...Human Rights 1. The nature and Development of human rights The definition of human rights * Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) sets out the fundamental purpose for recognizing human rights * In the general sense, human rights refer to basic rights and freedoms that are believed to belong to all human beings * As stated in the UDHR, these rights differ from ordinary rights under domestic law as they are considered to be universal, inalienable (cannot be taken away) and inherent to all people. Developing recognition of human rights * The abolition of slavery * The campaign for universal suffrage * The trade union movement and labour rights * The right of a group to self-determination * Emerging environmental rights * The attempt to establish a right to peace The abolition of slavery * Slavery is a type of forced labour where a person is considered to be the legal property of another * Slavery was practiced legally until the 20th century * Common forms of slavery involved: debt slavery (forced to pay off a loan with labour), slavery as punishment for crime, prisoners of war committed to slavery * Moves to abolish slavery and slave trading began in the 12th century, e.g. Iceland abolished slavery in 1117 * During the 17th – 19th century, the transatlantic slave trade (the trading of African people by Europeans, transporting them as slaves from Africa to the colonies of the New World) was in action as Europeans...
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...ics Economics as a Science and its relevance to Law Economics is the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. It is the condition of a region or group as regards material prosperity. It is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Now the Question is whether Economics is a science or not? Economics is a science that treats of those social phenomena that are due to wealth getting and wealth using activities of Man. The word ―Economics‖ is derived from the Greeks word ―Oikonomos‖ which means to manage the house. So it means the management of a household especially in those matters, which are relating to the income and expenses of the family. After sometime, political economy term was also used for this topic and slowly political economy adopted the shape of Economics. There are numerous definitions of Economics offered from time to time but there is no clear and concise definition. Keeping in view this situation J.M. Keynes has rightly, stated ―Political Economy is said to have strangled itself with definition.‖ However, Economics is considered to be a science as well as an art. Some of its features like, self corrective nature, systematic body of knowledge, own laws and theories, universal validity of its laws (law of demand, marginal utility, law of diminishing returns etc) support economics to be a science, but its other features like lack of predictability and lack of...
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...Whose life is it anyway? An exploration of five contemporary ethical issues that pertain to the psychiatric nursing care of the person who is suicidal: Part one John R. Cutcliffe1,2,3 and Paul S. Links4,5 1 ‘David G. Braithwaite’ Department of Nursing, University of Texas, Tyler, USA, 2Stenberg College, Vancouver, Canada, 3University of Ulster, Jordanstown, UK, 4Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; and 5 Arthur Rotter Somnerburg Chair in Suicide Studies, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ABSTRACT: It is self-evident that ethical issues are important topics for consideration for those involved in the care of the person who is suicidal. Nevertheless, despite the obvious relationship between Mental Health nurses and care of the person who is suicidal, such nurses have hitherto been mostly silent on these matters. As a result, this two-part paper focuses on a number of contemporary issues which might help inform the ethical discourse and resultant Mental Health nursing care of the person who is suicidal. Part one of this paper focuses on the issues: Whose life is it anyway? Harming of our bodies and the inconsistency in ethical responses and, Is suicide ever a reasonable thing to do? The authors find that this contemporary view within the suicidology academe and the corresponding legal position in most western (developed) countries is that the individual owns his/her own body. Yet given that contemporary mental healthcare policy and associated practice...
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...Changes in the Aboriginal Justice System through Colonialism Austin Jamieson 11153678 Native Studies 107 Ron Laliberte November 20, 2013 Aboriginal justice system has gone through many changes throughout history. This has mostly been because of Colonialism. Its presence is highly noticed in the formation of cultures and their ways, as well as in the elimination of others cultures and their ways. Colonialism has affected Aboriginal culture in several ways; however, a significant area that has been affected is the traditional Aboriginal justice system. Aboriginal communities had their own sense of justice and punishment prior to the arrival of the Europeans in Canada, Aboriginal communities lost their traditional means of sentences to the implementation of European corporal punishment. In the Western concept of justice, the system punishes the offender through a process of trying to make the offender conform, often locking them away to protect society from the dangers that offender brings to those around them. Aboriginal systems (which varying) try to focus on restoring the peace and harmony of the community. The concept is meant to use the justice system to bring equilibrium into the offender and community, as balance is necessary for kinship and relationships to flourish. Elders within Aboriginal communities began to bring many of these traditional correction techniques back into society to fix the growing numbers of criminal offenders throughout the country nearing...
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...The Relevance of Peacemaking Criminology David Esposito Troy University Abstract The realm of peacemaking criminology rests within the social conflict theories. Peacemaking criminology is a perspective that seeks ending crime through transformative and restorative justice methods to help people create peaceful solutions to crime. Peacemaking criminology can be implemented in society to focus on healing families currently touched by crime. The implementation of peacemaking criminology would be a profoundly different approach in effort to break a cycle that repeats itself in the way society currently operates. One can examine research already available and the effectiveness of current programs with similar goals and then determine their effectiveness and merit to invest time and money. The fundamental goal of peacemaking criminology is to use a non-violent methodology to solve crime. The Relevance of Peacemaking Criminology Peacemaking criminology is definitely not mainstream criminology and has only emerged in the last quarter century, as revealed in the publication of Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinney’s edited reader titled Criminology as Peacemaking (Barnes, nd). The overall argument offered by the Pepinsky and Quinney writers is that the whole of the American criminal justice system is predicated on the continuance of violence and oppression and the failure to explain for how the larger social system impacts the problem of crime (Aday, 1992). One would contend that...
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...others, reading, and learning from mistakes of others are some of the reasons we post and talk about near misses and direct hits that each of use have encountered (Safety Toolbox Talks, n.d). There are several ways to plan for crime prevention, but the best way is by the community being the eyes and ears of law enforcement. Crime prevention uses many different programs and strategies to foresee, distinguish, consider and tackle misdeeds and the variables which play a role in crime (Bureau of Justice Assistance, (n.d.). There are different target levels of crime prevention including families, communities, individuals, and certain locations. Individual level of crime prevention usually deals with preventing persons from ever committing crimes. It’s more as an avoidance tactic. Community crime prevention usually deals with changes in how a community functions and what they are doing to prevent crime. In order to maintain public safety and low-crime rates, Detroit is eager to get the community involved through community-based programs. Neighborhood Watches are the best way to prevent crime. A neighborhood watch program creates a renowned system of communication connecting law enforcement and neighborhoods concerning crime related predicaments (The City of Detroit, n.d.). Over the last several decades, the neighborhood watch has grown tremendously throughout the U.S. In 1970s and 1980s; and by 2000, the programs popularity grew; roughly 40% of the U.S. residential population was...
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...For R. Crisp (ed), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics 1. The Nature of Justice Philosophers have advocated many divergent views as to the content of the correct principles of justice. In contemporary philosophy, for example, the live options range from the austere libertarian thesis that the claims of justice are limited to a small class of rights that protect us from coercive interference by others to more radically egalitarian doctrines that mandate the large-scale redistribution of wealth and other goods. But there is a prior, conceptual question: is there an illuminating sense in which these disagreements are aptly described as concerned with justice? Alternatively put, is there a concept of justice of which these rival accounts can be interpreted as offering different conceptions? (Rawls 1971/1999: 5-6). If not, the dispiriting conclusion looms that these disputes are „verbal‟ rather than genuine, like a debate about the nature of „banks‟ in which one party has in mind financial institutions and the other party the sloping bits of land at the sides of rivers. One answer is that the concept of justice marks out the entire domain of moral evaluation, or at least the whole of inter-personal morality, excluding only moral concerns relating purely to oneself or to non-persons, such as animals. This expansive reading of justice – as (inter-personal) moral rightness or virtue – has a venerable pedigree. The Greek word for justice, dikaiosyne, can mean acting rightly...
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...guidance when I was writing this dissertation. Secondly, I would like to extend my gratitude to all my classmates in the Human Rights Diploma programme for helping me in many ways. Lastly, I would like to thank ******** ********, ******* ******** and ****** ****** for their emotional support. Content Declaration 02 Acknowledgement 03 Content 04 Introduction 05 Homosexuality in India 1 Section 377 20 Discrimination faced by LGBT 30 Conclusion 46 Bibliography 51 Articles 54 1. INTRODUCTION Across the world today, the debate over homosexuality continues, with great variation in public opinion about the acceptability of homosexuality, laws regulating same sex unions and penalties for sexual behaviors. Vast changes in the engagement of human rights with sexuality have been made over the last two decades. The issue today is no longer whether human rights will engage with sexuality, but rather...
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...babies available for adoption, going outside the country for a child is a desirable option. It is also desirable from the perspective of the child, who usually comes from a country with more available children than potential adoptive parents. Right away, these seem to be two very compelling reasons to support the idea of inter-country adoption, and work toward its best model. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of inter-country adoption using India as a case study. The paper will give a brief background of ICA and the main problems it both addresses and raises, then look at the case of India in particular, and, finally, provide some directions for policy and further research. Background on ICA ICA began in earnest as a response by North American countries to the post-WWII devastation. At that point, it was a humanitarian reaction to the needs of the newly-orphaned children in Europe. Since that time, ICA has shifted its focus to become a means for individuals in the developed world to have children. In most Western nations, the number of healthy infants available for adoption has been steadily decreasing, due to a number of social and economic factors including widespread use of birth control, an increased number of abortions, and more options available to unwed mothers who want to keep their children. Because of this, ICA is on an upward trend. Who Benefits? This paper approaches ICA with the belief that it is a beneficial and essential practice for ...
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...Political Obligation First published Tue Apr 17, 2007; substantive revision Fri Apr 30, 2010 To have a political obligation is to have a moral duty to obey the laws of one's country or state. On that point there is almost complete agreement among political philosophers. But how does one acquire such an obligation, and how many people have really done what is necessary to acquire it? Or is political obligation more a matter of being than of doing — that is, of simply being a member of the country or state in question? To those questions many answers have been given, and none now commands widespread assent. Indeed, a number of contemporary political philosophers deny that a satisfactory theory of political obligation either has been or can be devised. Others, however, continue to believe that there is a solution to what is commonly called “the problem of political obligation,” and they are presently engaged in lively debate not only with the skeptics but also with one another on the question of which theory, if any, provides the solution to the problem. Whether political obligation is the central or fundamental problem of political philosophy, as some have maintained (e.g., McPherson), may well be doubted. There is no doubt, however, that the history of political thought is replete with attempts to provide a satisfactory account of political obligation, from the time of Socrates to the present. These attempts have become increasingly sophisticated in recent years, but they have...
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...Course No: BUS 401 – Business Ethics April 28, 2016 INTRODUCTION This study examines age discrimination in employment and the legal and practical challenges that managers confront in seeking to establish and maintain a legal and ethical workplace. This article first provides a general introduction to Civil Rights laws in the United States; and then furnishes a detailed legal analysis of age discrimination laws in the United States. Data dealing with the aging of the workforce, the unemployment rates of older workers, as well as the number of age discrimination lawsuits in the United States is furnished. Persistent racial inequality in employment, housing, and other social domains has renewed interest in the possible role of discrimination. Contemporary forms of discrimination, however, are often subtle and covert, posing problems for social scientific conceptualization and measurement. WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION? Discrimination is treating, or proposing to treat, someone unfavorably because of a personal characteristic protected by law. According to its most simple definition, racial discrimination refers to unequal treatment of persons or groups on the basis of their race or ethnicity. In defining racial discrimination, many scholars and legal advocates distinguish between differential treatment and disparate impact, creating a two-part definition: Differential treatment occurs when individuals are treated unequally because...
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...Alabama at Birmingham May 7 2012 Human trafficking has become an international problem that has developed into a world social issue. There are many forms of human trafficking such as child trafficking, abduction, and laundering. This is a major problem because human trafficking is illegal and a violation of human rights. Nevertheless, this repulsive act is continuously committed. Poverty, greed, corruption, supply and demand, is the components of human trafficking. Some have argued and defined human trafficking as the removing of any orphan from their culture and placing them in an unrelated different environment. Nevertheless, it is the poor non-educated families from developing or sending nations that suffer the most. Kenya and other nations have been affected by human trafficking in one way or another, while the United State avoids legal responsibility and accountability in such matters. Kenya’s issue is child abduction. This type of human trafficking is increasing around the world. Children are abducted and forced to fight in armies. The majority of the world’s conflict is fought by children. Healy (2008) states: Children are recruited primarily because they are easily to control and indoctrinate…Some are abducted or conscribed by force;…Girls are abducted into armies, some to serve as soldiers, others for sex, and often both(p.96). Bondo district, Kenya is characterized by high levels of poverty, and a HIV prevalence rate (13.7%), which is twice the national average....
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...Nabia Abbott's chapter on The Umayyads takes an in-depth look at the rise and fall of this dynasty, paying close attention to women of this time and the roles they played. Abbott discusses early Umayyad Caliph's and their wives, giving awareness to Uthman and Na'ilah as well as Mu'awiyah and Maisun bint Bahdal. Each of these matches is portrayed by Abbott as somewhat equal or at least a mutual respect between the couples. But as time wore on slowly the ideal Arab wife was being infringed upon by the harems that the elite Umayyads were setting up. Filling their halls with slave women from far off lands, such as Persia. An example of the impact that these women had on the Caliph can be seen during Walid I reign, where although he had eight different free Arab wives only one borne him any children, the rest of his off spring came from his servant girls. This shows that Walid I preferred these foreign women to those of his own Arab decent. Abbott states that with the rise of the Umayyad Empire came a change in the political status of Arab women. Pride and race and other virtues were gradually receding into the background. With the accession of Yazid III dealt the royal Arab women a hard blow since the sons of the harem wives stood up to become the next heir. With this the Arab Islamic women officially became a prisoner with in the political society. In the conclusion of this chapter Abbott blames Arab women as the case for the decline in the status of Muslim women, saying if such...
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...IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTHEAST ASIA ISLAMIC STUDIES AND ISLAMIC EDUCATION i ii IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTHEAST ASIA ISLAMIC STUDIES AND ISLAMIC EDUCATION Editors KAMARUZZAMAN BUSTAMAM-AHMAD PATRICK JORY YAYASAN ILMUWAN iii Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-In-Publication Data Islamic studies and Islamic education in contemporary Southeast Asia / editors: Kamaruzzaman Bustamam-Ahmad, Patrick Jory ISBN 978-983-44372-3-7 (pbk.) 1. Islamic religious education--Southeast Asia. 2. Islam--Education--Southeast Asia. I. Kamaruzzaman Bustamam-Ahmad. II. Jory, Patrick. 297.77 First Printed 2011 © 2011 Kamaruzzaman Bustamam-Ahmad & Patrick Jory Publisher: Yayasan Ilmuwan D-0-3A, Setiawangsa Business Suites, Taman Setiawangsa, 54200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – for example, electronic, photocopy, recording – without prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed review. The opinions expressed in this publication is the personal views of the authors, and do not necessary reflect the opinion of the publisher. Layout and cover design: Font: Font size: Printer: Hafizuldin bin Satar Goudy Old Style 11 pt Gemilang Press Sdn Bhd iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T his book grew out of a three-day workshop jointly held by the Regional Studies Program, Walailak University, and the Department...
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...Moderators Signature: Students Signature: (you must sign this declaring that it is all your own work and all sources of information have been referenced) University of Sunderland REPORT S I M3 3 7 Contemporary Developments in Business and Management Name: Student number: Hand-In-Date: Eugen Nagel 089 111011 08 January 2010 Abstract This is a management report of 3,500 to 4,000 words on the organisation TUI Aktiengesellschaft (AG = PLC), situated in Germany, which operates globally. This report should assesses the impact of external and internal factors on the organisation and evaluate the organisation responses. (In the case of a large organisation or industry-sector it is permissible to confine your report to part of the organisation or industry-sector.) The report consists of two tasks: The first task is to describe and analyse the primary internal and external influences to which the organisation TUI (Touristik Union International) is subject. The second part will deal with the demographic factors. Furthermore in relation to the demographic factors, it is to: Analyse how it influences policies and decision-making within the organisation. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of TUI AG’s response. Demonstrate some areas for improvement in the response of the organisation. I I. Table of Contents I. Table...
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