...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Many critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. In this paper I will review the arguments for and against commercialization of organ transplant. I will formulate my position on the debate of whether or not the sale of organs should be permitted and I will defend my moral judgment with an argument. I will also determine which normative theory best supports my conclusion. Nearly 100,000 people in the United States are on a waiting list for kidneys, hearts, livers, lungs, and other organs. Many of these people die each day because the high demand for organs greatly exceeds the supply, and the disparity is widening. Despite these laws and other strategies, such as organ donation cards, the organ shortage remains (Sadler & Sadler, 2012). Some people favor changing the federal law to allow people to buy and sell organs. Although, this approach is filled with ethical problems, including the risk that only the desperately poor would be persuaded, and possibly forced to sell their body parts (Sadler & Sadler, 2012). A problem that has been around is the trafficking of human organs. Despite severe and fine tuned laws most jurisdictions are unable to curb organ trafficking. Nor are they able to provide organs to the needy. There are reports of the kidnapping and murder of children and adults to “harvest” their organs (Kishore, 2005). Millions of people are suffering, not because the organs are not available...
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...Introduction The men came to their village promising jobs as housekeepers and waitresses in the USA. The Mexican women, as young as 14 and eager for the chance to help their families, agreed to go. When the women arrived in Florida, “bosses” confiscated their false travel documents and said they would be arrested as illegal immigrants if they ever ran away. They were forced to pay their $2,000 transportation fees through prostitution, 12 hours a day, and six days a week. Guards were posted at the doors. Attempted escapes were punished with severe beatings. The bosses considered rape a training method. Mexican farm workers paid $20 for a condom and 15 minutes with a woman, though on average they received $3 per encounter. It became impossible for the women to pay their debts, since the bosses added charges for room, board and miscellaneous fines to the original transportation fee. Eventually two 15 year-olds successfully fled to the Mexican consulate and the traffickers were arrested. The women face deportation to Mexico, where some of the original recruiters are still at large. (D’Agostino, Joseph. “The New Illegal Immigrants: Sex Slaves.” Human Events 7/2/99, Vol. 55, Issue 24, p. 4) Freedom is a short, powerful word we take for granted every day. It is hard to fully appreciate freedom when we have never had it snatched away from us. We get to choose our jobs, where we live, what we eat. If we are unhappy with any of our life situations we have the freedom to leave and...
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...Women and Children trafficking in Bangladesh: A Legal Study Md. Saddam Hossen[1] ABSTRACT Sexual abuse, exploitation, trafficking are nightmares for femininity especially for disadvantage groups and trafficking is the most heinous of all. Government as well as Non- Government Organizations is working for Prevention, Protection, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of trafficked victims and population at risk. Though among these, Prevention is the most effective to reduce or eliminate human trafficking it is least utilized. Perhaps lack of mechanisms by which to measure success or outcome of prevention activities is the cause of this. Still some NGOs are working on it. In fact NGOs have been the pioneers in bringing this invisible crime into the public domain by their continuous efforts. Government is now also concerned of it because of international pressure and concern. Government initiatives give emphasis on prosecution but it is a globally chained crime where prosecute real offender is tough. Rather prevention is the possible measure to stop trafficking. It is the only pre-trafficking measure which may help a young girl or child not to be victim of trafficking. NGOs are the only actor at grass root level working for prevention so it is necessary to see- actually what they are doing and has any change took place. . The study explains the definition of trafficking, causes and consequences of trafficking. It also suggest some recommendations for the preventio9n of this problem. ...
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...However, the narcotic’s primary effect to reduce pain was outweighed by undesirable side-effects. This made way for the banning of the drug. It is now illegal in a majority of countries in the world. Heroin is still reproduced and distributed illegally all around the world. High drug trafficking areas of the world includes the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Mexico. 3.8 million People say they have tried heroin at least once in their lifetimes. 560,000 people used heroin last year. 38,000 people used heroin last month. The rate of lifetime heroin use is higher among those in prison. Even though heroin use isn't terribly widespread, it still represents a threat. The devastating effects of heroin overdose and prolonged heroin use, along with its addicting nature, can be very damaging and put strain on loved ones of someone involved in heroin substance abuse. 2. The effects on the body and mind while under the influence of the drug: Heroin produces a feeling of euphoria, in which the user has a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth and feeling of having “heavy” arms and legs. After the initial rush, users will go into an alternately wakeful and drowsy state sometimes called “on the nod,” some will report itching of their skin that is quite intense. Because heroin suppresses the central nervous system, the user experiences “cloudy” mental function due to the depression of the central nervous system. Response is non-existent. The user begins to breathe at a slower rate which could lead...
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...CRIMINAL LAW Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes threatening, harming, or otherwise endangering the health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. Criminal law differs from civil law, whose emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compensation than on punishment. Objectives of criminal law:Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences or sanctions for failure to abide by its rules.[7] Every crime is composed of criminal elements. Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. Physical or corporal punishment may be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. Individuals may be incarcerated in prison or jail in a variety of conditions depending on the jurisdiction. Confinement may be solitary. Length of incarceration may vary from a day to life. Government supervision may be imposed, including house arrest, and convicts may be required to conform to particularized guidelines as part of a parole or probation regimen. Fines also may be imposed, seizing money or property from a person convicted of a crime. Five objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the criminal law by punishments: retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restoration. Jurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each. Retribution...
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...Human Trafficking SLK 320 Group Assignment T a bl e of c o nt e n t s 1. 2. 3. Understanding of trafficking in persons ............................ 1 Understanding of why it occurs ....................................... 2 Qualitative research to determine the impact of human trafficking .................................................................... 4 4. Holistic understanding of the impact of human trafficking on multiple levels .............................................................. 5 5.Community psychologist intervention .................................. 12 5.1. Implementation of programmes to assist with the effects of human trafficking ............................................. 12 5.2. Addressing communities concerns with regards to human trafficking .......................................................... 13 5.3. Plausible solutions to prevent this event from happening in the community ................................................. 13 7. Bibliography .................................................................. 16 1 . U n d e r s t a ndi n g of t r a f f i c k i ng i n p e r s o ns Human trafficking is a serious crime and a violation of human rights. It occurs in women, children and men. People are trafficked all over the world and are moved in and out of countries for various reasons (UNDOC, 2014). 1 Roxanne Zanato 12096441 Monique Scheepers 12070425 Sean Dickson 10686232 Ryan Cartwright 11001969 Human trafficking has...
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...natural condition of things and not as a result only of learning to read and write. By sheer force of a vicious custom, even the most ignorant and worthless men have been enjoying a superiority over woman which they do not deserve and ought not to have. Many of our movements stop half way because of the condition of our women.” Mahatma Gandhi Acknowledgment I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who put forth their time and efforts to help me to develop this project. This project took a long time from the collection of information to the compilation. This project could not have been written without the guidance of our Prof. Sangeeta Bhalla who not only served as our supervisor but also encouraged us to make this project report. Swati Contents * Introduction * Part I- * The Key Recommendations By The Verma Committee Are Enumerated Below. * Amendments To The IPC * Amendments To Criminal Procedure Code * Amendments To Indian Evidence Act * Other Offences * Part II- * Implementation Of Justice Verma Committee * The Criminal Law(Amendment) Act, 2013 * Changes In Law * First Conviction Under Anti-Rape Laws * Bibliography INTRODUCTION The Justice Verma Committee was set up by the Government of India after the gruesome gang rape incident that occurred in Delhi on December 16, 2012. The Committee was asked to review existing laws and suggest amendments to criminal law to effectively deal with instances of sexual...
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...Definition Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation...
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...Functionalism, strain and Subcultural theories Durkheim’s functionalist theory Functionalism – society based on value consensus. Members of society sharing common culture. In order to achieve this, two things needed: - Socialisation – helps ensure individuals share the same norms and values. Shows the way to act. - Social control – rewards for conformity and punishment for deviance. Controls behaviour. Inevitability of crime – functionalists see crime as inevitable and universal. Every society has crime. Two reasons why crime and deviance are in all societies: - No everyone is equally socialized into norms and values. Some are likely to be deviant. - Diversity of lifestyle and values. Different groups have their own subcultures with distinctive norms and values. Some may see deviant acts as normal. > Durkheim says in modern societies there is tendency towards anomie. The rules for behaviour become weaker and less clear-cut. This is because modern societies have a complex division of labour meaning individuals become more different from each other. Crime is more likely. Positive functions of crime – it also performs two positive functions Boundary maintenance - produces a reaction from society, uniting members in disapproval of criminals and reinforcing their commitment to shared norms and values. Adaptation and change – all change starts with an act of deviance. There must be scope to challenge existing norms and values and this will seem deviant in the...
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...PROTOCOLS THERETO UNITED NATIONS New York, 2004 Foreword With the signing of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in Palermo, Italy, in December 2000, the international community demonstrated the political will to answer a global challenge with a global response. If crime crosses borders, so must law enforcement. If the rule of law is undermined not only in one country, but in many, then those who defend it cannot limit themselves to purely national means. If the enemies of progress and human rights seek to exploit the openness and opportunities of globalization for their purposes, then we must exploit those very same factors to defend human rights and defeat the forces of crime, corruption and trafficking in human beings. One of the starkest contrasts in our world today is the gulf that exists between the civil and the uncivil. By “civil” I mean civilization: the accumulated centuries of learning that form our foundation for progress. By “civil” I also mean tolerance: the pluralism and respect with which we accept and draw strength from the world’s diverse peoples. And finally, I mean civil society: the citizens’ groups, businesses, unions, professors, journalists, political parties and others who have an essential role to play in the running of any society. Arrayed against these constructive forces, however, in ever greater numbers and with ever stronger weapons, are the forces of what I...
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...Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Though several scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European age of discovery and voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the connectedness of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly. The term globalization has been in increasing use since the mid-1980s and especially since the mid-1990s. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental challenges such as climate change, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment. Overview Humans have interacted over long distances for thousands of years. The overland Silk Road that connected Asia, Africa...
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...MAY 2014 STRESS KEYS TO MANAGING IT IN THIS ISSUE MORE O NL I NE www.jw.org TEENAGERS COVER SUBJECT r Find Bible-based answers to dozens of questions young people ask, including: ˙ “How Responsible Am I?” ˙ “Am I Ready to Date?” ˙ “What if My Parents Are Divorcing?” Also watch the video What Your Peers Say—Body Image. (Look under BIBLE TEACHINGS TEENAGERS) STRESS KEYS TO MANAGING IT PAGES 4-7 3 WATCHING THE WORLD 8 HELP FOR THE FAMILY How to Teach Teens Internet Safety 10 INTERVIEW A Consultant Surgeon Explains His Faith 12 The European Witch Hunts 14 THE BIBLE’S VIEWPOINT Meditation 16 ‘Wisdom Is Calling Out’—Can You Hear It? CHILDREN r Read illustrated Bible stories. Use the activity pages to help your children improve their knowledge of Bible characters and moral principles. (Look under BIBLE TEACHINGS CHILDREN) Vol. 95, No. 5 / Monthly / ENGLISH Printing Each Issue: 44,748,000 in 99 Languages This publication is not for sale. It is provided as part of a worldwide Bible educational work supported by voluntary donations. Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from the modern-language New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Awake! (ISSN 0005-237X) is published monthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.; L. Weaver, Jr., President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483, and by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Canada, PO Box 4100, Georgetown, ON...
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...CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA - FDRE TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: General Provisions Fundamental Principles of the Constitution Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Part 1 Human Rights Part 2 Democratic Rights State Structure The Structure and Division of Powers The Federal Houses Part 1 The House of Peoples' Representatives Part 2 The House of the Federation The Presidence of the Republic The Executive Structure and Powers of the Courts National Policy Principles and Objectives Miscellaneous Provisions Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Chapter 11: i PREAMBLE We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia: Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to self-determination, to building a political community founded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace, guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our economic and social development; Firmly convinced that the fulfillment of this objective requires full respect of individual and people’s fundamental freedoms and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without any sexual, religious or cultural discrimination; Further convinced that by continuing to live with our rich and proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited, have, through continuous interaction on various levels and forms of life, built up common interest and have also contributed...
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...MANAGING CORE RISKS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS GUIDANCE NOTES ON PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCING 16 September, 2012 Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit BANGLADESH BANK FOCUS GROUP Coordinator Mr. Md. Eskander Miah Deputy General Manager Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit Bangladesh Bank Member Mr. Rafiqul Islam Joint Director Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit Bangladesh Bank Mr. Kamal Hossain Deputy Director Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit Bangladesh Bank Mr. Md. Iqbal Hossain Deputy Director Department of Financial Institutions and Markets Bangladesh Bank Mr. Md. Ferdous Zaman Sardar Assistant Director Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit Bangladesh Bank Preface In response to the growing concern about money laundering and terrorist activities, the international community has acted on many fronts. The United Nations (UN) was the first international organization to undertake significant actions to fight against money laundering through adopting several conventions and resolutions. Following UN action, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) was formed by G-7 countries in 1989 as the first intergovernmental body which has recommended forty recommendations to combat money laundering in 1990. In October 2001, the FATF expanded its mandate to deal with the funding of terrorist acts and terrorist organization, and it took the important step of creating the Eight (later expanded to Nine) Special Recommendations on...
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...Executive Summary: This study examined the types of drugs students in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet abuse. The participants were 10 university students drawn from different departments of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet for case study. Case study method with purposive sampling and qualitative approach has been used to conduct the study.The intent of this study was to investigate the reasons that influence to drug abuse among the university students in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet. The analyses yielded the following results: students in the university abuse drugs such as tobacco, marijuana, alcohol, syrup, slipping tablet, Yabba, heroin so on.Students use drugs mostly everyday most of the narcotics.Students use drugs to feel good, to keep awakeand to sleep. This study found that most of the addicted students do not suffer for taking drugs. Taking drugs do not bring negative impact on their study; students have no psychological or physiological illness becauseof drugs. Based on these findings, the study recommends police and customs control, family support, friends’ supports, prohibition of drug use, compulsory treatment of drug addicts as primary solution to reduce the rate of drug addiction.The study also recommends among others the need to organize awareness programmes in our campus to educate students that drugs can alter brain circuitry, which will affect their learning; and the university authorities...
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