...causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium. Angiotensin II also promotes the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary, which facilitates reabsorption of water by the kidneys. It also triggers thirst, water consumption which ultimately restores blood volume and blood pressure. Angiotensin II also is a vasoconstrictor which also directly raises blood pressure, but without raising blood volume, as your body tires to compensate it sees the lack in volume and because it cannot correct that immediately it makes the container smaller in to try to increase the pressure with the decreased volume. (This information was found on pages 618, 715-716 in the book) Describe the tree phases of the menstrual cycle, based on a normal 28 day cycle. Be sure to include ovarian hormone levels, ovarian cycle, and uterine cycle. What happens in each phase to the above? Day 1-5: Menstrual phase, menstruation or menses, the uterus must shed everything but the deepest part of the endometrium. As the endometrium detaches from the uterine was it is accompanied by 3-5 days of bleeding. By day five estrogen productions begins to increase again. Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase. Endometrium begins rebuilding itself, as levels of estrogen in the blood begin to rise, the basal layer now has a new functional layer. This functional layer thickens as the glands increase their size and arteries grow in numbers. The endometrium becomes vascularized, thick , and velvety. The endometrial cells become prepared...
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...molecule * Higher absorption * Blue-ish in color Bohr’s Effect CO2 produced through citric acid cycle, Hg carries oxygen from lungs to body's tissues. Hg releases oxygen for CO2 and affects pH levels. Normal pH range is 7.2 - 7.4 ↓ pH causes ↑ in the amount of oxygen being released in hemoglobin. An elevated pH will cause the oxygen to bind the hemoglobin proteins in RBCs. ("Hemoglobin," n.d.) RBCs are round cells that have concaved centers. They are flexible making it easy to move through blood vessels. Sickle cell RBC's are developed from mutations in DNA - mRNA transcriptions. They are crescent shape and become fibrous. This causes them to stick to one another. Once they begin to stick, the deoxygenated cells are unable to travel to the lungs to receive oxygen. As the CO2 builds up this causes lack of oxygen to the tissues causing pain. Sickle Cell cells also cause anemia due to the fact cells die faster than normal RBCs. Sickle cell disease is an inherited autosomal recessive pattern disorder. For a child to inherit the disease both parents must have the trait and pass down a defective copy of the gene. Those who inherit one normal hemoglobin copy gene and one mutated copy carry the trait. Although normal, they are still able pass the mutant defective gene to their children. Children of 2 carrier parents have a 25% chance of having normal hemoglobin, a 50% chance of inheriting the trait, and a 25% chance of inheriting Sickle Cell. References...
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...and the institutional practices surrounding slavery display a sophistication that rivals modern-day law and business. Not long after Columbus set sail for the New World, the French and Spanish brought slaves with them on various expeditions. Slaves accompanied Ponce de Leon to Florida in 1513, for instance. But a far greater proportion of slaves arrived in chains in crowded, sweltering cargo holds. The first dark-skinned slaves in what was to become British North America arrived in Virginia -- perhaps stopping first in Spanish lands -- in 1619 aboard a Dutch vessel. From 1500 to 1900, approximately 12 million (Ronald L. F. Davis, Ph. D, 2011) Africans were forced from their homes to go westward, with about 10 million of them completing the journey. Yet very few ended up in the British colonies and young American republic. By 1808 (Ronald L. F. Davis, Ph. D, 2011), when the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the U.S. officially ended, we continued to see African slaves landing in the New World. Colonial slavery had a slow start, particularly in the North . Scholars have speculated as to why, without coming to a definite conclusion. Some surmise that indentured servants were fundamentally...
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...Assignment topic: Liver Regeneration Submitted To : Dr.Samina By: Razia Saleem Quaid - e - Azam University Dept : Animal Sciences MSc 2nd Semester Index Page # 1. Introduction 3 2. Structure and functions of liver 3,4 3. Liver Regeneration 5 4. Two layers of defense against liver injury 5 5. Dynamics of liver regeneration 6 6. Stimuli of hepatic regeneration 7 7. Regeneration by hepatocytes (1st line of defense) 8 8. Signaling...
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...oxygen. Aerobic respiration, or cell respiration using oxygen, uses the end product of glycolysis in the TCA cycle to produce more energy currency in the form of ATP than can be obtained from an anaerobic pathway. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) (2 points) Fermentation is a metabolic process converting sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved human muscle cells. Fermentation is used by humans to make beer and food, like kimchi. Fermentation is a form of anaerobic digestion that generates ATP by the process of substrate-level phosphorylation. Summarize what occurs during the three steps of cellular respiration and indicate where each process takes place in the cell. (6 points) Glycolysis: It is a process that occurs in the cytoplasm. It converts each molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid. It refers to an anaerobic process that proceeds whether or not oxygen is present or not. The pyruvic acid diffuses into the inner compartment of the mitochondrion where a transition reaction occurs that starts to prepare pyruvic acid for the next stage of respiration. Krebs cycle-This is the second step and is also called as the Citric Acid Cycle. Uses the pyruvate molecules from Glycolysis to generate 2 ATP as well as several molecules of FADH2 and NADH for the electron transport chain. Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and requires oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation-This is the last...
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...then recorded, analysed and collated with the rest of the class. From that the mean data was created. The purpose of this investigation as to measure effects that exercise has on Heart rate and Breathing rate within the body. In this we will be looking at the demands placed on a healthy body during short term exercise and particularly the respiratory and circulatory systems also, what the body goes through and which other systems such as the digestive system contribute to these processes and how cellular respiration occurs. The hypothesis of the experiment is that the heart rate will rise sharply then steadily go back down after exercise is completed. Similarly the breathing rate is expected to rise whilst exercising then go back to normal in recovery. The results are displayed in attached graph. These results show that at resting the Heart...
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...is strongly attracted to and has a high affinity to oxygen. The oxygen gets heavily bound to the hemoglobin and this helps to deliver the oxygen to rest of the body. The Bohr effect allows the steady release of this bound up oxygen throughout the body while the blood is delivered to the other parts of the body such as the fingers and toes. You see our pH in the lungs is around 7.4. As the blood moves through our body our pH is changed to around 7.2 because the blood picks up carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is produced by our cells in the citric acid cycle and each round of the citric acid cycle causes our carbon dioxide to increase. Each cell performs this citric acid cycle, which causes a lot of carbon dioxide to build up. Our blood picks the carbon dioxide up to be able to bring it back to the lungs to be blown out of the body, but as the blood is picking up carbon dioxide it is also leaving the oxygen it needs from the blood. You see the Boher effect allows this to happen. Bohr Effect Graph Hemoglobin vs. Myoglobin Sickle Cell Anemia (amino acid) Diagram Sickle Cell Anemia (cellular level) Sickle Cell Anemia * The normal red blood cell is round and concave in the middle. The sickle cell red blood cell is long and elongated and they become sticky and get stuck in the small veins. This happens due to a single amino acid change. The amino acid change is from the regular glutamie acid to the mutation of valine. The valine is on the surface of the hemoglobin and...
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...Investigating the abundance/height of butter cups in a managed and unmanaged area Aim To investigate the abundance of buttercups in managed and unmanaged areas in terms of their height and abundance. Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant correlation between the management of an area and percentage cover of buttercups. Alternate Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant correlation between the management of an area and percentage cover of buttercups. Background information The Buttercups are considered to be simple because the floral parts of the plant: petals, sepals, stamens and pistils-are all of an indefinite number and separate from one another. Also, the stamens and pistils are spirally inserted in a cone-like vessel, although it is often very small to see. Buttercups can have either regular or irregular flowers with anywhere from 3 to 15 sepals, often coloured like petals, and 0 to 23 actual petals.[2] There are often, but not always, numerous stamens and numerous simple pistils (also known as apocarpous). The floral parts are all independently attached below a superior ovary. Figure 1 The most accurate pattern to look for is the multiple simple pistils at the centre of the flower. In more advanced plant families there is typically only one pistil, the result of a reduction in numbers along with the fusion of several pistils to make a single compound pistil. A flower with multiple pistils is very likely a Buttercup, but could potentially...
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...Republic of the Philippines SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences Lucban, Quezon NSC01- Biological Sciences (Lecture) Removal Examination Name: Course and Year: Date: GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Type your answer in a separate file, submit it one hour after you received this exam. You may open your notes. Late submission will not be accepted. Please email me: restanmarkalvin@yahoo.com. Do not answer questions in RED. Good luck. _____1. The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at a particular temperature is called A. metabolic rate B. BMR C. SMR D. budget allocation _____2. The internal environment of vertebrates is called A. blood B. interstitial fluid C. hemolyph D. plasma _____3. It allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes A. ectotherm B. endotherm C. regulator D. conformer _____4. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the A. large intestine B. stomach C. pharynx D. rectum _____5. To extract the most simplified food substance from the digestive system, it is best to study the A. mouth B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine _____6. The diffusion in and out of the blood of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes occurs only in the A. capillaries B. arterioles C. arteries D. veinlets _____7. ____________ carry blood away from the heart. A.Capillaries B. Venules C. Vein D. Arteries _____8. The component of blood that is responsible for clotting is: A.platelets B.Erythrocytes C.neutrophils...
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...“platy” Scientific name-Xiphophorus hellerii “green swordtail” (Source:http://www.itis.gov/) Platies are little freshwater 5.1-6.4cm fish that live for 3-5 years they were found in South America and now are household pets. Females have a fan shaped anal fin with wide bellies and a dark gravid spot witch is a sign that they are pregnant and as the fish gets more pregnant the gravid spot becomes darker and darker . Males on the other hand have a rod like anal fin and the fish are smaller than the females. A good ideal living environment these freshwater fish need to have a water temperature of 70-78 degrees for swordtails and 72-78 degrees fahrenheit for platies. Both prefer an open environment with multiple hiding places. Ideal pH is 7-8. These are community fish and will likely get along well. Nutrition requirements of the platy and swordtail- Both species are grazers and they eat algae,tropical flakes,and tinder plants. A treat for them includes...
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...harm your fish so make sure you add a water conditioner available from your pet shop. * Remove sick fish – Diseased fish can contaminate others so remove them quickly. * Don’t overfeed – Feed only as much as your fish will eat in one minute and just once a day, or as advised by your pet shop. * Don’t overcrowd – Overcrowding increases pollution and aggression problems. Testing Aquarium Water: Water chemistry is not visible; therefore, it is vital to check it on a regular basis. The best way to make this a routine is to check on the tank chemistry while changing the water. The vital parameters are pH, nitrates, nitrites, and carbonate hardness (salinity for marine tanks). Stability is the main factor with pH. pH in the range of 6.5 – 7.5 is suitable for most species, but they can adjust if slightly out of range. KH (carbonate hardness) is the indicator of pH stability. It should be kept under close observation if it comes close to 4.5 dH (degree hardness) or 80 ppm. You must take action if it decreases any further. Half a teaspoon of baking soda per...
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...Climate Change and the IPCC o What is the IPCC? - Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, created in 1988, first assessment report in 1990 launched global awareness of climate change issue. How the IPCC works - Thousands of scientists contribute to writing and reviewing reports. Does not carry out new research or monitor climate related data. There are 3 working groups and a special tasks force. Terminology – 99%-100% (Virtually Certain) 90%-100% (Very Likely) 66%-100 (Likely) 33%-60% (About as likely as not) 0%-33% (Unlikely) 0%-10% (Very Unlikely) 0%-1% (Exceptionally Unlikely) o Causes of climate change Relative forcing components – Long-live greenhouse gases (Global), Ozone (Continental to Global), Stratospheric water vapor from methane (Global), Surface albedo, Aerosol (Direct Affect, Cloud Albedo Affect, Surface to Continental), Linear Contrails (Continental) , Solar irradiance (Global) Earth’s energy budget & human use Quadrillion BTU 100% Incoming Solar Energy Wood 64% - Radiated to space Coal 51% - Absorbed by land and oceans Oil &Gas 23% - Carried to clouds Hydropower &Nuclear (1900-) 20% - Reflected by clouds 16% - Absorbed by atmosphere 15% - Radiation absorbed by atmosphere 7% - Conduction and rising air 6% - Reflected by atmosphere 6% - Radiated directly into space 4% - Reflected from Earth’s surface 3% - Absorbed by clouds Greenhouse gases (types and impact)...
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...PRACTICE EXAM 1 BIO 203 2015 1. Which of the following is not part of a fat molecule a. cholesterol b. palmitic acid c. stearic acid d. glycerol 2. Combination of CoA with the two-carbon fragment formed from pyruvate occurs in the a. cell cytoplasm b. mitochondrial matrix c. inner mitochondrial membrane d. plasma membrane 3. The blue circle represents a molecule of glucose entering the cell. What is this process called? a. osmosis b. active transport c. facilitated diffusion d. diffusion 4. Simple squamous epithelium is found in the a. alveoli of the lungs b. kidney tubules c. bronchi d. gut 5. Which would NOT be found in a nucleotide a. adenine b. hexose c. phosphate d. pentose 6. The electrons generated by glucose oxidation are flow along the electron transport chain of molecules, finally ending up with ---------------------- , which passes them on to oxygen, a. NADH dehydrogenase b.cytochrome c. cytochrome oxidase d. ubiquinone 7. Some varieties of this exocrine gland have mucous secretions a. apocrine b. holocrine c. serous merocrine d. salivary 8. In healthy skin, new cells are generated in the stratum ------- at roughly the rate at which they are lost from the stratum ------- a. basale; corneum b. granulosum; spinosum ...
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...tissues in heart wall SA node to AV node to bundle fibers to perjunkie fibers cycle of ecg blood goes through the superior vena cava, then to right atrium, then out through pulmonary veins, into lungs, then back to left ventricle, then through left atrium out through aorta krebbs cycle glycoloysis 1. goes from glucose to 6 phosphate molecules 2. then to fructose 6 phosphate 3. f 1-6 biphosphate cardiac output = stroke volume x cardiac rate cardiac rate = stroke volume x cardiac output epinephrine mimics symphathetic nervous system binds to norepepinephrine receptor cites increase cardiac rate and force of contraction tissue in heart: epicardium myocardium endocardium systole and diastole (contraction and relaxation) lubb dupp electron transport left side more pressure than right t wave ventricular recovery qrs ventricular excitation ecg - recording of electrical activity atrial fibrillation - not fatal ventricular filbrilation -fatal cardiac output - volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one minute stroke volume - the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per contration cardiac rate - number of ventricular contactions per minute three functional correlates - allow body to function (notes from 10/26/11) functions of blood (regulates body temp, acid base balance, involved in immunity, transports oxygen from lungs to body cells, transports co2 from body cells to lungs, transports nutrients from digestive track to body cells, transports...
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...Assessment of synthetic milk exposure to children of selected population in Uttar Pradesh, India Shuchi R. Bhatt1, Dr. Anita Singh2 and S. M. Bhatt3 (Abstract) The present study was carried out keeping in view the recently emerging concern of the adulteration of the natural milk with the synthetic milk. Synthetic milk is prepared by emulsifying vegetable oils with appropriate amount of detergent and urea. Samples of the natural milk with synthetic milk were analyzed for concentration of urea and detergent and their effect is assayed through survey in different population in Uttar Pradesh, India. Children’s had different range of intake of milk. Children of age group 1-5 years consumes about 50-250 mg of milk daily, while of age group 6-18 years of children consumes about 250-1000 ml milk/day and children’s of age group 19-22 consumes milk about 500-1000 ml milk /day. Addition of synthetic milk is on large scale in Meerut district of U.P. and mostly urea in such milk creating huge problem of headache, eyesight and diarrhea in children. Keywords: Milk adulteration; Synthetic milk, detection, urea 1. Research Scholar, Faculty of H.Sc, Sri. A.K.A.P.G. Collage Varanasi. 2. Head, Department of Food & Nutrition, Sri. Agrasen Kanya Autonomous P.G. College. Parmanandpur, Varanasi. 3. School of Biochemical Engineering, Institule of Technology B.H.U. Varanasi. Corresponding Author Email: sheel_bhu@yahoo.co.in 1 Introduction Liquid milk is an essential nutritional food for infants...
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