 percent to NGN 453.3 million. In the primary quarter of the year, the nation recorded a NGN 184 million-exchange crevice as shipments dropped 34.6 percent and imports declined 7.8 percent. Equalization of Trade in Nigeria found the middle value of 201123.70 NGN Millions from 1981 until 2015, achieving an unequaled high of 2177553.08 NGN Millions in October of 2011 and a record low of - 592200.72 NGN Millions in March of 2011. The National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria, accounts for parity of Trade in Nigeria. Fares of items (oil and common gas) are the primary element behind Nigeria's development and records for more than 91% of aggregate fares. In 2014, Europe and Asia were the nation's primary exchange accomplices. Europe represented 43% of aggregate deals and 34% of aggregate imports while Asia represented 29% of aggregate shipments and 43% of aggregate buys. This page gives - Nigeria Balance of Trade - genuine qualities, recorded information, gauge, outline, measurements, financial...
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...data analysis based on the empirical secondary and primary data were employed. The data collected on both were presented in tabular form and analyzed using simple percentages. Purposive random sampling technique and questionnaire as an instrument were used during the class-meeting. Keywords: Nollywood, behavior, youths, movies Introduction Film was introduced into Nigeria in the 1900’s by the British colonialist who used it for propaganda purposes, while the church used it to spread the Gospel.The Colonial Administration and the Church saw film not only as a medium of entertainment but as an effective medium of communication [Akpabio, 2003]. The British colonialist with the Christian missionaries used film amongst other media to persuade Nigerians to accept Christianity, education and the western culture. On Monday, August 12, 1903, the first motion picture was shown in Nigeria at the Glover Memorial hall in Lagos by Mr. Balboa of Barcelona, Spain, under the management of a...
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...To be honest, it was fun and interesting to know about all three countries. Their traditions, cultures and way of living. One thing which I found very interesting is the Nigerian proverb “It takes a whole village to raise a child”. They do not mean that literally, but it is true. It is the whole villages duty that a child grows up in a safe environment, interacting with elders and other children to gain experience. Even in the short text “Nigerian way of life” it is described that extended families are important, and are the backbone of the social system. If you read furthermore, you will see that mutual caring is still a strong tradition among the family members. The reason I think this proverb caught my eye is, because there is much more...
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...oduction The Nigerian Civil War, 1967 – 1970, was an ethnic and political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the South-eastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed republic of Biafra. The war became notorious for the starvation in some of the besieged war-bound regions, and the consequent claims of genocide made by the largely Igbo people of those regions. Causes of the Conflict The conflict was the result of serious tensions, both ethnic and religious, between the different peoples of Nigeria. Like most modern African nations, Nigeria was an artificial construct, put together by agreement between European powers, paying little regard to historical African boundaries or population groups. The Nigeria which received independence from Britain in 1960 had a population of 60 million people of nearly 300 differing ethnic and tribal groups. Of the ethnic groups that made up Nigeria, the largest were the largely Muslim Hausa in the north, the Yoruba in the half-Christian, half-Muslim south-west, and the Igbo in the predominantly Christian south-east. At independence a conservative political alliance had been made between the leading Hausa and Igbo political parties, which ruled Nigeria from 1960 to 1966. This alliance excluded the western Yoruba people. The well-educated Igbo people were considered by many to be the main beneficiaries of this alliance, taking most of the top jobs and leading business opportunities in the Nigerian federation. The Yoruba westerners...
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...Boko Haram, which calls for the introduction of Sharia law and an Islamic state across the whole of Nigeria. There has been a state of emergency in the three northeastern states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa since mid-2013. Human rights groups have reported serious abuses by Boko Haram but also by the notorious Nigerian security unit known as the Joint Task Force. The government has been predominantly committed to a security-based solution to the problem. In recent months, Boko Haram has further stepped up its violence. How to respond now dominates the domestic political scene in Nigeria. There were major bomb attacks in the capital, Abuja, in both April and May. Boko Haram has also captured international attention through its kidnapping on 14 April of about 270 schoolgirls in the small town of Chibok, Borno State (around 50 reportedly subsequently escaped). Well over 2000 people are estimated to have died in attacks by the group since the beginning of 2014. The Nigerian authorities have been heavily criticised both at home and abroad for their ineffective response to the crisis. Outrage in Western countries led governments rapidly to make offers of assistance to the Nigerian authorities. The UK Government has had three teams of advisors in Nigeria, including experts in counter-terrorism, hostage negotiation and victim support, assisted by an RAF surveillance aircraft that is based in Ghana. The US and France have also deployed personnel and technology. A regional security conference...
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...A DICTIONARY OF NIGERIAN ENGLISH [DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT] http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/RBOP.htm Cambridge, Sunday, 07 August 2005 Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/Answerphone/Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................ii Preface ..............................................................................................................................................................ii Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................1 Sources..............................................................................................................................................................1 Spelling .............................................................................................................................................................1 Nigerian English/West African English.........................................................................................................1 Pidgin versus Nigerian English ......................................................................................................................1 Auxiliaries ..........................................
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...CODIFICATION OF NIGERIAN ENGLISH: ISSUES IN EMPIRICAL LINGUISTICS Alexandra Uzoaku Esimaje Department of English Studies, Benson Idahosa University, Benin city Email: alexandra.esimaje@live.com ABSTRACT In the English speaking world where English is either a second or foreign language, the emergence of new forms of the language is a proven socio-linguistic reality of language contact. This results from the needs of the host environment both to communicate to the foreigners and to one another now in the new tongue. Hence, in all cases the merging of two languages, cultures and traditions leads to varieties of the language as was the case with English and the many indigenous languages in Nigeria. So it is not in doubt that forms of English which are dissimilar in differing respects from British English exist in Nigeria. What is in doubt is whether each form qualifies as a variety and if any one of them can as yet emerge as the standard variety. This paper argues that English use in Nigeria needs to undergo some stages of development and description before a confident statement can be made as to whether a Nigerian English variety comparable to the British or American Standard English exists. Codification is one such step but prior to it must come a compilation of an extensive database of English language use in Nigeria and the application of empirical methods in examining and determining the character of English in the Nigerian context so that the continuum of forms of the...
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...clearance of cargo from the ports has in recent times altered this process creating all sorts of bottlenecks. This has caused a negative set up to the roles of the ports from the traditional transit point of cargo to that of warehousing facilities (Ajala, 2001). The global maritime industry is inclined on the movement of cargo from one port to another. He said that the bulk of world trade owes its success to the efficiency or otherwise of the maritime industry which is arguably the most ancient yet effective means of trade (Autry, 2001). In this global trade, the ports play the most significant roles as the point of entry for cargoes. It will therefore be appropriate to describe the ports as the center point of world trade (Awoletu, 2000) Nigerian seaports are perhaps one of the very few in the world that are majorly service ports. The port industry has over the year been responsible for over 90% of the physical carriage of Nigeria's external trade (Badejo, 2002). The importance of this mode of transportation derives not only from its fundamental overriding economics and untapped marketing, but also from the lack of a more efficient alternative to maritime transport in the carriage of the nation's bulky external trade items. Apapa port, which is the focus of this write-up, is Nigeria's most important and largest port. It contains a number of wharfs and ranges of commodities are handled at this port. These include: Wheat, Cement, Oil and Petroleum products, Fish, Dry Cargo and general...
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...EMEKA OKOYE. NEOREALISM AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR. The Nigerian civil war, popularly known all over the world as the "Biafra War" was fought from 2 July 1967 to 15 January 1970. The war was the culmination of an uneasy peace and stability that had plagued the Nation from independence in 1960. This situation had its genesis in the geography, history, culture and demography of Nigeria. The war was between the then Eastern Region of Nigeria and the rest of the country. The Eastern Region declared itself an independent state which was regarded as an act of secession by the Federal Military Government of Nigeria. The events leading up to the Nigerian Civil War and the causes are explained by Neorealism through balance of power politics. However Neorealism does not explain the actual purpose and objectives of the war. Evidences backing this are stated below: 1. The political crisis which linked the war could be explained since it was all about a power drive though restoring unity and peace was one of the aims of the war. 2. The secession triggered by the discovery of oil by the easterners and their fear of losing power over it to the northerners(security dilemma) yet another objective of the war was to fight causing limited destruction and little harm so that the economy would not be in a total destruction. 3. Tribal and Regional Tension between the three main tribes in Nigeria as a result of fear of one tribe dominating another...
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...INTRODUCTION Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion. The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was coined by Flora Shaw, the future wife of Baron Lugard, a British colonial administrator, in the late 19th century. Since 2002 there has been a spate of clashes in the north of the country between government forces and the Boko Haram militant group which seeks to establish Sharia law. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the seventh most populous country in the world, and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is black. It is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained its independence...
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