...Structures in All Eukaryotic Cells We're going to start with eukaryotic cells even though they tend to be more complex than prokaryotic. But, there is a method to our madness: you are a eukaryote and have eukaryotic cells, so we thought you might relate better. And, eukaryotic comes before prokaryotic alphabetically. Come up with whatever reasons you want for it, but eukaryotes are up first. Tough cookies. Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function A cell is defined as eukaryotic if it has a membrane-bound nucleus. Any organism composed of eukaryotic cells is also considered a eukaryotic organism. Case in point: You. Biologists do not know of any single organism on Earth that is composed of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. However, many different types of prokaryotic cells, usually bacteria, can live inside larger eukaryotic organisms. Creepy, but true. We humans, for example, have trillions of bacteria living in our colons, not to mention in our mouths and stomachs and small intestines and…you get the picture. Despite the fact that we have gobs of prokaryotic cells living inside and on us, humans are still categorically eukaryotic organisms. Deal with it. This means that all human cells, including those found in the brain, the heart, the muscles, and so on, are also eukaryotic. Here is what one of these little guys looks like: OK, we are slightly impressed. That is a lot of stuff jam-packed into something we can't see too well with the naked eye. All of...
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...Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells | | Part of our definition/description of what it means to be a living thing on Earth includes the assertion that living things are made of cells and cell products. In other words, we consider the cell to be a pretty fundamental structural aspect of life. Cells in our world come in two basic types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. "Karyose" comes from a Greek word which means "kernel," as in a kernel of grain. In biology, we use this word root to refer to the nucleus of a cell. "Pro" means "before," and "eu" means "true," or "good." So "Prokaryotic" means "before a nucleus," and "eukaryotic" means "possessing a true nucleus." This is a big hint about one of the differences between these two cell types. Prokaryotic cells have no nuclei, while eukaryotic cells do have true nuclei. This is far from the only difference between these two cell types, however. Here's a simple visual comparison between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell: This particular eukaryotic cell happens to be an animal cell, but the cells of plants, fungi and protists are also eukaryotic. Despite their apparent differences, these two cell types have a lot in common. They perform most of the same kinds of functions, and in the same ways. Both are enclosed by plasma membranes, filled with cytoplasm, and loaded with small structures called ribosomes. Both have DNA which carries the archived instructions for operating the cell. And the similarities go far beyond the visible--physiologically...
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...outside (or inside) leads to another change 3) -Homeostasis - the ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. 4) -Ability to acquire material and energy >The material and energy are often transformed< 5) -Growth 6) -Reproduction - either sexual or asexual >DNA is genetic information, the “blueprint” for the offspring< 7) -Ability to evolve - to change to fit the environment Complex, organized structure The complexity of life is built in levels. (see fig 1-2) Each level has ingredients or components which interact to make something greater than the sum of the parts. -Subatomic particles -Atoms -Molecules -Organelles (not present in prokaryotes) -Cells -Tissues (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organs (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Organ systems (present only in multicellular eukaryotes) -Multicelled organisms -Populations -Community -Ecosystem -Biosphere Response to stimuli Organisms react to external and internal stimuli. Some reactions are slow and some reactions can’t be seen Homeostasis -the ability to maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. Life is easier without a lot of changes to deal with. Ability to acquire material and energy >The material and energy are often transformed< Take in nutrient (food)...
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...Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes cell Cell theory states that all organisms are made of one or more cells. There are two basis types of cell: prokaryotes, which do not contain a nucleus, and eukaryotes, which have a true nucleus. The difference between the structure and functioning of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered, by some, to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. However, if we are to believe the endosymbiosis theory and that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes there must also be some fundamental similarities. A significant similarity is the fact that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same genetic material (DNA) and genetic code to store and translate genetic information. But this genetic information is arranged very differently within the two types of cell. In eukaryotes the DNA is packed into chromatins and sequestered within a double membrane bound organelle, known as the nucleus, and is easily seen using a microscope. On the other hand, prokaryotes lack this distinct nucleus and nucleur membrane but instead have a nucleoid, which is an irregularly shaped region within the cell where the genetic information is localised in the form of a, usually circular, double strand of DNA. Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes are also known to have additional small satellite structures of DNA called plasmids. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes also contain ribosomes which are the organelles responsible for accurately translating this...
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...Williams Date: June 22, 2015 Instructor’s Name: Karen Stancil Animal Cell |Number |Cell Structure |Description and Function | |1 |Centrioles |Self-replicating organelles made up of 9 bundles of | | | |microtubules | |2 |Cilia & Flagella |For single celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are | | | |essential for the locomotion of individual organisms.| | | |Multicellular organisms, cilia function to move fluid| | | |or materials past immobile cell | |3 |Endoplasmic Reticulum |Is a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, | | | |and transports chemical compounds for use inside and | | | |outside of the cell. | |4 |Endosomes and Endocytosis ...
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...Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures 1. Animal Cell: [pic] |Number |Cell Structure |Description and Function | |1 |Nuclear Pore |Nuclear pores are large protein structures that cross| | | |the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane | | | |inclosing the eukaryotic cell nucleus. The function | | | |of a nuclear pore is to control the way of molecules | | | |between the nucleus and cytoplasm, allowing some | | | |material to go through the membrane. | |2 |Chromatin (DNA) |Chromatin is the combined material of DNA and | | | |proteins. Chromatins are what make up the entire | | | |nucleus of a cell. The function of a chromatin is to | | |...
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...Bio 156 – Midterm Study Guide Lesson One I. Characteristics of Life • List four main characteristics of all living things II. Diversity and Organizing Life • Describe three ways of classifying, or ordering, life on earth. • Given a random ordering of the levels of organization of life, rearrange them into the proper sequence. • Describe the concept "an organism is more than the sum of its parts." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem:...
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...6O2 + 6H2O + Energy) Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to break-down food to obtain energy. Most need oxygen. (p. 19) Excretion: Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to respire and other chemical changes in the cells that produce waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: Is the capacity single-celled organisms and Bacteria to simply keep dividing into two. Many-celled plants and animals may reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual Reproduction characteristics (meiosis/gametes production/mitosis) Meiosis is a form of cell reproduction. This process takes place in the sex cells. It is a process of cell division in which a diploid cell (2n)...
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...How DNA is packed in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell 1) Introduction DNA, deoxynucleic acid, is known to be able to condense to form a smaller structure known as chromosomes. However, it is hard to imagine how does a 2m long DNA molecule can be packed into something which only have a rough diameter of 10µm in the eukaryotic cell. This report provides an overview on how DNA is packed in the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell. It will cover the structure of the human DNA, levels of packing the DNA and the necessity and benefits of DNA packing. 2) Structure of Human DNA The human DNA is made up of two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other in a double helix structure. The two DNA strands in the double helix structure is oriented in opposite direction. A 3’ end of a DNA strand at the start of the strand has an OH group at its terminal, and ends with a 5’ end with a phosphate group attached to its terminal....
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...Calculation of magnification for drawings 1,2 and 3. Drawing Objective lens used Total magnification (mm) X40 Field of view Number of specimens across the field of view Size of each specimen Size of drawing 5 3 Magnification of specimen 10 (cm) (µm) 1 X4 2 X100 1 15 3 X10 10 25 2. The following micrograph highlights some of the structures found in a prokaryotic cell. www.dtc.pima.edu a. Explain how the presence of a capsule may give a prokaryotic cell a survival advantage over those cells that do not possess a capsule. b. Name two other structures that may be found in a prokaryotic cell and state their imortance. c. Compare the structure of the ribosome and the organization of the nuclear material in the prokaryotic cell with those found in a typical eukaryotic cell. 3. The diagram below represents the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane: www.webanatomy.net a. Identify the structures labelled 1-10. b. Which of these structure(s) is/are responsible for cell-cell recognition? c. What is the purpose of the structure highlighted by the red circle? d. Explain what selectively permeable means and how it applies to the cell membrane. 4. With the aid of a diagram describe the structure of the plant cell chloroplast. 5. Explain the purpose of lysosomes in the animal eukaryotic cell. Which structure in the plant eukaryotic cell fulfills this purpose?...
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...in Prokaryotic Cells I. The activity of genes is controlled by the cell and the environment. A. Inducible genes are inactive unless circumstances cause them to be activated (“turned on”). B. Repressible genes are active unless circumstances cause them to be inactivated (“turned off”). C. Constitutive gene functions are active continually, with no control exerted. This is generally an abnormal situation. II. In prokaryotic cells (and viruses) the control of gene activity is often in the form of operons. A. Operons are a form of transcriptional control. B. An operon consists of the structural gene (or genes) which actually code for specific proteins and the controlling elements associated with the control of those genes. An operon typically contains several genes, all under the same control mechanism. C. Though rather similar controlling systems have been found for some eukaryotic genes, control mechanisms in eukaryotes are generally more diverse and more complex, and except for a few examples in simple eukaryotic organisms like yeasts, multiple genes are not found to function under a single control mechanism. In other words, eukaryotic cells do not have operons. III. The first operon investigated was the lac operon in E. coli. This work came from Jacob and Monod (1959 Journal of Molecular Biology V. 1). A. The primary carbohydrate source for the cell is the sugar glucose, but there are a large number of sugars which...
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...Biological classification Biological classification is the arrangement of organisms into categories that express their PHYLOGENY, or line of descent, based on information such as structure, development, biochemical or physiological functions, and evolutionary history of organisms. The purpose of such a classification is to provide a clear and practical way to organize and communicate information about organisms. Classification can show relationships between different ancient and modern groups, indicate the evolutionary pathways along which present-day organisms may have developed, and provide a basis for comparing experimental data about different plant and animal groups. Organisms included in a group share a common genetic heritage in their DNA, and they must be more closely related to each other than they are to the members of other groups of the same rank. However, classifications of organisms are modified as ideas of their phylogeny change. Taxonomy is the theory and practice of classifying organisms. It is a branch of systematics, the study of the diversity of organisms. The first scheme for classifying animals into logical groupings may have been proposed by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Since that time, many new classification systems have been proposed; none, however, has succeeded in fitting all plants, animals, and microorganisms into a single, completely satisfactory scheme. For example, some taxonomists classify algae with the protista or consider them plants...
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...illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
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...www. .uni-rostock.de Bioinformatics Introduction to genomics and proteomics I Ulf Schmitz ulf.schmitz@informatik.uni-rostock.de Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Group www.sbi.informatik.uni-rostock.de Ulf Schmitz, Introduction to genomics and proteomics I 1 Outline www. .uni-rostock.de Genomics/Genetics 1. The tree of life • Prokaryotic Genomes – Bacteria – Archaea • Eukaryotic Genomes – Homo sapiens 2. Genes • Expression Data Ulf Schmitz, Introduction to genomics and proteomics I 2 Genomics - Definitions Genetics: www. .uni-rostock.de is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and breeding of plants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions. Genomics: attempts the study of large-scale genetic patterns across the genome for a given species. It deals with the systematic use of genome information to provide answers in biology, medicine, and industry. Genomics has the potential of offering new therapeutic methods for the treatment of some diseases, as well as new diagnostic methods. Major tools and methods related to genomics are bioinformatics, genetic analysis, measurement of gene expression, and determination of gene function. Ulf Schmitz, Introduction to genomics and proteomics I 3 Genes ...
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...The proteins are known as histones. The histones act as a scaffold organizing the structure of the DNA; a long string of the nucleotides. The histones are responsible for DNA folding and the overall formation of chromatin. Without the histones presence DNA itself would be extremely long in length, too long in length to fit inside the cell. The histones associate in octomers, 8 histones, to form beads on a string; Beads on a string describes the DNA wrapping around the octomer histone proteins. The term nucleoside describes the segments of DNA wrapped around histones. The Nucleosomes particles comprise of the complementary base pairings of DNA, which are wrapped around the histone proteins. The Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating unit of a chromatin. It helps to package the large DNA genomes in the nucleus of a cell. It does this with the help of the histones, they in conjunction with one another, help from a tightly coiled structure. The Nucleosomes achieve this structure by compacting to form solenoid fibres. These fibres will fold or coil, to form complex loops, these are further condensed, which will later form...
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