...SULFONAMIDES Abstract Sulfonamides are among one of the oldest drugs to be used as antibiotics. They were invented in 1930's. Nowadays doctors prefer to prescribe them as the traditional drug of choice for urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Currently, the new development of antibiotics to combat illnesses caused by bacterial resistant strains and have limited the usefulness of Sulfa medications. Objectives Upon successful completion of this presentation you should be able to: • Understand and communicate your knowledge of Sulfonamides mode of action and bacterial resistance • Identify and understand the contra indications, common signs and symptoms of allergic reactions to Sulfonamides. • Identify 3 common trade names for sulfonamides and select indication for use between different patient population. Type and class of Pathogen Sulfonamides have been in use since the 1930's , these drugs are effective against both gram- negative and gram - positive bacteria. Sulfonamides are know as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs; they are effective against a wide variety of microorganisms most Enterobacteriaceae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Nisseria, Haemophilus influenzae,, Norcardia, E.Coli , P. mirabilis some staphylococci, and many streptococci (with exception of Enterococcus faecalis). They are used for...
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...written prescriptive authority. The written agreement is mutually signed by me and the physician where the physician delegates to me the authority to perform certain medical arts. The protocol agreement is to be written and reviewed annually and located at the practice site and the Boards of Nursing regulations are applicable. The Nurse Protocol Agreement must be filed with the BOM, if prescriptive authority is written. The delegating physician must ensure that I receive additional pharmacology training annually and I must keep a record. As an NP, certification is a requirement in the state. Are you permitted to prescribe scheduled drugs? If so, which ones? In my state of Georgia, I am permitted to prescribe Schedule III/IIIN substances, Schedule IV substances, and Schedule V substances. What expectations do you have about making the paradigm shift from being a nurse administering medications to becoming an advanced practice nurse who will prescribe medication? As an advanced practice nurse, advanced knowledge coupled with critical thinking and higher level legal responsibility is required to prescribe medications. My role as an APRN requires advanced knowledge on medical diagnosis and pharmacology to choose the appropriate drug and it is my responsibility to determine the diagnosis for which I order the medication, prescribe the appropriate drug, monitor the expected outcome of the drug, and incorporate a holistic assessment of the disease and therapy on patient lives. To become a...
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...Polypharmacy in the Elderly Courtney Lopez Western Governors University Polypharmacy in the Elderly I. Introduction a. Audience hook: John, an 85 year old man is admitted into the emergency room with a heart rate of 40, and complaints of dizziness and weakness for several days. Nancy RN is the nurse taking care of John when he is brought in. Upon reviewing Johns’ medications, Nancy is aware that there are two prescriptions for the same beta blocker each with a different dose and frequency, among six other prescriptions. When questioned about his medications, John states "he takes two different medications for his heart with some other pills, but doesn’t know the name of the medication or the dose." John is diagnosed with a beta blocker overdose. After four days in the ICU, John is feeling much better now, with normal vital signs and a better knowledge of his medications, and will be transferred to a telemetry floor for continued care. b. Thesis statement: Polypharmacy in the elderly population can be reduced by early discharge education in the inpatient setting, along with the use of drug combinations or extended release medications to lower the frequency, amounts, and financial burden incurred by this population. c. Main points: 1. Multiple dosing changes and frequency of medications can cause confusion, adverse reactions, and noncompliance. 2. Education during hospitalization can decrease recurrence of repeat hospitalization. II. Polypharmacy...
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...PHARMACOLOGY STUDENT NAME: DATE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #1: Complete the following questions after reading Chapter 3: Drug Administration. Fill in the Blank: Complete the following sentences using the correct key term. 1. Drugs administered into the GI tract are given via the enteral route. 2. A good example of an intradermal injection is a PPD test. 3. Drugs applied directly on the skin are administered via the topical route. 4. Drugs applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes exert a local effect 5. Drugs that distribute throughout the body exert a systemic effect. 6. Drugs that come as an emulsion must be shaken well before administration. 7. An enteric coating resists the acid environment of the stomach. 8. A solid drug dispersed within a liquid is called a suspension. 9. Administration of a drug into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) uses the intrathecal route. 10. Sublingual tablets are placed under the tongue. 11. A tablet placed between the cheek and gum in the mouth is an example of buccal administration. 12. A drug compressed or molded into a specific shape is called a tablet. 13. An intravenous drug is administered directly into the bloodstream. 14. A sustained release tablet is formulated to release a drug slowly over an extended period. 15. A drug encased in a hard or soft gelatin container is known as a capsule 16. A syrup is a concentrated solution of sugar in water. 17. The technique of instilling drugs into a muscle uses the...
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...Medication Administration Errors A medication error is commonly defined as a deviation from the physician’s medication order in the patient record or an error occurring in the medication-use process. (Choo, Hutchinson, & Bucknall, 2010, p. 854) The review of literature in the article “Nurses’ Role in Medication Safety” attempts to identify the challenges of medication safe delivery in the clinical practice by reviewing multiple studies. The article authors define two different approaches to viewing human errors in medication errors. The “person” approach focuses on the individual nurse making the error and focuses on the unsafe behavior related to inattention, forgetfulness, carelessness, negligence or recklessness. With this approach, errors are reduced by modifying human behavior. The system approach focuses on the working conditions and looks at errors as results of systems problems within the clinical setting, such as staff shortage, increased workload, interruptions etc. (Choo, Hutchinson, & Bucknall, 2010, p. 855) The system approach is more conducive to changing processes which contribute to errors instead of blaming the individual. Work environments are reported as being a major influence in medication errors. The authors cite a study by Sanghera et al. (2007) which states lighting, nurse interruptions, and poor communication amongst team members contribute to medication errors. Another study is cited as reporting increased workload for nurses as another cause of medication...
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...Medication Errors Stephanie Stephens January 9, 2016 NU1426 ITT TECH Nurses must always follow the six rights of medication administration thoroughly to ensure patient safety. These rights include right medication, right route, right time, right client, right dosage, and right documentation. When one of these rights is not followed a medication error has occurred and must be reported immediately. Medication error prevention is vital in the role of the nurse. There were many contributing factors leading to this medication error and there are many ways to avoid medications errors. Looking at the reasons why medications occur helps the nurse understand what areas to be most vigilant. The main areas of medication errors are distractions/ interruptions, medication education, interpretation of an order and poor calculations. Patients during their time in the hospital will receive medications. Distractions will occur throughout a nurses shift, losing concentration at the task at hand can lead to serious and harmful mistakes. It is important for the nurse to let her surrounding nurses know when she/he is pulling medications so that there isn't any distractions. Also, a quiet environment when taking telephone orders so that the order can be heard clearly and dictation from the provider is understood. Another medication administration error prevention for the nurse is to allow for delegation and to not take on to much. When a nurse is in the process of administering medication...
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...Improving The Safety Of Using Medications In Hospital Settings Background Improving the safety of using medications was the third Joint Commission safety goal for 2014 (Hospital National Patient Safety Goals, n.d.). Every year medication errors are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. Simply put, medication errors come from incorrect dosing by physicians on prescriptions, administration of the wrong dose of the prescribed medication to the patient, failure of the healthcare provider to administer prescribed medication, or failure of the patient to ingest said prescribed medication (Choo, J., Hutchinson, A., & Bucknall, T., 2010). Role of the Nurse According to the Journal of Nursing Management, nurses should practice the five rights of administration that they are taught while in school. Those rights are: right medication, right dose, right route, right time, and right patient (Choo, J., Hutchinson, A., & Bucknall, T., 2010). While checking the five rights is useful in the final stages of the administration process, the rights do not reflect the other complex steps to medication administration, such as preparation, labeling, determining interaction, etc. Normally medication errors are never the result of an isolated human error. They may come from workplace stress, distractions, interruptions, insufficient training, and misinformation (Choo, J., Hutchinson, A., & Bucknall, T., 2010). The individual nurse should make sure that...
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...Amanda McCloskey Clinical Trials in Children Pharmacology NURS 2820 Anoka Ramsey Community College Children are a unique population with distinct differences from adults. As they grow and develop, several changes occur and therefore it is difficult to predict a child’s response to a drug. This was one of the main reasons children were not included in drug trials until recently. Absence of regulation that required drug companies to conduct trials in children, and lack of facilities, equipment/technology, and expertise were also challenges that discouraged drug testing in children. In addition, there were numerous ethical concerns which involved fears of harming children and increased liability issues (The Necessity and Challenges of Clinical Research Involving Children, 2004). As a result, children did not receive potentially lifesaving or beneficial treatment when needed. Clinical trials in children are critical because they provide information on the drug’s safety, dosing, and effectiveness (Drug Research and Children, 2011). Prior to the 1990s, the FDA did not acquire legislation related to investigating drugs in children. The Pediatric Rule of 11994, mandated drug labels to consist of instructions for children, however it proved to be fairly ineffective since the information used on these labels was based on adult dosing and trial and error in pediatric patients. In 1997 the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) was established. The act did...
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...NUR 641E Complete Class Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/nur-641e-complete-class/ Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators Discussion Questions week 1-8 Week 1: Question 1= Find an article on a genetic disorder and summarize in two or three paragraphs the genetic component causing the disorder and any multifactorial inheritance components that may contribute to the disorder. Discuss the usual age of disease onset and if the sex-specific threshold model fits the disorder. What education could you present to high-risk patients to reduce the risk of disease onset if a multifactorial component exists? Question 2= Genetic screening has become widely available to the public including prenatal screening of the fetus in utero to screening adults for genetic disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and breast cancer. Share your thoughts on the legal, ethical, and social implications that may be related to genetic screening. How would you educate your patient that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the...
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...Tragic Medication Errors: Accidental Abortions and Premature Birth Lynn Fernandez December 7, 2014 Professor Martinez Miami Dade College Tragic Medication Errors: Accidental Abortions and Premature Birth Medication errors within the healthcare system have become increasingly pervasive throughout the years yielding adverse effects to corresponding patients. Medication errors refer to an “unintentional significant reduction in the probability of treatment being timely and effective or increase in the risk of harm when compared with generally accepted practice” (Velo & Minuz, 2009, p. 624). These effects may vary from virtually no harm with minimal inconveniences to inexorable toxic fatality for the patient. This article focuses on a prescription error that mistakenly took the life of 11-month old Tranlya Sampson as her mother was prescribed a drug that is commonly used to force dead fetuses out of the mother’s womb as well as two unborn twins that lost their lives due to the same medication error in the same day. Due to this drug, Tranlya suffered brain damage and remains hospitalized due to health complications. A wrong medical decision made by a healthcare provider is a probable cause for medication errors, which can derive from a lack of knowledge or inadequate training. Lacking experience in the healthcare workforce or lack of skills to complete certain tasks can be associated with prescribing faults (Dean, Schachter, Vincent, & Barber, 2012). In a Florida...
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...BETTER ACCURACY IN WRITING AND DISPENSING OF PRESCRIPTIONS Anita Walsh Western Governors University Prescriber writing errors happen in all forms, places and types. From what the medical staff thinks, the prescriber has prescribed and calls in to the local retail pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, or even the in house pharmacies: adding that the pharmacy processing these uncorrected prescriptions that end up getting to patients. If someone does not catch these errors whether it is the pharmacist, being asked by the patient, why there receiving this drug, because they thought doctor said something else. Therefore, the pharmacist may check it. In a hospital, setting a nurse may look at a chart and question the drug, and call and verify. However, many times no one questions it until the patient has a reaction, or what he or she are being treated for gets worse. Along with communicating with the prescribers, their offices, hospitals, patients, pharmacists also have to be up to date on the all laws, federal and state, and be watchful for those that try to fill fraudulent or altered scripts. Research suggests that there would be significant benefits if all prescribers would follow the same procedures for writing prescriptions, such as using computer generate prescriptions or E-scribe, because there would be a decrease in prescription writing errors, pharmacy mistakes and prescription fraud. Pharmacies call prescribers offices to clarify prescriptions information, on average...
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...Pharmacology is the study of the physical, biological and chemical actions of drugs (Bryant & Knights, 2011). In the practice of medicine, drugs are used to diagnose, treat or prevent disease so for the registered nurse in a clinical setting, the knowledge of pharmacology plays a huge importance in their role of medication administration. Pharmacology knowledge allows the nurse to carry out safe medication administration, monitor medication actions, educate patients, and act legally and ethically within the pharmacological parameters. This knowledge is also vital for the nurse practititioner in their role of nurse prescribing. Pharmacology plays a huge part in these roles for the nurse. This essay below will elaborate on the importance of pharmacology for the five reasons of safe medication administration, monitoring of medication actions, patient education, legal and ethical aspects of pharmacology and the nurse practitioner. Firstly, safe medication administration. To administer drugs safely it is the nurse’s responsibility to have knowledge of the prescribed medications as well as their therapeutic and non therapeutic effects. Knowledge of the medications include, knowing its approved drug name and classification, correct dose and route of administration. A medication may have as many as three different names- a chemical name, a generic (proprietary) name and a trade name (Crisp & Taylor, 2011). A chemical name refers to the chemical makeup of a drug, a generic name is the...
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...Tamim Alajlan SELP 530 System Architecture and Modeling 30 April 2015 Pharmacy and PRESCRIPTION SYSTEM in Saudi Arabia Tamim Alajlan SELP 530 System Architecture and Modeling 30 April 2015 Pharmacy and PRESCRIPTION SYSTEM in Saudi Arabia 1. Introduction This report includes complete details about the background of current systems of medication implemented in Saudi Arabia and the problems rising due to implementation of this system and the solution proposed to solve these problems. The communication gap among the patients, hospitals, doctors and pharmacies have raised a lot of problems and stills citizens of Saudi Arabia are facing this problem. Treatment security is usually a worldwide problem between healthcare services. Even so, the particular problems plus the future regarding drugs security with Saudi Persia have not recently been researched. Significant variables adding to drugs security troubles included infinite public entry to medications through different doctor's offices along with group pharmacies, transmission spaces concerning healthcare institutions, restricted by using important systems for instance advanced provider get accessibility, along with the possible lack of drugs security applications with doctor's offices. Problems to present drugs security training determined simply by participants included underreporting regarding drugs mistakes along with negative medicine responses, multilingualism along with vary type of qualification regarding...
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...evaluate CNS effects *auscultate bowel sounds -assess for possible paralytic ileus or slowed motility *monitor laboratory results -for possible dose adjustment and/or toxic effects especially in geriatric pts *monitor pulse, b/p, and cardiac output -d/t adverse effects r/t blocking of suppressive action of heart *avoid exposure to hot environment -may block pt’s reflex sweating Nursing Diagnosis Impaired mucous membranes related to anticholinergic effects Risk for impaired thermoregulation related to anticholinergic effects Constipation related to GI effects Disturbed thought processes related to CNS effects Risk for injury related to CNS effects Deficient knowledge regarding drug therapy Evaluation Monitor patients response to the drug (improvement in S/S) Monitor for adverse effects (GI slowing, decreased sweating) Evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching plan (Pt can name possible adverse effects) References Deglin, J. H., & Vallerand, A. H. (2008). Davis's drug guide for nurses. (11 ed.). F A DavisCo. Karch, A.M. (2011). Focus on nursing pharmacology, (5th Edition). New York: Lippincott...
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...fentanyl is explored in the article “The fentanyl crisis” by Kate Jaimet. The article discusses the negative effect of fentanyl, and ways nurses can contribute to decrease drug misuse. The article is directed to nurses, as it is published in Canadian Nurse, and focuses on resources, and guidelines for nurses to follow. Jaimet uses both logos and ethos to persuade the audience that there is a solution needed to decrease risks associated with fentanyl, and gives way for nurses to develop resources and solution for this crisis. I fully agree with Jaimet and the context, which is backed up by credible professional. nursing sources. With the help of reliable nursing sources providing information about the rise of the...
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