...Organ shortage is a serious issue and has impacts on various areas, particularly affecting the price of organ transplantation, causing the loss of lives and creating demands on the Black Market. Affecting the Price of Organ Transplantation The low supply and high demand of the organs will result in a higher equilibrium price. With the high cost of the organ transplant surgery, people who are not well off will not be able to pay for the surgery easily. Even with insurance, covering 80% of the bill, the remaining 20% is still a hefty amount. Thus, people who are unable to afford for the organ transplant will eventually die. Table 2.1 below shows the high cost of the organ transplants. Graph 2.2 below shows the median household income a year in United States 2011 is $50,100USD [23]. Table 2.1 – Cost of the organ transplants [11] Graph 2.2 – Annual household income of United States up to 2011 [22]...
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...The National Organ Transplant Act implemented in 1984, prohibits the ability "for any person to knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation if the transfer affects interstate commerce." If human organs become a commodity in an open market, several ethical moral issues will arise. An open market is a freely competitive market in which any buyer or seller may trade and in which prices are determined by competition. One of the most highly demanded organs is the kidney but because demand is rising so high, supply is short and people cannot get what they need in time. For every 100,000 transplant operations needed each year, only 10,000 are performed. In my opinion, allowing open market organ donations should remain illegal firstly because, people could be coerced, in other words, forced by persuasion or threat to sell their organ. Secondly, the open market would discriminate against the poor who do not have the financial means to pay for a needed organ and thus will have to constantly complete against the rich. Thirdly, there is always the risk of citizens going around murdering one another to obtain an organ to sell leading into illicit trading and potentially, the...
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...* Starts of by talking about how it is unlawful to get money for organs. * Then it goes on to say how there are not enough organs for transplants throughout the last 20 years. * Expected waiting times are now in years and not months * Says There are 3 alternative policies for organ transplantation: * The current system of altruistic supply at a zero price * A market system that allows demand and supply to equilibrate at a positive price * A system based on t * To facilitate the discussion on the three alternative policies we focus our attention on a single organ, the kidney * Talks about the shortage of kidneys * Size of shortage- 25,000 potential candidates and 8k to 10 k are added each year and only about 9000 transplants are being done a year. * Cause of increasing shortage-1) technology makes transplant success a lot higher. 2) federal gov pay 80 percent of treatment * Consequences of shortage – heart, liver and other organs are generally obtained from kidney donations * Current system (altruism) - demand for kidneys is inelastic * Some individuals cannot join the donor list due to medical or behavior reasons. * Since we are working under the altruism system its hard to put a price that we think would prevail for kidneys in a market system. * Why the current system ahas endured. – there isn’t a specific reason as to why the current system has endured...
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...Organ donation shortage Organ donation shortage When receiving a driver’s license in the United States, there is a section on the back in which it asks if the licensed driver would like to become an organ donor. Most people overlook this option. Nothing is really pushed forth for people wanting to become organ donors. Today in the U.S, thousands of people need organ transplants. Unfortunately, there is a growing shortage of donated organs. Many people die every year because there are not enough organs ready for transplant. Resulting, there is an extremely long waiting list of people hoping that they will be the next ones to get called to receive an organ. For a lot of those people, they die waiting on that list. If more people would become donors, there would be a lot more organs available for the ones in need. There have been many ideas on how to solve this problem. Rather it being an organ donor to receive an organ, some sort of point system, or financial incentives. (Calne, 2010) Offering financial incentives to potential organ donors, would solve the organ donation shortage in America. Organ transplantation started in the mid- 1950’s with a kidney transplant between identical twins. After the successful operation, it started the idea of widespread organ donation between two participants (Calne, 2010). Today, a living volunteer can donate a kidney, half of a liver or even a lobe of a lung (Calne, 2010). The process starts by one of two ways. If the person is donating...
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...Should Organ Market be legalized? Many people die each year while waiting on the list for an organ. The National Organ Transplant Act was founded to address the organ donation shortage and improve the organ matching. The National Organ Transplant Act is responsible for the placement process and the managing of the waitlist. But in title three section one of the National Organ Transplant Act the federal government bans the buying and selling of organs in the United States. The growth in population and the decrease in organ donation has resulted in organs deficit. There is a growing supply and demand gap in the United States. The non-legalization of organ markets goes against the concept of choice and individual rights which is part of the foundation of the United States. The body is a private property and people should have the right to do as they please with their body. By having an organ market there will be many economic and personal benefits. Some arguments that are proposed by people against the organ market are that the legalization of the sale of human organs would create a black market. A black market that might increase crime in the illegal pursuit of organs. It is also believed that organ market will result in many negative externalities; a negative externality is a cost that is suffered by a third party that was not included in the original plans. An example of a negative externality that would arise from the legalization of organ market would be an increasing child...
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...The Organ Shortage Problem 1) Current organ market in US In US, the National Organ Transplantation Act (NOTA), which since 1984 has forbid the buying and selling of human organs. Established by NOTA in 1984 under HRSA is the Organ Procurement Transplantation Network (OPTN). The primary purpose of OPTN is to operate a fair system for allocating organs donated for transplantation; maintain and monitor a waiting list of potential recipients, match potential recipients with organ donors according to established medical criteria. Controls listing and de-listing of transplant patients, facilitate efficient/effective placement of organs for transplantation, and to increase organs donated. However, from our reading and further research, using the most commonly transplanted organ kidney as an example, we found out that as of 2012, 95000 Americans were on the waiting list for new kidney. That year only 16500 transplant operations were performed. Our research data shows currently in the US, the average waiting time for a kidney is 4.5 years. This situation in comparison to 10 years ago is far worse. Data shows that 10 years ago, the average waiting for a kidney of 2.9 years. In addition to the long waiting period, the waiting period also varies from state to states. Therefore, as Becker suggested, the current system so far have been inadequate to end the shortage. Base on data provided from our reading, current organ market in US can be demonstrated in below two D-S diagrams: The above...
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...“Should organ donation remain a “gift of life” or should donors be compensated?” Schulman’s audience is a group of educated readers who are interested in statistical information on organ sales as well as information on the ethical issues involved in legalizing such sales. When considering the audience, the author uses appropriate language and an appropriate level of vocabulary to connect with her readers. The text is organized in a way that easily flows and presents the key topics within the article, using sub-titles to let the audience know beforehand what they are receiving...
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...Anthony Gregory writes the article “Why Legalizing Organ Sales Would Help to Save Lives, End Violence” and Miriam Schulman writes the article Kidneys for Sale: A Reconsideration, both describing the results of legalizing organ selling in America. Gregory discusses how organ selling could benefit the lives of Americans. While Schulman discusses how it may potentially harm more lives than help. Gregory and Schulman discuss the effects of legalizing the sale of organs in the United States. Anthony Gregory believes that organ selling could provide more organs for in need patients and help save more lives while also reducing crime. However Miriam Schulman suggest that organ selling could do more harm than good when it comes to saving life and potentially risking a life by making hasty decisions and also improve criminal and unjust activity. Georgy and Schulman weigh in on the effects on patients’ lives when it comes to legalizing organ selling. In Georgy’s article,...
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...The National Organ Transplant Act, approved October 19, 1984 and amended in 1988 and 1990, outlawed the sale of human organs and provided for the establishment of the Task Force on Organ Transplantation. While the United Network for Organ Sharing is a non-profit, scientific and educational organization that administers the only Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network in the United States, established by the U.S. Congress in 1984.Located in Richmond, Virginia Due to a shortage in organs but a growing demand for transplantations, people began to use other means to purchase organs outside of a hospital setting. The organ market began to become a commercial market. H. Barry Jacobs, the head of a Virginia company, announced in 1983 a new plan to buy and sell human organs on the market. This plan put healthy, human kidneys in the price range of up to $10,000 plus a $2,000 to $5,000 commission fee for Jacobs. This brought the issue out into the open. NOTA was a response to this proposal making it criminal to transfer human organs for valuable consideration for the purposes of a human transplantation. At the time NOTA was passed, there was an 80 percent survival rate for kidney transplants. A new drug, cyclo-sporin that had been introduced had also increased the survival rate of liver transplant patients from 35 percent to 70 percent in a patients first year of undergoing a liver transplant. This made it clear that the legislation was aware of a growing need and also growing shortage...
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...The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) outlawed selling organs in the US. Before this act, a burst in number of kidney transplants needed caused a shortage in the number of available kidneys, and people ended up buying and selling kidneys- but with many complications. Due to no price ceiling on the organ market, healthy kidneys would be sold to the highest bidder. In order to end this, NOTA was passed and declared compensation for organs unethical. Now it’s 2018 and the US is facing the same kidney shortage it experienced in the 1970s. According to Wiley Online Library, an alarming 5000 to 10000 kidney patients die prematurely each year due to the scarcity of kidneys. After much research, I am able to conclude that compensating...
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...Shortage of Kidneys for Transplantation Introduction As a health care provider, everyday I see patients presenting to the Emergency Department due to renal failure. For kidney failure patients, we at least have the technology to keep them alive using hemodialysis. For liver failure patients, they are often left without real recourse and their mortality is almost certain. While a more permanent solution in the form of organ transplant is technological feasible, few organs are available for needed patients. The inequality between supply and demand is both expensive and fatal. In this paper, I will focus on the problem with insufficient kidney available for transplant, analyze its social and economic effects in the United States and evaluate the problem and a possible solution using economic sociology principles. Social and Economic Costs Currently, there are over 100,000 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant in the United States. (National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Patients have to wait anywhere between 5 to 10 years for a deceased organ. While they wait for available organs, most patients endure a four-hour session in a dialysis center three times per week. In 2009, the annual cost of taking care of an ESRD patient is around $70,000. The total cost was estimated to be over $40 billion. (USA Today, 2009) Because of Medicare rules written in the 1970’s, hemodialysis is a covered service, and no politician who desires to be...
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...Get Your Organ Here.....get your viable organ Excelsior University Get Your Organ Here.....get your viable organ Exceptional lifesaving transplantation of human tissues, have allowed us to prolong life due to technical advances in science and medicine. The market place for buying and selling of human organs should be legalized and regulated by the government. There is currently a widespread shortage of human organs available for transplantation (United Network for Organ Sharing, n.d.). The current program of unpaid organ donation is insufficient and has failed to produce anywhere near enough organs to meet the demand for them. The gap between supply and demand is wider in countries where there are strong religious sanctions or cultural inhibitions (Scheper-Hughes, 2000, p. 1). However, if people could be paid for their organs then many who would not donate them would sell them. This, by true measure is Autonomy. Persons are said to be autonomous when their actions are truly their own (A Scension Health, n.d.). No right is held more sacred or judiciously defended than that of every individual to possess control of his/her own person. Organ transplantation contributes significantly towards improving health, value of lifespan and decrease’s the probability of death from organ failure. We have a global market place for the sale of goods and services. Why should human organs be any different? Yes this notion conjures up a distressing scenario of ideas to which many objections...
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...a sound decision. Ethical dilemmas in society are encountered daily by many. The news feeds, newspapers, and television are full of ethical dilemmas. These reports may be about an actor or actress, rock stars, or politicians. Rarely does one find reports on ethical dilemmas of other types. I have chosen to discuss the ethical dilemma about selling and buying organs on the black market. Nature of the Dilemma Since organ transplants started occurring on a regular basis there has been a shortage for these organs. A transplant recipient can spend years waiting for the right donor and the right organ. Castillo (2014), “The United States government estimates 18 people die each day waiting for a transplant, and every 10 minutes someone is added to the transplant list. As of October 25, 98,463 people were waiting for a new kidney in the U.S. Thus far this year (2013), only 9,708 kidney transplants have been completed” (para. 1, 2). The ethical dilemma, should one be allowed by law to sell their own body parts. Eggs are harvested by surgery and are legal in the United States. Should one not be able to harvest other organs and sell them?...
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...kidneys and other organs. Vietnam is using a system far ahead of the rest of the world as a solution to the available organs until growable organs become a reality. Therefore the legalization and creating of a system for the monetary compensation for organ donors to motivate them to save the lives of millions. Thus I chose to write my thesis advocating the use of such a system. With this system the medical world can, like Vietnam, not only eliminate the organ shortage of organs such as kidneys and liver, but we can save medical expenses to those receiving said organs. Yet there are still...
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...survival, the law prohibiting the widespread of trading human organs in numerous nations is being a controversial issue. The information from “Topics for today” (Smith and Mare, 2004) as well as reference of other resources presenting in this paper does express two different perceptions. While most of ethical and political organisations oppose to transaction human organs, I still belive that it is necessary to legalize that business with the purpose of making the best endeavor in regaining the subsistence of millions patients. Revoking the law which does forbid the patient has the right to buy flesh and people has authority to sell their organs would be beneficial besides merely saving a person’s life. First of all, both dealers are beneficiaries from the business transaction. Ross Taylor, president of the British Transplantation Society revealed a tremendous view of the people who prepare to martyr themselves. Their desperate circumstances are motivations for them to sell their body organs for justifiable even lofty intention as paying off of debts, college tuitions or even saving their families. While their donations are considered as a gift for patients’ life, they are also rescued from the impoverished situation. Simultaneously, legalization of human organs trading facilitates for the available flesh to reach the expectation of people who are waiting for transplantation. The adequate resource of human organs synonyms with millions patients are saving. By contrast, the...
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