...Chapter 1: Organizations and Organization Theory Current Challenges of Organizations Globalization Markets, technologies, and organizations are becoming increasingly interconnected Ethics and social responsibility The list of execs and major corporations involved in financial and ethical scandals continues to grow Speed of responsiveness Globalization and advancing technology has accelerated the pace at which organizations in all industries must roll out new products and services to stay competitive The digital workplace In today’s workplace, many employees perform much of their work on computers and may work in virtual teams, connected electronically to colleagues around the world Diversity By 2050, it is estimated that 85% of entrants into the workforce will be women and people of colour What Is an Organization? Organizations: social entities that are goal-directed, are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity system, and are linked to the external environment Types of Organizations Multinational corporations Small, family-owned shops For-profit versus non-profit organizations Organizations exist to do the following: 1. Bring together resources to achieve desired goals and outcomes 2. Produce goods and services efficiently 3. Facilitate innovation 4. Use modern manufacturing and information technologies 5. Adapt to influence a changing environment 6. Create value for owners, customers, and employees 7. Accommodate ongoing...
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...1. Define organization. Do you think that it is correct to assert that organizations enable human beings to accomplish more that smaller human associations, such as families, tribes, and groups? Why or why not? a) An organization is a social unit or group that has been put together with the soul purpose to maintain or obtain certain specific goals that are set forth. b) Yes I believe is that organizations are able to accomplish more than smaller organizations because of the diversity that is inherent with these organizations that is not present in most smaller organizations. In an organization you can replace members to form a better union of ideas and actions, which is something than can not be done in a family or other smaller grouping of people. I cannot count how many times I have thought that my group of friends, or even my family, would be better off and able to be a better group as a whole if only we could replace certain members that did not belong. 2. Differentiate between organizational theory and organizational behavior. Which of the two is the most useful to understand from the perspective of managers? Why? a) Organizational theory attempts to explain or predict how an organization achieves it's goal and ambitions. While one the other hand, organizational behavior is more focused on the study of individual behavior, actions, and attitudes of the individuals within an organization. Theory takes a wide ranging view of an organizations while behavior focuses...
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...ORGANIZATION THEORY – OTHER THEORIES ➢ Neoclassical Perspective – Experts believe that management exists in a social system wherein human factors have roles to perform. Employees can play crucial roles in the decision-making process. In addition, Human Relations and Behavioral Science have become two important approaches of neoclassical theories. o Human Relations Theory / Hawthorne Studies – Spearheaded by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1932 at the Hawthorne Plant of Western Electric Company, the team concluded that the business organization also includes social and psychological factors. It considered organization as a social process where feelings, sentiments and attitudes were given due importance. Mayo and Roethlisberger of Harvard Business School postulated that efficiency and productivity could increase if the attitudes of employees were well regarded. ▪ Individual workers cannot be treated in isolation, but must be seen as members of a group. ▪ The need to belong to a group and have status within is more important than monetary incentives or good physical working conditions. ▪ Informal/Unofficial groups at work exercise a strong influence over the behavior of workers ▪ Supervisors and managers deed to be aware of these social needs and cater for them if workers are to collaborate with the official organization rather than work against it. o Behavioral Science Theory – Experts...
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...Compare, Contrast and Discuss Mechanistic vs. Organic Structures Vance Conyers Organizational Theory 360A 28 September 2012 Organization structure is “The formal system of task and authority relationships that control how people coordinate their actions and use resources to achieve goals”. (Jones 8) The structure that an organization forms can determine its ultimate success of failure. It sets the foundation for how the organization will function, make decisions, and respond to change. The two types of structures an organization can use are mechanic and organic. Mechanistic and organic structures both have advantages and disadvantages, and neither one is a perfect solution. Depending on the product, tasks to create the product, and people to create the product, make the decision very challenging. In most cases, elements of both types are implemented to ensure a successful business. The executive management is responsible for formulating the right mix in order to achieve success. They use organizational design to process information to select the best options. Every aspect of this decision will play out from how much power middle managers have, to the scope of responsibility direct supervisors encompass. The type of organization directly affects the culture and moral of employees. Implementation of the wrong type or mix of structure can cause mismanagement of resources (both human and physical), a toxic culture, and ultimately a failed institution. The mechanistic structure...
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...of the Theory of Organization In this reading, organization is defined by Selznick as “a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons.” Usually, an organization can be viewed either as an economy, or an adaptive social structure. For Selznick, to view the organization as an economy is scientific and measurable, while an adaptive social structure leans toward the non-exact behavioral sciences. He thus advocated the wide adoption of ‘structural-functional analysis’ as the basis of theory and method of analysis of organization, which addresses the composite of mechanical structures and individual personalities that make up the cooperating, structured system of organization. The three major ideas in his theory of organization based on this reading are: organizations as cooperative, adaptive social systems; the conflict of personal and organizational goals and needs; and controlling conflict for the good of the organization. Finally, he talks about co-optation, which is a method of protecting the organization and its mission by inviting threatening elements into the policy making process. From my perspective, Selznick seems to overemphasize the rational structures and mechanistic processes of organizational activities. What is clear in examining this reading is the idea that a well-functioning organization has to proceed in unison-as a whole unit rather than as individual parts attempting to meet individuals’ goals. The whole organization functions...
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...Leadership Theories and Styles IAAP 2009 Administrative Professionals Week Event April 28, 2009 Development of Leadership Theory Development of Leadership Theory • Until approximately 1930, there was not much academic interest in the area of leadership academic interest in the area of leadership • Fredrick Taylor –Scientific Management (time/motion Fredrick Taylor Scientific Management (time/motion studies of productivity) (late 1800’s) • Max Weber –(writing on bureaucracy) a leader possessed power by virtue of his position (1922) • Mary Parker Follett – participatory management in power with as opposed to power over (1926) “power with” as opposed to “power over” (1926) Luther Gulick Notes on Organization ‐‐ 1937 • Work of the Executive Work of the Executive • POSDCORB – Planning – Organizing – Staffing – Directing – Coordinating g – Reporting – Budgeting g g Leadership a new definition Leadership – a new definition • Chester Barnard – 1938 new definition of leadership The ability of a superior to influence the behavior of subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action. (Barnard 1938) Power French and Raven (1960) Power – French and Raven (1960) • Legitimate power – comes solely from the position the g p y p superior holds in an organization • Reward power – comes by means of promotion, salary increases and interesting assignments i di t ti i t • Expert power – comes from the leader possessing superior knowledge of the matter under discussion...
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...Nursing theory is a set of concepts that are used to define a phenomenon. It guides the nursing profession by defining the goals of nursing in an organization. I have picked Jean Watson’s Theory of Nursing: Human Science and Human Care. Her innovative nursing ideas and core principles for patient care in the hospitals and their communities have steered the nursing profession into providing optimal and holistic care for their patients. In 1988, Jean Watson's "Nursing: Human Science and Human Care" theory had created a new holistic care approach for the nursing discipline. This evolving new nursing approach rapidly became an interdisciplinary field of study that had relevance to all human service professions. Her Ten Caritas Processes includes: practicing loving-kindness with self and others; being authentically present; cultivating one's own spiritual practice f; being sensitive to the expression of positive and negative feelings of self and others; developing trusting-caring relationships; using scientific problem-solving methods for care decision making; engaging in a genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being; creating healing environments; assisting with basic physical, emotional, and spiritual needs; opening to mystery and allowing miracles to enter (George, 2010). These caritas acknowledge the unity of life and connections that move in the circle of caring- from individual, to others, to the community, to the world, and to the universe....
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...Critical perspectives on organisation theory Postmodernism, Realism and Complexity Learning objectives * Diskusikan kontribusi Postmodernisme (PM) teori organisasi. * Sebutkan kekuatan dan kelemahan dari PM. * Memahami prinsip utama realis perspektif. Jelaskan pengaruh teori kompleksitas pada pemahaman kita tentang organisasi dan yang (dari kompleksitas) keuntungan utama dan kerugian * Menghargai keterbatasan pendekatan rasional untuk organisasi. * Memahami bagaimana PM, realisme dan kompleksitas memperluas cakupan untuk pilihan organisasi. POSTMODERNISM Postmodernisme adalah suatu pergerakan ide yang menggantikan ide-ide zaman modern. Zaman modern dicirikan dengan pengutamaan rasio, objektivitas, totalitas, strukturalisasi/sistematisasi, universalisasi tunggal dan kemajuan saints. Postmodern memiliki ide cita-cita, ingin meningkatkan kondisi sosial, budaya dan kesadaran akan semua realitas serta perkembangan dalam berbagai bidang. Postmodern mengkritik modernisme yang dianggap telah menyebabkan sentralisasi dan universalisasi ide di berbagai bidang ilmu dan teknologi, dengan pengaruhnya yang mencengkram kokoh dalam bentuknya globalisasi dunia. Definisi dari Post Modernisme 1. Postmodernisme adalah lawan dari modernisme yang dianggap tidak berhasil mengangkat martabat manusia modern (Lyotard). 2. Postmodernisme adalah pengembangan dari modernitas (Jameson, dengan alasan tidak mungkin kita dapat masuk jenjang postmodernisme tanpa...
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...trying to integrate technology into their work processes. Today, technology has become a necessity in a company and it has been viewed often as an improvement in the efficiency of the workplace by companies. However, there has been a number of different views as to how technology will impact the organizations, the management and the employees. Modern and critical perspectives will be taken to provide different insights on how technology is been viewed and understand. Since critical theory perspective is focused on challenging the modern theory perspective, we will be able to have a greater depth of understanding on technology environmental relationships. The modernist theory emphasize on the need for power and control for profit maximization. The critical theory on the other hand, provide a social perspective on how technology has an impact to the workers and the working environment. In this essay, we will take a look at how the development of technology is perceived differently by different factors namely the modernist and critical perspectives. Modernist Theory Modern theory perspective believes in objectivism and that objective truths are vital in the management of an organization (Green & Crother, 2004). Modernist seeks truths that are objective and honest. First and foremost, employing the use of electronic technologies such as surveillance can enlarge the...
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...Analyse and critically discuss the nature and purpose of the employment relationship for organizations and the relationship between work design, planning, pay and the employment relationship. Explain how expectancy theory; reinforcement theory and equity theory help managers to build an effective pay strategy as part of managing employment relationships Words: 2,695 . Introduction The term ‘employment-relationship’ is interchangeable with others when describing aspects of the overall relationship. According to USQ (2004) this relationship is basically the exchange of work by employees for pay from employers. While the primary relationship is that between the employer-employee, as organisations have evolved, grown in size and number, so too has the diversity of employees, each with their own particular ‘psychological contract’ (Hodgkinson 2003). The purpose of a defined and productive employment relationship is to equitably manage the various relationships, and resolve conflicts (USQ 2004). Breaching this psychological contract potentially will have negative implications for loyalty, motivation, and worker commitment to the organisation (Hislop 2003). This essay will discuss some of the factors in the workplace, which have an effect on the principals at each end of this relationship, and maintaining such diverse relations within a context of equity to each. The objective of business is to increase profits by increasing the effectiveness of production...
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...Adhocracy allows organizations to operate in a more flexible manner. This flexibility can work well in fast-changing industries where organizations that can identify and act on new opportunities the fastest have a competitive advantage. Adhocracy may also work best with smaller organizations where managers are still able to comprehend and direct the organization when necessary. On the other hand, adhocracy may become chaotic or inefficient in large organizations where, for example, work may be duplicated by several teams. Poorly defined working roles may prove ineffective where team members are unaware of the scope of their roles, and thus desired or necessary work is not carried out. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adhocracy.asp#ixzz2Dxb4zHsW Bureaucracy and Adhocracy The main aim of any organisation is to reach certain predetermined goals. In an attempt to survive and obtain this goals effectively, certain decisions must be made as to what type of structure the organisation will posses which will entail guidance for individuals associated with the group as per their duties and day to day activities. Ultimately determining how efficiently the desired goals will be acquired. Questions this structure will need to confront will include the amount of specialisation in areas of work and responsibility, the levels of management and their consequent size, the grouping of departments together for functionality of expertise, and the kind of integrative mechanism...
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...http://www.sooperarticles.com/business-articles/organizational-behavior-articles 1 An Explanation of Swot Analysis And Why Your Business Needs It. SWOT analysis or 'position' analysis is a crucial exercise that all businesses should undertake at regular intervals, whether they are new or old. By: Elizabeth Cromwell Published Date: 06-28-2010 SWOT analysis or 'position' analysis is a crucial exercise that all businesses should undertake at regular intervals, whether they are new or old. It is basically a critical appraisal of the Strengths and Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in relation to the internal and environmental factors affecting a business. SWOT very simply stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, and the easiest form of SWOT analysis is to take a sheet of paper or Excel spreadsheet and head four columns with these four categories. Once you have done this you can begin to list things under each heading; giving you an honest in-depth analysis of your business. By undertaking a SWOT analysis a business will be able to prepare much better short and long term plans. It will also allow them to identify gaps between their actual and desired performance and aid them in closing these gaps. It is however important that you are completely honest when it comes to the negative parts of your examination for the SWOT to be an effective tool. Let us have a look at the...
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...Topic - Why is the study of different theories of motivation important to managers? Introduction To be motivated means to be moved to do something. Motivation is anything that inspires one to do something. The motivation for me to wake up early morning is to make it to the university in time. Motivation may be defined as psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behaviour in an organization, a person's level of effort and a person's level of persistence in the face of obstacles. Managers motivate their employees. Most companies are looking into ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and quality. The question is how to make employees work more productively? This is a question of utmost importance to any manager. The answer to this question is very complex and critical. I will address this question by using various journals, research paper and books. There are several theories which manager may employ in order to motivate the employee. This paper will discuss about various types of motivation theories. It further examines which motivation theory should be applied by a manager in a particular situation in order to motivate employees. It will explain how it is dependent on the size of the organization, environment in which the organization is placed and the economic condition of the nation in which organization is. Motivation Motivation can be divided into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic (Guzzo, 1979). Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to...
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...appears to as the most significant, psychology and sociology are also fundamental to understanding, motivating, and developing both individuals and groups. The Social psychology and anthropology are helpful in understanding how to handle change and diversity among teams and groups (Stanley, 2012). As it was stated previously, each discipline has an essential role to play and is vital to the success of the manager, mainly in part to the fact that a manager has many roles to fulfill and each discipline addresses a different function and field of study. Personally, I believe that today’s health service organizations are greatly impacted by a combination of all of the schools of organization theories. However, I do feel that open systems theory which encompasses the resource dependence theory does have the greatest significance. As seen in the 1990s, and continued today, the open systems theory is evident through actions such as the procurement of primary care physicians, medical groups, or specialists (Burns, Bradley...
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...Western Leadership Theory in Malaysian Organization Western Leadership Theory in Malaysian’s Organizations Leadership in Hospitality Industry, HTH 765 Introduction Malaysia is a developing country with variety of cultures. These cultures have a substantial influence on the people’s belief, attitude and behaviour. The world today is seeing more businesses going global to seize a wider market opportunities. Many companies from other countries have also been investing in Malaysia each day. However, the flowing entrees of these multinational companies do not diminish the Malaysians’ cultural values. Therefore, managers from the foreign or even local companies have to be able to adapt and operate effectively in different cultures. This assignment paper will discuss further about the leadership theory that has been developed by the westerns towards the people in Malaysia. The question is whether they can adopt the western leadership theory in Malaysian cultural values? Or is it possible to practise a one-size fits all theory? Background Culture is among the influences to the attitudes and behaviour of individuals. It is defined as a collective mental programming of the people in an environment. It evolves from an instinctive behaviour to learn. Patterns of this behaviour may be acquired and transmitted from one generation to another, and finally developed into a system of things and events (Hofstede, 1980). Leadership is seen as 'the ability to influence people and...
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