...Psychology is a science since it takes the experimental strategy. The logical status of any undertaking is dictated by its technique for examination, not what it ponders, or when the exploration was done, and unquestionably not by who did the examination. All sciences utilize the observational strategy. Experimentation stresses objective and exact estimation. Psychology and the other behavioral or sociologies (humanism, human sciences, financial aspects, political science) are not as exact in their estimations as are science, science or material science, yet to the degree that analysts utilize observational proof, their discoveries might be alluded to as logical. It is this accentuation on the observationally noticeable that made it important...
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...Observational Research and its Components Social Psychology Dr. Deborah Harris-Sims July 9, 2011 Observational Research and its Components Social psychology has three well renowned scientific methods for research. These are observational, correlational, and experimental techniques. This paper will explain that the true goal of observational research is description. To understand behavior so that it can be predicted, controlled, or explained, a scientist must describe it accurately (Franzoi, 2009) which I will explain. Observational research is a social technique that involves direct observation of a subject in it natural setting. It involves the recording test results and not manipulating any of the variables, while being able to be broken down into three categories, naturalistic observation, participant observation, and archival research. Naturalistic observation involves the examination of a subject and its behavior in its natural environment. Participant observation involves the examination of a subject and its behavior in its natural environment as a member of the study group. Example, a test is conducted on underage drinking and the observer is a party guest where alcohol is being served. The third and final type of observational research is archival research. Archival research involves the examination of pre-existing records of a group, individual, or culture. It is mainly used to study the beliefs and norms of a specific culture. Naturalistic...
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...Organizational Psychology Paper Dana Martinez Organizational Psychology /428 August 9, 2010 Antonio Borrello Abstract Everything we in life has a tremendous impact on the way we behave, from the kind of foods we eat, the cars we drive, to the roof over our heads. Organizational psychology is described as a field that utilizes scientific methodology to better understand individuals working in organizational settings (University of Phoenix 2008). The use of organizational psychologist is designed to help the organization function more effectively. There are several benefits from an effective organization. This paper will not only define organizational psychology, but will also explore the role of research and statistics in organizational psychology and describe how organizational psychology can be used in organizations. Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology is the scientific study of individual and group behavior in formal organizational settings (University of Phoenix 2008).To further this definition, psychology alone focuses on individual behavior. Organizations will fall apart if they would allow its employees to do their own thing and not have structure. Organizational psychology is a must in all organizations. Without organizational psychology, employees will be allowed to do their own thing without being aware of the behavior of their co-workers. Organizational psychology is mostly focused on group-type settings, most commonly in offices and workplace...
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...An observation study is the recording of behaviours or events and the gathering of data that proves or disproves a hypothesis. There are five different types of observational study which can be covert meaning secretive or overt meaning open to all involved. Observational studies are not usually experimental as there are no independent or dependant variables as this method is a more natural type of study in psychology. Participant observation is when the researcher takes part in their own observation with the participants. A non-participant study is where the researcher keeps his or her distance while observing the participants behaviours during the study. Unlike the others the structured observation method is a semi-experimental observational study. It is a planned observation and recording of behaviours as they happen in a controlled environment. The unstructured observation is a spontaneous observation of behaviours or events while they are happening in their natural environment. The naturalistic observation is a planned observation of natural behaviours in their environment. A participant observational study can be beneficial as the researcher is part of the environment of the study allowing an insider view of their own study. Non participant observational studies can be seen as a good way of researching the study, as the researcher avoids contact with the participants and this could be because the observer could cause the participants to act in an unnatural...
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...|Conceptual |Applied | | |Type | | | | | |Multiple Choice |1 |2 | | |Introduction | | | | | | |Essay | | | | | |Multiple Choice |6,19,21 |9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18 |3,4,5,7,8,17,20 | |Social Psychology: An | | | | | |Empirical Science | | | | | | |Essay |240 | | | | |Multiple Choice |24,28,36,41,54,59,73,74,75, |27,29,31,33,34,35,42,43,44, |22,23,25,26,30,32,37, | |Research Designs | |78,82,83,86,89,106,111,112, |46,47,48,49,50,55,56,66,67, |38,39,40,45,51,55,53, | | | |119,120,121,127,132,141, |68...
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...Social Psychology 11.30am – 1.00pm Throughout this essay I am going to discuss main aims and procedures of psychology from academic perspective, what psychology is, the founding fathers of psychology, main issues concerning psychologist, different branches of psychology and why psychology is form of science. The purposes of psychology is focusing on research and theories and understanding psychological area. While some psychologists work on applied psychology to gain knowledge. Psychologist involved in research applies psychology during some point in their career. Clinical psychology is among various principles of psychology aims at developing knowledge and research method which they continue to build up and treat with psychological issues. Psychology is the science discipline to understand behaviours of a person. The goal is to understand people by establishing general principles and researching cases. The four goals of psychology are description, explanation, prediction and influence. Description is identifying behaviours. Explanation is the reason for mental behaviour. Prediction is offering hypothesis about sets of conditions produces manner of behaving and mental processes. Influence is using the results of research to solve practical problems that involves behaviour. The specialised meanings in psychology are behaviourism, functionalism, individualism, ethnocentrism, introspection and pragmatism. Determinism is the argument that the person doesn’t have...
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...Alberta, Canada) is a psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. For almost six decades, he has been responsible for contributions to many fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy and personality psychology, and was also influential in the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology. He is known as the originator of social learning theory and the theory of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. A 2002 survey ranked Bandura as the fourth most-frequently cited psychologist of all time, behind B. F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget, and as the most cited living one.[1] Bandura is widely described as the greatest living psychologist,[2][3][4][5] and as one of the most influential psychologists of all time.[6][7] In 1974 Bandura was elected to be the Eighty-Second President of the American Psychological Association (APA). He was one of the youngest president-elects in the history of the APA at the age of 46. Bandura served as a member of the APA Board of Scientific Affairs from 1968 to 1970 and is well known as a member of the editiorial board of nine psychology journals including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology from 1963 to 1972.[8] At the age of 82, Bandura was awarded the Grawemeyer Award for psychology and is known as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. [9] Contents [hide] ...
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...Research Methods Jessica February 2012 What is the difference between direct and indirect observational methods of research? Direct observation is when researchers observe the behavior while it is occurring. Indirect (unobtrusive) observation is when researchers examine physical traces and archival records. (Zechmeister, Zechmeister, & Shaughnessy 2001) Direct observation of behavior can be seen in simply psychology: question and answer, as well as simple observation of a person’s daily activities. The researcher can choose to change the atmosphere, or change the study to intervene and observe the changes, while indirect observations main goal is to be unseen and non-influential on the behavior that is being observed as to take down all natural information. My friend attempted to use direct observation in this study. He went out and observed people’s behavior while intervening with his own behavior in hopes to prove his hypothesis. There is so much wrong with his way of thinking in this study. The first problem is his observational bias as he is not only observing others and the conversation but also himself. There is no scientific way to observe yourself without having some bias in opinion. Beyond that, he uses behavioral sampling, and cannot come to a precise conclusion based soley on his words and the reactions of the people he is in conversation with. There are many factors to consider. Where are the people coming from, where are they going? Are they having a good...
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...Final Exam Social Psychology Professor Anderson-Woodard Alfreda Leonard June 17, 2011 Cognitive dissonance - was originally based on the concept of cognitive consistency, but is now more related to self-concept theory. When people do something that violates their view of themselves, this causes an uncomfortable state of dissonance that motivates a change in either attitudes or behavior. Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and actions.[2] Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and denying. It is one of the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology. Observational learning (social learning) - suggests that behavior can be acquired by observation and imitation of others, unlike traditional learning theories which require reinforcement or punishment for learning to occur. Self-perception theory - emphasizes that we observe ourselves in the same manner that we observe others, and draw conclusions about our likes and dislikes. Extrinsic self-perceptions can lead to the overjustification effect. Self-verification theory - focuses on people’s desire to be known and understood by others. The key assumption is that once people develop firmly held beliefs about themselves, they come to prefer that others see them as they...
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...Organizational Psychology Paper Cherrise Smith University of Phoenix October 25, 2010 Wanda Moore Define organizational psychology The definition of organizational psychology is simple; it involves settings that are based on workplace or office psychology. These settings are applied to different types of groups, which take research, intervention, theories, and communication strategies to a whole different level in both non-workplaces and workplaces. Groups of people in this area get with each other and work together to accomplish important task and assist them to understand there connections. Organizational psychologists work with different types of people from middle executive to those of lower rank and management teams. Some workplaces want the employees to be as creative as possible. All in all, this means making sure everyone is communicating with each other and ensuring their bodies and minds are doing the same. Organizational psychology also focuses on individual behavior. Although it is focused on groups, individual behavior has become common in the setting to obtain information about the individual’s influences. Unlike groups and organizations, people behave. You derive a person’s sense of humor, taste and other behavioral elements from them, not the group or organization they are affiliated with. The focus on how individual’s influence and are influenced explain organizational processes that are not like social science disciplines, which do not...
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...Running Head: ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Organizational Psychology Paper June Forbes-Nixon PSY 428 21st March 2011 Facilitator - Maria Cuddy-Casey Defining Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology is a field that utilizes scientific methodology to better understand the behavior of individuals working in organizational settings. In principle, organizational psychology focuses on workplace, including its workers, and organizations that employ them. Organizational psychology gives hiring tests, study the best ways to train employees, investigate how to improve work conditions, and analyze how management and employees can get along better. Organizational psychology should be viewed as a science; it is based on scientific studies of behavior in both organization and laboratory settings. Organizational psychology is part of a broader field of study in its own right; however, it is actually part of the broader field of industrial/organizational psychology, (Jex & Britt, 2008). Industrial psychology is defined as the application of methods and principles of psychology to the workplace using scientific methods to study behavior in organizations. Industrial psychology deals with recruitment, selection, classification, compensation, performance appraisal and training of employees. Whereas, organizational psychology is concerned with socialization, motivation, occupational stress, leadership, group performance and organization development. Historically...
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...Social Psychology Ginger PSY/400 Social Psychology Our behavior is shaped by many influences, some external and some internal. Humans are social creatures meaning that cultural predispositions define our circumstances. Our attitudes and personalities play a significant role in shaping behavior as well, sometimes offsetting, and sometimes reinforcing social pressures. How we think influences our perceptions of the world and how we think influences our perception of others. Also how we think influences our perceptions of ourselves. Social Psychology differs from other related disciplines in that it focuses on “social” aspects of human behaviors, specifically, how people understand, and interact with others. Social Psychology Social psychology is the study of how and why people think, feel, and do the things they do depending upon the situation they are in (Myers, 2010, p. 4). In other words, social psychology focuses on the individual and relies on scientific research to generate theories of social behavior. The world is a dynamic place and the actions of human beings are constantly changing as individuals respond to various events and situations that confront them. Social psychology plays a role in helping to understand better how individuals view themselves and others in various social and cultural contexts. For example, social psychology can help in better understanding how stereotypes are formed, where attitudes...
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...answer what the question asks, and answer in complete sentences if possible. 1. What is psychology, and what is the basis for all perspectives of psychology? (5 points) 2. What can an experiment prove that an observational study cannot? Give a reason why this is true. (5 points) 3. For each item in the list below, name which perspective in psychology is most closely related to the question. (10 points total, 2 points per item) i. How can hatred between different groups of people be reduced? ii. How can people change their thinking and behaviors to have better relationships? iii. What do people need in order to be who they most want to be? iv. Does exercise improve memory? v. Do early interactions with parents affect people’s ability to learn language? Application and Critical Thinking For these questions, answer all parts of the question completely. Use complete sentences. 4. Imagine that you are conducting an observational study to see if getting less sleep correlates with more or less happiness during the day. You use a group of 10 close friends as subjects for the study. You design a Web-based application that allows volunteers to track the amount of sleep they get each night and to rate their happiness three times during the day. Your friends are interested in your study and want to see it succeed, so they are willing to answer all survey questions when they are...
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...Name: Prof.Maulik Shah Title: Psychology and CRM through Optimistic Marketing Abstract Marketing and psychology are in a way synonyms. Psychology is the science of behaviour and mental process with the ultimate goal of understanding individuals and groups. Marketing is the science of behaviour and mental process with the ultimate goal of understanding consumers and groups of consumers (i.e. markets) for commercial purpose. So the only different in their definition according to me is the word “commercial”. So it is fair enough to say that marketing and psychology only differ in their application part. This research paper will emphasize on the optimistic marketing especially eliminating the use of word “NO” in business and its implications, with some examples from case studies in order to strengthen my argument. The research methodology adopted is observational research. Marketing is all about keeping all your senses open and then ‘sense and satisfy’ the needs of customers. So the examples explained in the research paper is based on the common observations done across some industries and finding out how ignorance has led to the use of negativity in the business and how the use of optimistic marketing can help change the situation. Some supporting examples from successful companies like Disneyland, Nordstorm and Lacoste is also discussed. These case studies and other facts presented in the paper obtained through the observational research throws light on, how creating a positive...
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...Organizational Psychology Kevin Reynolds PSY/428 May 29, 2012 Dr. Jeff Dunlap Organizational Psychology Government agencies, corporations, for-profit, and not-for-profit organizations are all composed of individuals making a larger, whole organization. Several factors can influence an individual, and the organization. Stress, working conditions, and external factors such as work-life balance influence an organization. Organizational Psychologists offer organizations ideas in the area of work environment conditions, work-life balance, and production improvements by using available methods of analysis and research. Organizational Psychology is "a field that utilizes scientific methodology to better understands the behavior of individuals working in organizational settings” (Jex & Britt, 2008 p.1). Organizational psychology concentrates on the human aspect of the working environment. Using research, surveys and interviewing, organization psychology will allow the psychologist to suggest process improvements and other ways to improve workplace conditions. Similar concentration of study will affect and can also improve production efficiencies. Organizational psychologists study and report on employee behaviors. Organizational psychologist will offer suggestions for improvements with the goal of influencing positive production, employee morale, and increase in profits. Research and Statistics Psychologist will use research and statistical exploration to develop theories...
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