Teresa R. Childress-Gilliam
Grantham University
Master in Healthcare Administration
Organization Architecture
14 June 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper will discuss private country club food and beverage operations, tipping in restaurants, and the Chinese agriculture system. These topics provide information about organizational architecture. They examine problems pertaining to self-interest behavior, agency costs, and right systems. Organization architecture is the structure of an organization and it includes the assignment of decision rights within the organization. Organization architecture helps build the manner in which an organization conducts itself.

Introduction
The basic purpose of this paper is to explain some general problems of controlling behavior and how organizational architecture can influence behavior. It will discuss private country club food and beverage operations, tipping in restaurants, and the Chinese agriculture system. Private Country Clubs - Quality Food Operations
The problem of private country clubs addresses the issue of organizational architecture

specifically ownership structure. Individuals join private country clubs for various reasons.

Although food operations are important to attracting new members and retaining the current

members, most people do not join private country clubs for the food services/operations.

However, clubs members who are allowed to resell memberships will undoubtedly have more

interest in the private country club providing quality food and beverage operations.

A private country club’s fiscal health is impacted by the quality of the food and beverage

operations. Since members are required to pay for the food and beverages they consume, they

will likely be willing to pay a higher cost for quality to food and beverages. Successful country

clubs monitor the quality of food and beverage operations to meet the needs and desires of its

members.

The Importance of Food and Beverage Operations in Clubs

Food and beverage operations in clubs of all types are very important to the clubs’

success, for a variety of reasons such as to help to attract new members, for member retention, to

attain the financial goals set for them and therefore contribute to the financial health of the club,

and when the club’s food and beverage staff consistently delivers quality food and exemplary

service, club members are more likely to see the club in a positive light (Gustafson &
Ninemeier). Private country clubs must have active membership to exist. Every club must

satisfy its members to maintain its business.

Tipping

Why do people leave tips in restaurants?

Tipping is an interesting economic behavior, not only because it is widespread and practically important, but also because it is an expense that consumers are free to avoid.
Although called for by social norms, tips are not legally required (Lynn, 2006).
There have many variables that have been studied on restaurant tipping. Among them are

bill size, payment method, dining party size, service quality, server friendliness, server sex,

customer sex, customer patronage frequency, customer ethnicity, and various interactions. Some

results of this research are briefly reviewed below.

Studies indicate that bill size predicts dollar tip amounts better when the tipper is a

regular patron of the restaurant, the tipper has higher income and education, and the tipper is

Asian or White as opposed to Black or Hispanic (Lynn and Thomas-Haysbert, 2003). Regular

customers may tip because they are more likely to identify with servers or because they value

servers’ approval more than do infrequent customers.

Individual analyses suggest people leave tips even when they are infrequent patrons of a

service establishment and are unlikely to encounter the same service worker again. Individual

decisions to tip are most likely affected by the customers encounter with the server. Tips are

likely to be higher at restaurants in residential neighborhoods however.

Gong-Fen The Chinese agriculture system
The Chinese agriculture system has developed rapidly since major reforms began in

1978. The major reforms were: the household contract responsibility system, which restored to

the farmers the right to use land, arrange farm work, and to dispose of their output; canceling the

state market monopoly of agricultural products, and of price controls over most of agricultural

ancillary products; abolishing many restrictive policies, allowing farmers to develop diversified

business and set up township enterprises so as to fire their enthusiasm for production (China

Facts Tours).

These reforms emancipated and developed rural productive forces and promoted rapid

growth of China’s agriculture – optimizing the agricultural structure. Traditional Chinese

agricultural technology and population growth were closely related; the best chance a Chinese

peasant had to improve his life was to have a large family.

Since 2003 the major reform of the application of the responsibility system has given

farmers the right to use land and to arrange planting and dispose of their products. The state

monopoly for purchase and marketing has been was annulled, price controls over most

agricultural products has been lifted, and many restrictive policies abolished (China Through

A Lens).

Today township enterprises have become the main source for the raising of farmers' income and rural economic development. Township enterprises are run by farmers in the countryside. Advances in science and technologies in China has enhanced agricultural production in many areas such as cultivation of plant cells and tissues and multi-crop planting.

Conclusion In this paper, I have discussed the organizational architecture. I have also defined organization architecture and have examined some problems pertaining to organization architecture such as self-interest behavior, agency costs, and right systems. Clearly in today’s business environment, a firm with a strong organizational architecture or foundation will possess in a solid competitive advantage. References (2013, 06). China Facts Tours. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://www.chinafacttours.com/ facts/profile/china-agriculture.html

(2013, 06). China Through A Lens. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://www.china.org.cn/ english/features/China2004/106984.htm

Gustafson, C. & Ninemeier, J. (2006). ‘Club Food and Beverage Operations’ Conference Club Management Book (ed., Vol., pp.), http://www.cmaa.org/CCMBook2/ Chap10.pdf

Lynn, M. & Thomas-Haysbert, Clorice (2003). It's Simpler Than it Seems: An Alternative Explanation for the Magnitude Effect in Tipping . International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22: 103-110. Lynn, W. (2006). Tipping in Restaurants and Around the Globe: An Interdisciplinary Review. HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS: FOUNDATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS (ed., Vol., pp.). M.E. Sharpe Publishers, from http://ssrn.com/ abstract=465942