...The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. In the normal brain, REM sleep is the stage of sleep during which the body tends to be very relaxed, with little to no movement of the muscles. However, it is possible to observe occasional slight movements, called twitches, while one is in the REM stage of sleep. Despite the observable calmness of the body during this stage of sleep, heart and breathing rates increase during REM...
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...The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. REM sleep is the kind of sleep that occurs at certain intervals during the night. As REM sleep begins, rapid eye movement occurs and dreaming begins to take place. This kind of deep sleep takes place after the first few hours of sleep, as the brain also then begins to block messages from the brains motor cortex. Compared to older people, younger people go through deep sleep at...
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...Using the Correlational Method to Study Sleep Through the Lifespan The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. The complete sleep cycle of an individual is composed of two stages: NREM and REM stage. NREM includes the stage 1 to stage 2 of sleep and the REM stage started from stage 3 to 4. The NREM comprises approximately 75% to 80% of the entire sleeping time of the person; the second stage, REM has the longer span which...
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...Jose Vargas, Section B3, TA: Nian Ci Lo, Fun Paper #2 11/10/14 Using the Correlational Method to Study Sleep Through the Lifespan. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1 a. One way in which these patterns differ from each other is in the architecture of their sleep. In the normal brain of a young person, the duration of REM sleep increases while the duration of NREM-3 or deep sleep decreases as the night progresses. In infants and babies, REM sleep roughly covers half of the sleep and there is a lot of NREM-3 sleep. However, older people tend to have much less REM sleep than younger people and their NREM-3 stages of sleep become almost extinct, which is why older people are more prone to waking up at night, unlike babies who are heavy sleepers.1 b. REM sleep, also known as paradoxical sleep, is also known to cause genital arousal characterized by erections in males and increased in vaginal fluids in women. While the average young man has erections during nearly half their sleep, older men have erections for only a quarter of their sleep due to the reduced REM that is caused by aging. This may apply to women too. 1 c. Researchers have noticed that there...
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...Tiesha Cooper Trinity Christian College Basic Research Skills Dr. King Lucid Dreaming Holzinger (2009), suggests that dreams have been a major importance to cultures throughout the ages. Native Americans viewed dreams as portals to the spirit world, paths to prophecy and quests. A common phenomenon states, there is an experience in which one is aware that one is dreaming and is able to control what happens in the dream. This experience is known as lucid dreaming. Aristotle may have been the first to write about lucid dreaming, although he did not have a term for it (Holzinger B. , 2009). And some Tibetan Buddhists have been practicing something like lucid dreaming for a long time. In Tibetan Buddhism, it was practiced as a form of yoga, called dream yoga, from the eighth century. The goal of dream yoga is to examine your consciousness and bring you to a constant state of awareness. A big part of the belief system of Buddhism is recognizing the world for what it is, free from deception. A lucid dreamer recognizes the dream world for what it is, a dream (Holzinger B. , 2009). A Dutch psychiatrist named Frederik van Eeden came up with the term for lucid dreams in 1913. He claimed that there are nine well-defined types of dreams in all, including ordinary, symbolic and vivid dreams. He recorded several of his own lucid dreams, and his thoughts during them and upon awakening. He remarked that they often involved...
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...Nadira Farha Extra Credit Paper Dr.Adviye Tolunay 11/25/14 “Sleep” Do you ever wonder why you don’t dream when you sleep? The truth is, if you are getting proper amounts of sleep in proper time periods, and not taking medications or using alcohol or illegal substances, you are dreaming. You just don’t remember them unless they wake you. Sleep has been determined like a state optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory. It depends on the specific conditions of learning and the timing of sleep. Sleep is divided into two states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM), which involves slow wave sleep (SWS, stage 3 and 4) and the others is lighter sleep which occurs on stage 1 and 2. First, stage 1 When we are preparing to drift off, we go though Alpha and Theta, and have periods of dreaminess, almost like daydreaming, except we are beginning to fall asleep. These are interesting states, in that we experience them throughout the day and some people may have more of these waves than others. Those who practice meditation, or deep prayerfulness, often kind of “hang out” in Alpha. It’s a restful place. During this stage, it’s not unusual to experience strange and extremely vivid sensations or a feeling of falling followed by sudden muscle contractions. These are known as hypnogogic hallucinations. You may even feel like you are hearing someone call your...
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...The Process of SLEEP How this report is approached The following approached was conducted by following guidelines provided by McMurray (2001: 41-45). Firstly, a simple, non-instructional process was chosen to be explained: sleep is an automated ability performed by the entirety of the human race, typically on a daily basis. Therefore it is an appropriate subject. The hypothetical audience is determined. Their level of knowledge on the subject is estimated; a possible glossary is given. Their interest and use of the report is mentioned. Audience review is performed to ensure the report will be suited for the intended readers. The purpose of the report is conveyed. Multiple pictures and sketches that involve some depiction of sleep and its cognitive triggers can be found on the internet. A minimum of one picture will be used in this report. The main phases of the process of sleep are described, followed by a possible subdivision of steps and a discussion of each process separately. All non-process information required to understand the process better is also added. Headings are added to identify the segments of discussion better. A table of contents will contain these headings. An introduction is written that conveys the main steps, along with supplementary materials and commentary. Any causes and effects that is worth noting is translated into a conclusion. A bibliography contains all the sources cited in this report. The format of the report is set according to...
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...From Zero to Five Making Six Stages of Slumbering Activities in Your Brain By: Bill Pak Section: #1762 (I was allowed permission by you to turn in this term paper due to some personal issues with the original term topic) Ever wondered what in blue blazes your brain is doing when you sleep? Well so far, all the research and experiments that have been made to understand and answer this question have resulted with the so called six stages of sleep. The six stages of sleep starts from Stage 0 to Stage 5. Stage 0 is not really considered a stage since it involves the person of interest being awake. Sequentially, Stage 1 is considered to be the beginning of being asleep. Following Stage 1 is Stage 2 which is well known for its sleep spindles and K-complexes (L & F 8). Afterwards, Stage 3 is considered to be a transition phase towards Stage 4 and both stages are collectively often titled as deep sleep (McPhee 20). Lastly, but not the least, Stage 5 is identified as dream sleep and with REM (McPhee). Each stage is not just discerned by its major aspects, but by the activity in the brain in each stage. Although sleep can be described through the various behavioral changes, the different activities in the brain allow the discerning of each stage during sleep. Each stage is distinguished by various electrical activities and patterns across the brain (L & F 7). These electrical activities and patterns consistently change between each stage (McPhee 17). Obviously, each stage has...
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... This paper will list two published medical research articles on Adolescent Sleeping Disorders. Sleeping disorders plague people and most have no idea that they even have the disease. Sleeping is the most important function your body has to cope with injury and stress. We need sleep to give our bodies a chance to heal themselves, flush out impurities in our digestive track or blood stream, and to rest vital organs. Sleep is needed to replenish after daily physical activity. In young adults, sleep will allow your body to release growth hormones that affect the bones, tissue, and new red blood cells (Gavin, Mary L., MD. "KidsHealth." Sleep Problems in Teens. Kids Health). Teens and adolescents spend one third of their day sleeping. Meaning by the age of 15, you will have spent about five years of your life asleep. Most adolescents need right around nine-and-a-half hours of sleep each night (Ransohoff, Katie. "Sleep and Sleeping Disorders."). Surveys conducted show that most adolescents get right around six to seven hours on the average. If you do not get enough sleep, you may experience some of the symptoms of sleep deprivation. Some of these symptoms of sleep deprivation are: • Falling asleep in class • Irritability • Difficulty waking up in the morning • Difficulty concentrating • Depression after prolonged sleep deprivation Most people think that sleep is a time where nothing happens and your body is in a still, non-moveable...
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...The average amount a human will sleep in their lifetime is 229,961 hours. Part of those 229,961 hours sleeping is spent dreaming. What are dreams? This question has fascinated the human race throughout history. From the Ancient Greeks and Romans, to Sigmund Freud in the late 1800’s, till now, people have queried what the mystical stories that play out in the sleeping mind are and why we have them. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia left evidence of dreams dating back to 3100 BC. According to these stories, gods and kings, like the 7th century BC scholar-king Assurbanipal, paid close attention to dreams. In his archive of clay tablets, some accounts of the story of the legendary king Gilgamesh were found (Seligman). The Mesopotamians believed that the soul, or some part of it, moves out from the body of the sleeping person and actually visits the places and people the dreamer sees in their sleep. Sometimes the god of dreams is said to carry the dreamer. Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into "good," which were sent by the gods, and "bad," sent by demons. They also believed that their dreams were omens and prophecies. In ancient Egypt, as far back as 2000 BC, the Egyptians wrote down their dreams on papyrus. People with vivid and significant dreams were thought blessed and were considered special. Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were like oracles, bringing messages from the gods. They thought that the best way to receive divine revelation was through dreaming...
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...The Benefits of Naps on Cognition Sarah Quitzau July 20th, 2016 Douglas College 1 1 The Benefits of Naps on Cognition During sleep, the brain sequences through a pattern lasting about 90 to 120 minutes. These stages are separated into two big categories, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). During NREM sleep one enters into a slow-wave sleep, which is the deepest kind. Slow-wave sleep helps remember facts, places, and faces, while REM sleep is associated with dreaming (Ficca, Axelsson, Mollicone & Muto, 2010, p.249). The amount of time humans spend in REM sleep depends on age. Newborn babies sleep about 16 hours per day and spend about 50% of that time in REM sleep. Older people (50+ years of age) sleep an average of six hours per day and spend 13-15% of that time in REM sleep. Moreover, the suggested amount of sleep for a healthy adult is eight to nine hours, yet many adults do not receive this much sleep each night (Hershner & Chervin, 2014. p.73). While some people rely on caffeine or motivation to make it through the day, some rely on daytime sleeping, also known as naps. Through empirical research, it is suggested that naps positively impact our cognition, especially our alertness, memory consolidation, and stress levels. The results from a 2007 study published in the Journal of Sports Sciences conducted by Waterhouse, Atkinson, Edwards & Reilly found that a post-lunch power nap improves alertness and aspects of mental and physical...
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...4 Main Idea • • • • • What is a main idea? What is a topic? How do you recognize the difference between general and specific ideas? What is a stated main idea? What is an unstated main idea? Everyday Reading Skills: Selecting a Book Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. 118 CHAPTER 4 Main Idea What Is a Main Idea? The main idea of a passage is the core of the material, the particular point the author is trying to convey. The main idea of a passage can be stated in one sentence that condenses specific ideas or details in the passage into a general, allinclusive statement of the author’s message. In classroom discussions, all of the following words are sometimes used to help students understand the meaning of the main idea. thesis main point central focus gist controlling idea central thought Whether you read a single paragraph, a chapter, or an entire book, many experts agree that your most important single task is to understand the main idea of what you read. Topic Main Idea Major Detail Major Detail Major Detail Minor Detail Minor Detail Minor Detail Minor Detail Minor Detail Recognize General and Specific Words The first step in determining the main idea of a selection is to look at the specific ideas presented in the sentences and try to decide on a general topic or subject under which you can group these ideas. Before tackling sentences, begin with words. Pretend that the sentence ideas in a selection have been reduced...
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...Introduction to Psychology: January 12, 2015 3 Main Problems of Psychology 1) Determinism vs. Freewill * The idea that everything that happens has a cause (determinism) versus the belief that behavior is cause by a person’s independent decisions (freewill) 2) The Mind-Brain Problem * The philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain. 3) The Nature-Nurture Issue * “How do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?” Intro to Psych: Wednesday, January 14 2015 Three major philosophical issues with psychology: Free Will vs. Determinism - Determinism: Everything that happens has a cause. - Free Will: the belief that behavior is cause by a person’s independent decisions The Mind-Brain Problem - The philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain. - How is brain activity linked with our experienced? - There is a close relationship with brain activity and psychological events - “Do we feel first, or do we think first?” Nature-Nurture Issue - “How do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?” Milgram and the shock experiment test Psychiatry - different from psychology in the way that a psychiatrist can prescribe medication and psychologists can not. - branch of the medical field that focuses on the brain and mental disorders **Get to know both of the “What Psychologists Do” handouts from class Quick History of Psychology Early...
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...weeks, and is associated with daytime sleepiness. These number could be higher however, as Holcomb explains, because many people with insomnia do not tell anyone. In the second section of “Putting Insomnia to Rest,” Holcomb describes causes and risk factors of insomnia. Stress is one of the most common risk factors, which can also lead to anxiety and depression. Other risk factors include gender, age, medical conditions, and changes in working shifts. Medical conditions that are risk factors for insomnia include asthma, allergies, heartburn, chronic pain, and uncontrollable bladder. Lifestyle habits can also be risk factors for insomnia. Drinking caffeine can make it difficult to fall asleep. Drinking alcohol can block transition into REM...
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...Movies and Sleep Disorder in Children and Adolescents Preparatory Stage (Literary) Done By 1. Ahmed Ibrahim 2. Muhammad Subhan 3. Ibtisam Raza Supervised By Musarrat Khan Cell No. 33619928 Email: musaratkhan70@yahoo.com School Email: pss@qatar.net.qa Pak Shamaa School& College, Doha-Qatar. Acknowledgement It is indeed a great pleasure whenever someone accomplishes a something special. No doubt, a number of people are directly or indirectly involved in the process and whose guidance, criticism, motivation, cooperation and support make it possible to reach your destiny. We are using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who supported us throughout the course of this project. Firstly we would like to thank Mr. Musarrat Khan without whose support this project could not be completed. Next we would like extend our gratitude to all the volunteers and their parents/guardians who generously granted their consent to carry our project. In addition, we wish to thank Madam Nabila Kaukab Principal Pak Shamaa School, who always supported and encouraged us. DEDICATION We dedicate our project to all the volunteers whose cooperation was really exceptional. We also dedicate this paper to our friends and family members who have supported us throughout the process. We wish to dedicate our work to all our teachers and technicians who render great services to educate and train the youth Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Significance of the Research Statement...
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