...Orcinus Orcinus Orca Orca . Offshore Orca: * Discovered in 1988 in the northeast Pacific, by a humpback whale researcher who observed them in open water. * they travel far from shore * Diet: schooling fish, mammals and sharks. * they have large, scarred and nicked dorsal fins resembling those of transients * Encountered off the west coast of Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands. * Offshores travel in groups of 20–75, sometimes in larger groups of up to 200 * Offshores appear to be smaller than the others * Females are characterized by dorsal fin tips that are continuously rounded Transient Orca: * Diet: marine mammals (sea lions, seal, walruses) * travel in small groups, of two to six, and have less persistent family bonds than residents * Transients vocalize in less variable and less complex dialects * Females are characterized by more triangular and pointed dorsal fins. * the saddle patches of transients are solid and uniformly gray * Transients roam widely along the coast in both southern Alaska and California. * Nickname: Bigg's killer whale in honor of Michael Bigg. Offshore Orca: * Discovered in 1988 in the northeast Pacific, by a humpback whale researcher who observed them in open water. * they travel far from shore * Diet: schooling fish, mammals and sharks. * they have large, scarred and nicked dorsal fins resembling those of transients ...
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...The article “Vocalizations of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in the Bremer Canyon, Western Australia” by Rebecca Wellard gave Australia a building block of acoustic features of underwater sounds produced by killer whales in Australian waters. Orcas inhabit all of the world’s oceans and have been sighted in all state and territory waters in Australia. With this species being so predominantly found in this location they needed much more than the limited information they had about the killer whale. Cetaceans utilize acoustic communication for social interactions, group cohesion, mating, mother-calf contact, travelling, navigation, hunting and foraging (Wellard 1). The killer whale makes three forms of communication: echolocation clicks, burst- pulse...
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...Krista Jackson October 7th, 2014 College Credit English Cause and Effect Essay Black Fish Since 1964, killer whales; also known as the orca, (Orcinus orca) first to put in a cage for the world to see. The view of the killer whale has shifted from a dangerous killer to a cuddly animal. Theses whales have gone from a sea creature shot at by humans, to the star money maker at theme parks. Both images become one-sided, putting the creature into stereotypes. Orcas resemble humans, very complex, intelligent, and also taken advantage of. As of today, they stand as the largest animal and predator to be put in the smallest captivity. The killer whales beauty has mesmerized humans for years, but captivity not only breaks down the physical and mental health of these creatures, and also puts others in danger. Studies have shown the life expectancies of an orca in captivity remain well below the life of a wild counterparts. Industries claim that the achievements in veterinary care and nutrition have made a life of orca far better, but studies prove that the whales act much better in the wild. In 2007, SeaWorld responded to questions asked by KGTV and stated “We have often said that 30 years is a good estimate of average killer whale lifespan as we can exceed that age, as evidence by one of ours, Corky. She is at least 40 and perhaps as old as 42. Biology of Marine Mammals said that female killer whales in their studies group had a mean life expectancy of 31 years and males...
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...XP_009782273.1), a non-human mammal (Orcinus orca – subunit theta-1)( XP_004270430.1), an invertebrate (Dendroctonus ponderosae – hypothetical protein)( ERL88430.1) and human myo-globin (NP_976312.1) were obtained using the BLAST searches, which were conducted using the subunit zeta as query. 2.3 Multiple Alignment of proteins on Clustal-X2 A file containing the unaligned sequences obtained from the BLAST searches were loaded onto the Clustal-X2 application. A complete multiple alignment of homologous sequences was generated and the sequences were exported as a ‘FASTA format’ to R. 2.4 Phylogeny reconstruction in R R libraries phangorn (Schliep, 2011) and ape (Paradis, Claude and Strimmer, 2004) were installed and utilized. The file from the Clustal-X2 multiple alignment was uploaded and a randomly rooted phyloge-ny was drawn. From this, the plant sequence was used as an outgroup and it was set as the root of the tree. A model of substitution was cho-sen out of WAG, LG, Dayhoff and JTT models. Based on the lowest AIC value calculated, the JTT+G was chosen. Following this, the phy-logenetic tree was constructed by using the maximum likelihood method and the plant species as the root. 3 Results and Discussion Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree topology with 12 branches illustrating the divergence of eight haemoglobin genes, and three additional globin protein sequences from plants (Nicotiana sylvestris – leghemoglobins), a non-human mammal (Orcinus orca – subunit theta-1), an invertebrate...
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...killer whales (orcas) away from their families and home. Throughout the years this has caused damage to the orcas causing rebellion and other forms of defiance. There have been many incidents following the rebellion of these orcas and yet nothing is done about the issue. Sea World should not keep killer whales against their will or keep them captive. Orcas are sea creatures, meaning they belong in the ocean. So why is it that they ended up in large fish tanks held against their will? SeaWorld claims to people that killer whales are better off under their care (Black Fish). Indicating that by taking the orcas from their families, it is rescuing them and giving them better help. Stating that they took them to show others how caring and talented they can be. The park implies that people will learn a lot about life in the sea. Many think that if they come to the park, they are doing a good deed and will be educated on life in the ocean. The employees working on the tours are also obligated to say all these lies to the guests about the park. For instance, a commonly asked question is why some whales have their fins bent, in other words, have a dorsal fin collapse. The park answers to guests that it is normal, but in reality that is not supposed to happen and is caused by the tanks (Black Fish). Orcas were not meant to live in big tanks they were meant to live in the ocean with other orcas. People being misinformed on what is really going on to the orcas is a huge problem...
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...Killer whales, Orcinus orca, form a dynamic and complex social group of that are based upon maternal relationships. Each population of killer whales is comprised of an alpha female and up to four generations of her offspring, both male and female. Each group, or pod, falls within a larger whale population in an area (cultural transmission). Because whales are social creatures, communication is an important aspect for the entire pod. The offspring in the pods learn social cues and vocalizations primarily from their mother and the alpha female in the group (Evolution random). Because vocalizations are taught socially, different pods within a single population have many different dialects. Even though pods within a population have their own unique dialect, however there are subtle similarities among the pods. Using dialects as a source of comparison, it may be possible to determine...
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...Great white sharks, scientific name Carcharodon carcharias, is one of the greatest species of sharks to be alive. They’re known for their fearsome jaw length and gigantic body size.("Great White Sharks”) Killer whales, scientific name Orcinus Orca, is known for it fazic looks and astonishing food sources. Also, killer whales are not fishes, they are mammals. (“Killer Whales”) Now, if you put a shark and a whale together it gets interesting, a whale shark, Rhincodon typus. It’s known for its flat-headed, pot-a-dotted, bluish body that lengths up to about 40 feet at least. Whale sharks are the second largest fishes. These are all rulers of the sea. (“Whale...
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...A Review of Management Problems Arising From Reintroductions of Large Carnivores Date: September 2014 Abstract | Introduction | Conclusion | Acknowledgements | References | PDF Abstract Large carnivores are often apex predators and are important in ecosystems as their behaviour promotes biodiversity. They frequently fall victim to anthropogenic causes of local extinction and subsequently, have often been the subjects of conservation efforts involving reintroduction programs. As land-use changes restrict ranges and reduce prey for large carnivores, the trend towards local extinction is set to increase; therefore ex-situ conservation is likely to be increasingly prevalent. Reintroduction programmes are divided into two distinct parts. The first part is pre-release, which includes selection, breeding, and preparation of animals. The second part runs from the time the animals are ready for release through the actual release process and may include post-release monitoring and the release of further, supplementary, animals where this is necessary and feasible. This study identifies and discusses a number of potential problems involved in the use of captive animals to seed reintroductions including welfare as well as ethical and political issues. Other challenges include the genetic and behavioural integrity of founder animals and disease control, both in captivity and post release. This study also identifies a number of points for consideration during and after release, including...
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...BLAST ® Basic Local Alignment Search Tool NCBI/ BLAST/ blastn suite/ Formatting Results - 2B3NWE4501R Formatting options Download Blast report description APOE RID 2B3NWE4501R (Expires on 09-28 00:05 am) Query ID Description Molecule type Query Length lcl|167571 None nucleic acid 1223 Database Name nr Description Nucleotide collection (nt) Program BLASTN 2.2.30+ Graphic Summary Distribution of 128 Blast Hits on the Query Sequence Descriptions Sequences producing significant alignments: Description Homo sapiens apolipoprotein E (APOE), mRNA Homo sapiens apolipoprotein E, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:1571 IMAGE:3355712), complete cds Homo sapiens cDNA clone IMAGE:6263100, **** WARNING: chimeric clone **** Homo sapiens preapolipoprotein E (APOE) mRNA, complete cds Human apolipoprotein E mRNA, complete cds PREDICTED: Pan paniscus apolipoprotein E (APOE), transcript variant X1, mRNA PREDICTED: Homo sapiens apolipoprotein E (APOE), transcript variant X1, mRNA PREDICTED: Pan paniscus apolipoprotein E (APOE), transcript variant X2, mRNA PREDICTED: Papio anubis apolipoprotein E (APOE), mRNA Macaca fascicularis mRNA, complete cds, clone Qlv-U403A-F8: similar to Homo sapiens apolipoprotein E (APOE), mRNA, NM_000041.2 PREDICTED: Macaca fascicularis apolipoprotein E (APOE), transcript variant X1, mRNA PREDICTED: Chlorocebus sabaeus apolipoprotein E (APOE), transcript variant X1, mRNA Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ95802, Homo sapiens apolipoprotein E (APOE), mRNA Monkey mRNA for apolipoprotein...
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...GMAT GRADUATE MANAGEMENT ADMISSION TEST McGraw-Hill’s 2008 Edition James Hasik Stacey Rudnick Ryan Hackney New York | Chicago | San Francisco | Lisbon London | Madrid | Mexico City | Milan | New Delhi San Juan | Seoul | Singapore | Sydney | Toronto Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-151120-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-149340-9. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights...
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...“AÑO DE LA PROMOCIÓN DE LA INDUSTRIA RESPONSABLE Y COMPROMISO CLIMÁTICO” FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y EDUCACIÓN ESCUELA DE HISTORIA Y GEOGRAFÍA ÁREAS NATURALES Y PROTEGIDAS DEL PERÚ INTEGRANTES: MÁRQUEZ YOVERA, JENNIFER MARTINEZ ANCAJIMA JESENIA DEL SOCORRO MELENDREZ ALCALDE, ZHEISLA GABRIELA MIRANDA CÓRDOVA, FRANCO SAÚL MOLINA NIMA, JORGE LUIS MORALES OLAYA, SERGIO NIEVES VEINTIMILLA CARONILA SOPHIA NÚÑEZ PANAIFO, SHEILLA RAQUEL OJEDA GUERRERO, SOBEYDA CURSO: BIOLOGÍA GENERAL DOCENTE: BLGA. CLAUDIA DEL PILAR RUÍZ GONZÁLEZ PIURA, JULIO DEL 2014 INTRODUCCIÓN La conservación y protección del patrimonio natural compete a todos aquellos que se benefician directa o indirectamente de los servicios que proveen los ecosistemas y sus procesos ecológicos dentro del estado. La preocupación por el adecuado aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales, los cuales permiten la subsistencia de las sociedades y sustentan su desarrollo, ha generado numerosas acciones en pro de la conservación de la diversidad biológica. Es a través de estrategias y acciones encaminadas a la sustentabilidad bajo enfoques integrales, que puede hacerse posible el cumplimiento de los objetivos de las autoridades y autores involucrados en el cuidado del patrimonio natural, siempre dentro de un marco legal que asegure el desarrollo económico y social unido a un ambiente natural, íntegro y sano. En la actualidad, la integridad de los ecosistemas que conforman...
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