l Developmental research l Case study l Job analysis l Observational research l Correlational studies
~Developmental Research l Is the study of changes in behaviors across years. l Infancy, childhood, adolescence, as well as, elderly.� The total human life span. l Longitudinal � follow same individuals over time l Cross-sectional � select different participants at each age level
~Longitudinal designs l Are time-consuming l Drop out rate l Participants become increasingly familiar with the test items l Items may cause a change in behavior
~Cross-Sectional Studies l Are less time-consuming l A cohort problem exists: are the environmental circumstances the same for all the cohorts l Either the longitudinal or cross-sectional studies can also be experimental as well as developmental (covered in chapter 17)
~Methodological Problems of Developmental Research l Unrepresented scores:
Called outliers
Occur in all research but more common in developmental research (children and seniors)
Caused from shorter attention spans, distraction, and lack of motivation to do the task.�
Plan the testing session within a reasonable time
Prevent distractions
Retest when one occurs Unclear Semantics
Using words that the children will understand
Understanding what is expected of them must be a concern
Lack of reliability
In younger children�s response
Performances should be the same when retested
Motivate
Statistical Problems
For cross-sectional studies use ANOVA
For longitudinal studies an ANOVA with repeated measures
~Protecting Participants
Parents or Guardians must grant permission for minors to participate in the study
Informed consent forms are for the parents or guardians, but if the child is old enough to understand a copy of the informed consent form should
