...Open System Interconnection (OSI) The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is considered a critical element regarding all computer network design since 1984. The OSI model is a basic model detailing the protocols a network and the related equipment illustrating how they work together through communication. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has created the technology for the OSI model to be maintained at high standards and helps today’s technology remain of constant use when studying network architecture. The OSI has created levels called: application, physical, network, data link, session, transport, and presentation. The layers are identified by 1 through 7, starting from the bottom to the top. Each of these levels is N+1 entity or N layers. They will request help another layer or N entity by communicating through protocols transmitted by data units. The physical layer’s majority functions are: defining the physical and electrical specifications of the data connection. The data link layer provides a link that can be relied upon to directly connect to the physical layer through the use of nodes. This connection will help in the detection and the possible correction of errors that could be found. The layers help provide procedures for transferring data in various sequences for functional purposes, or datagrams at various lengths from one node to another that node that is connected to a network at the same time. The next layer is transport. In this layer...
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...Open System Interconnection CMGT/245 IS Security Concepts Open System Interconnection The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) supplies all the techniques and steps of essential needs to connect one computer to any other in a network. It is a conjectural model that is used commonly in network plan, and in constructing decision. Generally, real networks cling to the Open System Interconnection, however, there are variances with views to the true model. The Open Systems Interconnection supplies an ordinary technique for how current networks work. It separate the technique and steps necessary for a network connection in seven different layers. Each higher division conforms on services given by a lower division. For a complete network connection, information is connected from the top layer on one computer throughout the remaining lower layer, and have a backup of the layers to other computers. The supporting items below explains each layer making assessment for real networking formation as required. 1. Physical Layer: The base layer, physical layer supply the features result in a physical method, used to provide a network connection. The physical layer network result in a physical method, which is a network cable that can transport bits between nodes on the physical network. The physical network can be from an end-to-end, which will result in between two points, or multipoint, which will result in between different points. It can cover half-duplex of one place at a...
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...authorized by many countries to create standards that apply to multiple countries. 5. B. The data link layer sits lower in the model than the transport layer. C. The physical layer sits just below the data link layer. 6. B. IEEE D. ANSI 7. D. To keep intellectual property rights to the technology inside the company 8. B. IP is a network layer protocol. 9. B. TCP/IP 10. B. The lower four layers of TCP/IP define the same kinds of functions as the matching layer numbers from OSI. 11. C. The PCs use two wires to create a circuit to send data from PC1 to PC2. 12. B. Ethernet defines MAC addresses, but when used in a TCP/IP network, it does not use the addresses, instead relying on IP addresses. 13. D. Datagram 14. B. Can be written in DDN format D. Used by routers to make a forwarding decision 15. A. 48 bits in length 16. A. LANs generally connect devices that are nearer to each other, compared to WANs. D. LANs are purchased, and WANs are leased. 17. B. Two TCP/IP data-link protocols are Ethernet and PPP. C. Data-link protocols define addresses that identify devices connected to the underlying physical link. 18. D. None of the answers is correct. 19. D. None of the answers is correct. 20. A. Data-link header B. Network layer header C. Transport layer header TCP/IP network: Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol....
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...The Data Link Layer and Physical Layer OSI Model: The Open Framework Interconnection display characterizes a systems administration structure to execute conventions in layers, with control go starting with one layer then onto the next. It is fundamentally utilized today as an instructing device. It reasonably separates PC arrange design into 7 layers in a coherent movement. The lower layers manage electrical signs, pieces of paired information, and directing of these information crosswise over systems. More elevated amounts cover organize solicitations and reactions, portrayal of information, and system conventions as observed from a client's perspective. The OSI demonstrate was initially considered as a standard engineering for building system frameworks and to be sure, numerous mainstream organize advancements today mirror the layered outline of OSI...
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...Network Analysis of Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has been in existence since 1975, providing services ranging from basic medical care, outpatient, and pharmacy; to surgery, obstetrics, and physical therapy. The hospital’s mission is to provide a high quality standard of service and practice to the patients of the surrounding community. As with most health care facilities, heavy use of technology is needed in order to enact an efficient and stable operation with safe procedures. Information is needed almost immediately concerning patient files, and the need for keeping patient files up to date is an ever growing issue. Hospitals, doctor’s offices, urgent care clinics, and pharmacies all must implement technology and network strategies in order to stay current, practice safe procedures, and to stay ahead of the ever-changing rules and government regulations put on the health care industry. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is no exception to this. Even though they are not a giant, metropolitan based, hospital with multiple locations, they are still a rather large operation with technology and network needs in relation to the industry participated in. Internal and External Data Transmission Hospitals, by nature must communicate data both internally and externally with precise accuracy and efficiency. Internal networks must transmit data to outside networks at other hospitals, pharmacies, doctor’s offices, and other health care...
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...Team Assignment NTC/362 November 24, 2014 OSI Model The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) has been a reference for model network protocols since the mid-1990s. The OSI is formally known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model ISO/IEC 7498-1. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), is a global standards-settings group that is comprised of members from various national standards groups. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is another global standards-settings group; however, it focuses on electrical, electronic, and related technologies. (Foundational Focus: OSI Model-Breaking Down the Seven Layers, 2013) The OSI model is comprised of seven layers, with layer one positioned at the bottom of the layer stack and layer seven at the top. The layers have assigned names as well as number references. Layer 7, the application layer, is the interface between the protocol stack and application software. The software might be client or utilities or server services. It is the ability of software to communicate with the standardized interface of application layer protocols that makes network communications possible. Layer 6, the presentation layer, establishes the context between disparate application layer protocols. Effectively, the presentation layer adjusts syntax, semantics, data types, data formats, etc. This layer ensures that data sent by the application is compatible with the lower layers of network communication and that data received from...
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...Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 7 February 2002 Print: SH94947 PDF: SS94947 IEEE Std 802®-2001 (R2007) (Revision of IEEE Std 802-1990) IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture Sponsor LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Reaffirmed 21 March 2007 Approved 6 December 2001 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: IEEE Std 802-2001, IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture, provides an overview to the family of IEEE 802 Standards. It defines compliance with the family of IEEE 802 Standards; it describes the relationship of the IEEE 802 Standards to the Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model [ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994] and explains the relationship of these standards to the higher layer protocols; it provides a standard for the structure of LAN MAC addresses; and it provides a standard for identification of public, private, and standard protocols. Keywords: IEEE 802 standards compliance, Local Area Networks (LANs), LAN/MAN architecture, LAN/MAN reference model, Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright © 2002 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 7 February 2002. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE and 802 are registered trademarks...
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...The telecommunications field is a vast field that contains terms and acronyms which can be confusing to those who are not familiar with the terminology. Therefore, the following paragraphs will compare and explain some common terms used when referring to the telecommunications field and will entail some old technology with some new. To be included within the discussion is comparisons of telephone dialing sounds, Wide Area Telecommunications Services (WATS) versus leased lines, Private Branch Exchanges (PBX) or Centrex, and the International Organization for Standardization-Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI) model. What are the differences between Rotary and Dual Tone Multi-frequency (DTMF)? Rotary dialed phones were round and "spun" to make a phone call. The disk had the numbers 0-9 and one had to place a finger in the hole next to the number they wanted to select and turn the dial completely around then let go. When the disk spun back to its original position it would create a series of frequency pulses that corresponded to the number dialed and was known as "pulse dialing." The phone company switching network would recognize the number of "clicks or pulses' sent and would switch to the appropriate line. On the other hand DTMF uses a "tone dialing' method to place a call. A push button phone uses the "tone" method of dialing. Each time a number button is pushed on the phone, the circuitry in the phone makes a two toned sound for each number and sends that sound to the...
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...subject of how OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) are similar and how they are different. There are 7 layers in the OSI model and there are only 4 layers in TCP/IP. The 7 layers in OSI are application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical with application being the highest and physical being the lowest of the model (Harney, n.d.). The 4 layers of TCP/IP are application, transport, internet, and subnet (Harney, n.d.). In the OSI model the application layer simply handles a lot of software protocols such as DNS, and HTTP. The presentation layer transfers data from one end to the other. The session layer handles connection between two devices. The transport layer makes sure information is formatted in the proper way. The network layer sends information over to the proper web address. The data link layer makes sure data is small enough to be sent across the network to arrive in the correct place. The physical layer deals with all hardware including NIC’s, hubs, and Ethernet cabling. The TCP/IP only has 4 layers because one or more layers of the OSI models is composed in the TCP/IP model (OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Model, n.d.). In the application layer it deals with the user and how data is handled with that user. The transport layer deals with communication. The internet layer establishes the best route of travel for information. The network access layer deals with hardware...
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...OSI Model Your Name University of Phoenix Introduction to WAN technologies Teacher Date “The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model was created by the ISO to help standardize communication between computer systems.” (Tech Terms, 2011) The OSI model has seven different layers which breaks up communications and uses multiple hardware standards, protocols and even other types of services. The seven layers of this protocol are the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and the application layer. The layers which WAN protocols operate are at Layer 1 and Layer 2 which are the physical layer and the data link layer. You have the cables, routers, server, connectors, signaling and standards on the first layer and then you have the frame relay, HDKX, PPP and ATM which are the WAN protocols on the second layer. “The physical layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining and ending physical connections (point to point) between computers.” (University of Pittsburg) When you talk about routers on different levels in the OSI protocols a thing to remember is they can be doing processes on more than one level but they really only reside on the first level of the protocol. Layer 1 is actually concerned with the interpretation of the bit stream and turning it into an electrical signal that will be carried across a physical medium. Then the data link layer or layer 2 will really define the format of the data ion the network...
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...describing the OSI model and how it relates to a network. Your response should include answers to the following: • On which layers of the OSI model do WAN protocols operate? • What are some of these protocols? • On which OSI layers do switches and routers operate? • If routers reside at more than one layer, what is the difference between the OSI layers? Introduction: The OSI model was introduced in 1984. Although it was designed to be an abstract model, the OSI model remains a practical framework for today's key network technologies like Ethernet and protocols like IP. The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. The upper layers of the OSI model represent software that implements network services like encryption and connection management. The lower layers of the OSI model implement more primitive, hardware-oriented functions like routing, addressing, and flow control. In the OSI model, data communication starts with the top layer at the sending side, travels down the OSI model stack to the bottom layer, then traverses the network connection to the bottom layer on the receiving side, and up its OSI model stack. How OSI model relates to a network: Information being transferred from a software application in one computer system to a software application in another must pass through the OSI layers. For example, if a software application in System A has information to transmit to a software application in System B, the application...
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...CHAPTER 3 KEY TERMS TCP/IP. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: a communications protocol for computer networks, the main protocol for the Internet. TCP/IP. Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Networking Standard. An interconnected group or system. TCP/IP. The only difference in these bottom four layers is the name of OSI Layer 3 (network) compared to TCP/IP (Internet). The upper three layers of the OSI reference model (application, presentation, and session—Layers 7, 6, and 5 Open network is called a network where network operator and service provider are separated. In open network relationship between an end-user and a service provider depends on mutual agreement. The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the internal functions of a communication system by partitioning it into abstraction layers. Encoding convert (information or an instruction) into a particular form. In many disciplines of computer science, a header is a unit of information that precedes a data object. In a network transmission, a header is part of the data packet and contains transparent information about the file or the transmission. Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices. Unlike dial-up connections, a leased line is always active. The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate. The primary factors affecting the monthly fee are distance between...
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...jitter within your own system. This will result in packet collision, loss of data, and could result in loss of business. Open Systems Interconnection Protocol Model In order for two computers to be able to interchange data and information, they first must establish communicate with each other. Protocols allow for this communication to take place (Goleniewski). The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model gives a logical design that is used for communication between systems. The OSI Model is layered with seven subcomponents: Application (7), Presentation (6), Session (5), Transport (4), Network (3), Data Link (2) and Physical (1). Each one of these layers presents a collection of services. These services are provided to the layers that are above and below that specific layer. In addition to these, the OSI Model also details the transfer of computer packets using layer protocols (Goleniewski). The Application layer has the role of maintaining the exchange of information between a computer’s programs and services on the network. The Presentation layer makes it possible for software applications to read information by formatting it. Support for connections between sessions is handled through the Session layer. It also takes the role of handling administrative tasks and providing security. When transmission errors occur, it is the transport layer that corrects the issue. Then it reliably delivers that information to the target destination. The Network layer serves as a routing...
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...A router can also be used as a network switch. 6) Gateway A gateway is a device used to connect networks using different protocols. This device operate at the network layer of the OSI model. A mail gateway receives Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and translate into standard x.400 format and deliver them to its destination. 7) Repeater Repeater operates in the physical layer of the OSI model and it doesn’t have capability of interpreting the data they retransmit. 8) Modem According to (Dean, 2013, p.840) A modem is a device that modifies analog signal into digital signals at the transmitting end for transmission over a telephone lines, and changes digital signals onto analog signals at the receiving end. 9) Firewall A firewall is a network security device used to filter or block traffic between networks. 10) Transceiver (Media converter) Transceiver is a short name for transmitter-receiver, it is a device that both transmit and receives analog or digitals. Transceiver’s responsibilities are to place signal...
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...Expert Reference Series of White Papers The OSI Model: Understanding the Seven Layers of Computer Networks 1-800-COURSES www.globalknowledge.com The OSI Model: Understanding the Seven Layers of Computer Networks Paul Simoneau, Global Knowledge Course Director, Network+, CCNA, CTP Introduction The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for understanding data communications between any two networked systems. It divides the communications processes into seven layers. Each layer both performs specific functions to support the layers above it and offers services to the layers below it. The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic through the network to an end system. The top four layers come into play in the end system to complete the process. This white paper will provide you with an understanding of each of the seven layers, including their functions and their relationships to each other. This will provide you with an overview of the network process, which can then act as a framework for understanding the details of computer networking. Since the discussion of networking often includes talk of “extra layers”, this paper will address these unofficial layers as well. Finally, this paper will draw comparisons between the theoretical OSI model and the functional TCP/IP model. Although TCP/IP has been used for network communications before the adoption of the OSI model, it supports the same functions and features in a differently layered arrangement...
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