...counts of sunspots, and the daily closing value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Time series are very frequently plotted via line charts. Time series are used in statistics, signal processing, pattern recognition, econometrics, mathematical finance, weather forecasting, earthquake prediction, electroencephalography, control engineering, astronomy, communications engineering, and largely in any domain of applied science and engineering which involves temporal measurements Cross-Section Data Cross-sectional data, or a cross section of a study population, in statistics and econometrics is a type data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time. Analysis of cross-sectional data usually consists of comparing the differences among the subjects. For example, if we want to measure current obesity levels in a population, we could draw a sample of 1,000 people randomly from that population (also known as a cross section of that population), measure their weight and height, and calculate what percentage of that sample is categorized as obese. This cross-sectional sample provides us with a snapshot of that population, at that one point in time. Note that we do not know based on one cross-sectional sample if obesity is increasing or decreasing; we can only describe the current proportion. Cross-sectional data can be used in cross-sectional regression, which is regression analysis...
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...Childhood Obesity EC 315 Shane Martin Spring II 2012 Purpose Statement Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. Experts estimate that 1 in 5 kids between the ages of 6 and 17 are overweight. That means that as they get older they will be more at risk for diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart related diseases. Things that we used to associate with older people are now affecting younger and younger children. There are many reasons for this rise in obesity and this paper will look at a few of them. My goal is to show a correlation between what children are doing and how it affects their chances of being obese. My data comes from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website. They sent a survey to schools in all 50 states and American territories. Once completed the survey was sent back to the CDC and then the results were tabulated. The data I am looking at represents middle and high school students. The dependent variable, childhood obesity, is determined by independent variables, physical activity, nutrition, meals with the family, and schools offering sugary drinks The model (less constants and coefficients is): OBESITY = %FRUITVEG + %PHYSICAL + %FAMILY + %SUGAR Definition of Variables I believe the most important independent variable in this relationship is nutrition (%FRUITVEG), because nutrition is the most important component for staying healthy. The data that I am using for my calculations...
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...Statistics and Computing Series Editors: J. Chambers D. Hand W. H¨ rdle a Statistics and Computing Brusco/Stahl: Branch and Bound Applications in Combinatorial Data Analysis Chambers: Software for Data Analysis: Programming with R Dalgaard: Introductory Statistics with R, 2nd ed. Gentle: Elements of Computational Statistics Gentle: Numerical Linear Algebra for Applications in Statistics Gentle: Random Number Generation and Monte Carlo Methods, 2nd ed. H¨ rdle/Klinke/Turlach: XploRe: An Interactive Statistical a Computing Environment H¨ rmann/Leydold/Derflinger: Automatic Nonuniform Random o Variate Generation Krause/Olson: The Basics of S-PLUS, 4th ed. Lange: Numerical Analysis for Statisticians Lemmon/Schafer: Developing Statistical Software in Fortran 95 Loader: Local Regression and Likelihood Marasinghe/Kennedy: SAS for Data Analysis: Intermediate Statistical Methods ´ Ruanaidh/Fitzgerald: Numerical Bayesian Methods Applied to O Signal Processing Pannatier: VARIOWIN: Software for Spatial Data Analysis in 2D Pinheiro/Bates: Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS Unwin/Theus/Hofmann: Graphics of Large Datasets: Visualizing a Million Venables/Ripley: Modern Applied Statistics with S, 4th ed. Venables/Ripley: S Programming Wilkinson: The Grammar of Graphics, 2nd ed. Peter Dalgaard Introductory Statistics with R Second Edition 123 Peter Dalgaard Department of Biostatistics University of Copenhagen Denmark p.dalgaard@biostat.ku.dk ISSN: 1431-8784 ISBN: 978-0-387-79053-4 DOI:...
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...to APA guidelines as well as expressing the ideas and bias reduction in language of the content. The contents of this paper will touch on the statistical part of the paper chosen from a scholarly source, and discuss whether or not the paper supported the conclusions it drew through statistical analysis as well as the state of the content, meaning was it biased or misleading in any way. Potential Link between Obesity, Age and Socioeconomic Status The paper chosen for this assignment focuses on analysis that uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to explore how body weight and obesity change as a person progresses in age. The presentation of the material is stylistically sound in which it meets proper APA standards language bias, and expressing ideas, the content is formatted clearly, and is it stylistically sound (Baum, 2007). The research and data gathered on obesity is an important study for many different reasons. One of the first reasons would be the significance obesity has on a person’s overall health and well-being, making obesity an important risk factor for diseases such as diabetes, and asthma, hypertension, high cholesterol, gallbladder disease, and coronary...
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...Correlation, Predication, Confidence, and Errors: Analysis of Statistics in the News In statistics, there are a number of ways to compare how data is associated with the subject matters being discussed. In this paper, I will discuss how three different magazine articles use statistics to improve and expound on their theories, the methodology used, and if their use of statistics made the article more or less convincing. The statistical methods that will discuss statistics in the news include correlation, predication, confidence, and errors. Correlation “exists between two variables when higher values of one variable consistently go with higher values of another variable or when higher values of one variable consistently go with lower values of another variable. (Bennet, Briggs & Triola 2014)” It is only used with quantifiable data where the numbers are meaningful (height, weight, age, etc), therefore, it can’t be used for categorical data (gender, favorite foods, jobs, etc). Predication is defined by Britannica.com as the attribution of characteristics to a subject to produce something meaningful. This combines verbal elements and those that exist in name only (Britannica 2015). Confidence in statistics is defined as “a group of continuous or discrete adjacent values used to estimate a statistical parameter as a means of variance” (Merriam-Webster 2015). Statistical errors means that when null hypothesis is proven incorrect, then the alternative hypothesis is accepted...
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...In the United States today, obesity has become an enormous problem. Obesity is one of the greatest health threats to the U.S. Overweight and obesity result from an energy imbalance and involves eating too many calories and not getting enough physical activity. It contributes significantly to a variety of serious diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and certain cancers as well as poor general health. Among Adult Americans age 20 and older, 154.7 million are overweight or obese (Adult overweight and obesity). The United States is one of the fattest countries in the world and the community should be aware of this epidemic and how dangerous it can be. Number in adult obesity statistics should decrease for the sake of our community and well being of family, friends, but most importantly ones self. Many years ago people didn’t have access to food 24/7 like we today, especially the type of foods we have access to now. When agriculture began it made it easier on society to get access to food, but they still had to put lots of energy into obtaining their somewhat balanced meals. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, obesity rates have more than doubled in adults and children since the 1970’s. Today our society is constantly surrounded by fast paced lives and busy schedules that the food industries feed on these everyday struggles of busy working men and women by taking the initiative to make their lives easier with unhealthy fast foods at a very low...
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...Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is one of the most prevalent issues that needs to be alleviated. Children have to comprehend that if they keep on consuming fattening foods, their chances of developing diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes increases significantly. I am proposing a solution to prevent childhood obesity. The proposal is to spread awareness of this epidemic by educating parents and their children about the dangers of obesity and how to prevent it. Every school should have a mandatory half an hour class that teaches students about eating healthy and the importance of exercising regularly. This proposal is aimed towards elementary school children and their parents. The genre for this piece is a newspaper article. The proposal can be published in magazines, newspaper, internet, and it can even be broadcasted on local channels to increase awareness of this social issue. The readers should be aware of the fact that there is a significant difference between the words overweight and obese. Overweight means that the individual weighs more than normal. On the other hand, obese means that the individual is extremely overweight. The Institute of Medicine states “over the past three decades, the childhood obesity rate has more than doubled for preschool children aged 2-5 years, and adolescents aged 12-19 years, and it has more than tripled for children aged 6-11 years.” In 2004, about 9 million children over the age of 6 were considered obese. In 2005, the...
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...Health Campaign Part 1 Lisa Moran University of Phoenix HCS/535 Dr. Michelle Ross July 13, 2015 Health Campaign Part 1 Health Campaign- Part One In the United States obesity has become a chronic condition over the years, and has grown in epidemic proportions. Defining obesity as the weight of the body which is excessive to healthy people and is the greatest public health challenge currently in the United States. The World Health Organization has stated that 2.8 million adults will die due to obesity in the world (World Health Organization, 2012). This paper will discuss the resourcefulness of Healthy People 2020 to fight obesity, discuss federal, state, and local agencies assigned with managing this problem, will discuss simulations to determine and analyze obesity, define the community, and describe the epidemiologic surveillance systems and tool for monitoring obesity. Obesity in America In the United States obesity amounts have accelerated to levels greater than before. In the United States one-third of all adults are categorized as overweight (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). The initiatives started in 2000 and were restructured in 2010 and 2020. Healthy People 2000 was established in 1990 by the Department of Human and Health Services as an approach to develop healthy Americans (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). The priority areas recognized were physical fitness and nutrition. Objectives for Healthy People was republished...
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...------------------------------------------------- IS Obesity really an epidemic in America? Introduction; What is obesity? Obesity or being overweight is basically having to much body fat compared to muscle. It is unhealthy to carry extra body fat and therefore it is considered a major health risk, due to the health issues is can cause to individuals including children. Obesity has been on the rise in the past 20 years as lifestyles and eating habits have changed in the average American home. (http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-definition/) It is measured by medical professionals by using the ratio of weight to height. This is called the BMI or body mass index. Thesis Statement Obesity has been considered by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) to have risen drastically in the past 20 years. People are eating less healthy foods in todays society, are living a fast paced lifestyle that gives little time for thought and effort towards healthy eating, and little time for excerssise. The modern American has tons of technology at the touch of finger that causes us to do less physical things. According to Havard Medical and the CDC obesity has been on the rise for many reasons over the past 20 years. The causes of obesity are different for different people according to age, race, sex, and genetics. But the most common reason is overeating. The body cannot take in more calories than it can burn, or it will be stored as fat the excess...
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...Childhood Obesity in our Community Marco Rivera 02/10/2013 The statistics of childhood obesity are horrendous. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years. The amount of children gaining weight is beginning to spin out of control. Obesity in general is based off of many statistics and definitions. Many trainers and health critics incorporate body mass index as their number one study when it comes to determining someone’s weight. “Overweight is defined as a BMI (body mass index) at above the 85th percentile and lower than the 95th percentile for child of the same age and sex.” (Barlow, S.E. and Expert Committee, 2007) Childhood obesity is caused by excessive eating and lack of physical activity. If children become severely obese, it can cause long term health issues. The most positive direction that we could guide each other in, would be that of a healthy lifestyle. Thanks to certain programs, society can come together to help prevent childhood obesity one step at a time. In order to change this community and world epidemic, we must simply be knowledgeable of the type of information needed in order to lead a child into the correct way of living a successful life. Childcare providers create a huge impact on teaching a healthy lifestyle to children. Engaging children by teaching with physical activities is one of the best ways to help them find the motivation to be healthy. Studies explain that teachers should educate...
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...Fighting to End Obesity Everyone knows someone like Mary; she is a woman who many consider to be beautiful, smart, successful, and has a great personality. Each person she comes in contact with admires her and who she is as a person, but Mary has a problem; she cannot run and play with her children nor do most things that an average sized adult at her age would be able to do. The reason she cannot perform these tasks is because she is obese. Mary is three times heavier than what is believed to be typical standards for her age and height. She often has trouble breathing, swollen feet, as well as an extensive list of other medical conditions that affect her well-being; therefore, is constantly on medication to ensure that she stays alive. Upon reflection, one may actually relate in some way or another to this story either by knowing someone in her position or even connecting directly on a more personal level. People like Mary are now deemed to be, what the United States declares, an average statistic in Americans today. Evidently, obesity is becoming a growing problem which appears to be worsening each year. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, roughly 1/3 of Americans are obese (Adult Obesity, 2011). In the United States alone the amount of adults who are statistically obese, whose BMI also known as body mass index, (the body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the body height in meters, is greater than 30%) has increased from no states to...
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...Obesity and Health Care Costs Renee Gordon HRM 599 – Benefits Keller Graduate School of Management Review The article “Moderate and Severe Obesity Have Differences in Health Care Costs” was published in the journal Obesity Research. The article analyzes the health care usage and costs associated with varying degrees of obesity of a 2002 study of a focus group of individuals 54 to 69 years old. Health care costs have been steadily increasing over the last few years. Not coincidentally, obesity has also been on the rise, and has helped contribute to the rising costs of health care. Obesity levels are based on a person’s BMI rating. The ratings are: “Normal weight: 18.5 < BMI < 25 Overweight: 25 < BMI < 30 Moderate Obesity: 30 < BMI < 35 Severe Obesity: 35 < BMI < 40 Extreme Obesity: BMI > 40” (Tatiana Andreyeva, 2004) The article provided some interesting statistics on the rate of increase of health care costs compared with the different levels of obesity. The study was broken down between men and women, and provided different statistics for each group. It was found that in men, health care costs increased the most between moderate and severe obesity, with costs coming in at $4738 for moderately obese men and $6179 for severely obese men. That is a $1441 increase between the two classifications. For women, the largest increase in cost came between severe and extreme obesity. The cost associated with the two classes was $5723 for...
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...Obesity is an extremely dangerous factor that is continuing to grow within America. Obesity has been proven to lead victims to higher chances of cancer and heart disease, which happen to be two of the leading factors of death in America. Due to these negative effects, many agencies, organizations, and other outspoken activists continue to try and battle this epidemic within America. Although many of their campaigns and ideas are effective, obesity rates are still drastically rising in America. Contrary to most campaigns and movements, instead of trying to present a positive approach to this problem, like Michelle Obama’s “Let’s Move” campaign, or just solely presenting pieces of evidence and statistics against the food industry, like Fast Food Nation, a documentary titled “Fed Up” tries to focus on showing the negative effects that this disease leaves on it’s victim and his or her family. While the other types of campaigns and movements were effective to some extent, “Fed Up” does a better job with making the viewer re-evaluate his or her food choices and become an advocate against obesity....
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...____Obesity_______________________ |Website |Website Information Type |Type of Surveillance: |Data changes over time: Has|Identify two | | | |survey, self-report, |the incidence increased or |interventions that | | | |statistics, case |decreased? |affect the issue. | | | |report, and so forth | | | |Example: http://www.cdc.gov/media/h1n1flu/index.htm#FAS |Table of contents, |Statistics and |Swine flu incidences have |Vaccine, hand washing, | | |search, print, videos, |self-reporting |decreased. There are now |and isolation masks | | |surveillance data current| |isolated cases, compared to| | | ...
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...Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is one of the most prevalent issues that needs to be alleviated. Children have to comprehend that if they keep on consuming fattening foods, their chances of developing diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes increases significantly. I am proposing a solution to prevent childhood obesity. The proposal is to spread awareness of this epidemic by educating parents and their children about the dangers of obesity and how to prevent it. Every school should have a mandatory half an hour class that teaches students about eating healthy and the importance of exercising regularly. This proposal is aimed towards elementary school children and their parents. The genre for this piece is a newspaper article. The proposal can be published in magazines, newspaper, internet, and it can even be broadcasted on local channels to increase awareness of this social issue. The readers should be aware of the fact that there is a significant difference between the words overweight and obese. Overweight means that the individual weighs more than normal. On the other hand, obese means that the individual is extremely overweight. The Institute of Medicine states “over the past three decades, the childhood obesity rate has more than doubled for preschool children aged 2-5 years, and adolescents aged 12-19 years, and it has more than tripled for children aged 6-11 years.” In 2004, about 9 million children over the age of 6 were considered obese. In 2005, the...
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