1. Describe a local land line phone system based on the following Landline Telephone Components:

a. Local Loop- it is a loop of copper wire that allows current to flow from the telephone to the central office and back.
b. Central Office- The central office serves a group of customers in a certain or local area. A good example the book utilizes is that the customers associated with the central office are identified by the first 3 digits of their phone number (not the zip code).
c. Local Exchanges- I’m assuming you mean the carriers not the customers, Local Exchange Carriers are local telephone companies that provide service along with other Local Exchange Carriers within a designated geographical area.
d. POP- Point of Presence is the point where either a Local Exchange Carrier or a long-distance carrier meets another long-distance carrier.
e. Long Distance System – A long-distance system is a system that connects local exchange carriers together in different local access and transport areas and can connect within the same local access and transport area.
f. Fixed Line – a fixed line telephone is a phone that could only be connected to one phone. It began with the Bell Telephone Company in 1877 and lacked the ability to connect to multiple phones which were connected through a single central office.

2. Define and describe the following Telecommunications Network Components:
a. Cellular Telephones:
i. Voice- The transmission of analog information via earlier cell phones similar to the way a fixed-telephone transmits voice. ii. Data- The second generation cell phones can transmit and receive digital data which not only allows talking on the phone; it allows other options such as accessing the internet.

b. Telephone Network Topology:
i. Demarcation Point- Is the point at which the responsibility of the service provider ends. ii. Equipment- The equipment for Demarcation point for a customer includes the tie-in OSP (outside plant) cable to the customers premise equipment racks and active equipment. In a FIFTH networks, the connection is typically made in the customer’s premises whereby fiber-optic or copper cabling is connected to the ONT (optical network terminal). iii. Access Networks- An access network is part of the network that connects the individual customer or business to the telecommunications system. iv. Regional/Metro Networks- A metro network is responsible for aggregating information from the local exchanges of a specific service provider, as well as information from other independent service providers, and sending the information to the regional and long-haul/core network.
A regional network also referred to as a WAN network is basically a larger version of a MAN network. It is responsible for aggregation of information from metro networks. Regional networks are typically the last point before information traffic is put onto the core network.

c. Cable TV:
i. Broadcast TV- Broadcast TV prior to the 1950’s was information primarily delivered over fixed lines or radio broadcasts. ii. Community Antenna- In the early stages, it was an antenna placed on the highest point, such as a hilltop with a copper cable that carried the signal from the antenna to the user or group of users. iii. Network Access Point- Is a terminal that serves as a connection point for drop cables. iv. Interface Device- A network interface device is in an all plastic enclosure designed to house the electronics that support a network. The device interfaces with existing cabling for television, telephone, and internet connectivity.

d. Telecommunication Services:
i. RBOCs- Regional Bell Operating Companies are made up of seven service providers that provide most of the fixed-line, wireless, and data services in the U.S due to a suit against AT&T by the government in 1984. ii. Unbundling- Also referred to as local-loop unbundling, is a regulatory process by which multiple telecommunications service providers can lease space on the local exchange connecting to a customer’s home or business. iii. MSOs- Multiple System Operators are cable TV companies that offer television services to consumers using radio frequency over copper and Fiber optic networks. iv. ISPs- An internet service provider is a company that provides access to the internet.
v. Triple Play- Is a data option offered by ISP which includes high speed internet, voice, and video services. vi. Cloud Computing- Is a way to increase the capabilities of a device or add new capabilities or services without making any hardware changes to the device. Some of the key cloud computing services today are data storage, computation, and software.