...Thousand Oaks & New Delhi) and the British Society of Criminology. www.sagepublications.com ISSN 1748–8958; Vol: 6(2): 219–237 DOI: 10.1177/1748895806062982 Reconstructing the role of the appropriate adult in England and Wales HARRIET PIERPOINT University of Glamorgan, UK Abstract The definition of the role of the ‘appropriate adult’ for young suspects in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Code of Practice C is ambiguous and contradictory. This article argues that the role has been socially constructed by the legislator, the courts, young people, the police and appropriate adults themselves. Following various recommendations to use volunteers as appropriate adults, this article revisits the nature of the role in light of a case study of a volunteer appropriate adult service. The results demonstrate that, in terms of volunteer practice, the role has been constructed to include elements of due...
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...A Study of Mathematics Infusion in Middle School Technology Education Classes 1. CITATION. What report study is this? Record a complete reference citation. Burghardt, D. M., Hecht, D., Russo, M., Lauckhardt, J., & Hacker, M. (2010). A study of mathematics infusion in middle school technology education classes. Journal of Technology Education, 22(1), 58-74. 2. PURPOSE AND GENERAL RATIONALE. In broad terms what was the purpose of the study, and how did the author(s) make a case for its general importance? The purpose of the study is about mathematical achievement in the United States has been below the level attained by students in other countries, with American students becoming notably behind once they reach late middle school. In order to overcome this authors came with different approaches which an add to teacher’s professional development (PD) requirements, varying curriculum, and adding additional STEM classroom time and connected curriculum is one of the approach chosen for this and this is applied by using mathematics as the thread that links Science, Technology, and Engineering curriculum together 3. FIT AND SPECIFIC RATIONALE. How does the topic of the study fit into the existing research literature, and how is that provenance used to make a specific case for the investigation? This case study fits into the existing research literature because this case study discusses the approach of National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), which is a...
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...enquiry and ethical considerations. Contents Introduction Goals of Psychological Enquiry Steps in Conducting Scientific Research Alternative Paradigms of Research Nature of Psychological Data Some Important Methods in Psychology Observational Method Example of an Experiment (Box 2.1) Experimental Method Correlational Research Survey Research Example of Survey Method (Box 2.2) Psychological Testing Case Study Analysis of Data Quantitative Method Qualitative Method Limitations of Psychological Enquiry Ethical Issues An idea that is developed and put into action is more important than an idea that exists only as an idea. – Gautam Buddha 22 Psychology Key Terms Summary Review Questions Project Ideas Introduction You have read in the first chapter that psychology is the study of experiences, behaviours, and mental processes. You may now be curious to know how psychologists study these phenomena. In other words, what methods are used to study behaviour and mental processes? Like all scientists, psychologists seek to describe, predict, explain and control what they study. For this, psychologists rely on formal, systematic observations to address their questions. It is the methodology that makes psychology a scientific endeavour. Psychologists use a variety of research methods because questions about human behaviour are numerous and all of them cannot be studied by a single method. Methods such as observation, experimental, correlational research, survey, psychological...
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...of the various study designs. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of case control and cohort study designs (15 marks). Comment: In this case, we give advantages and disadvantages of cohort and case control study designs and offer a summary table to bring out their strengths and shortcomings. Cohort studies Advantages 1. Allow complete information on the subject’s exposure, including quality control of data, and experience thereafter. 2. Provide a clear temporal sequence of exposure and disease. 3. Give an opportunity to study multiple outcomes related to a specific exposure. 4. Permit calculation of incidence rates (absolute risk) as well as relative risk. 5. Enable the study of relatively rare exposures. Disadvantages 1. Not suited for the study of rare diseases because a large number of subjects is required. 2. Not suited when the time between exposure and disease manifestation is very long, although this can be overcome in historical cohort studies. 3. Exposure patterns, for example the composition of oral contraceptives, may change during the course of the study and make the results irrelevant. 4. Maintaining high rates of follow-up can be difficult. 5. Expensive to carry out because a large number of subjects is usually required. 6. Baseline data may be sparse because the large number of subjects does not allow for long interviews. Case-control studies Advantages 1. Permit the study of rare diseases. 2. Permit the study of diseases with...
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...Laboratory Experiments A laboratory experiment takes place in an artificial and controlled setting, which is not natural to the participants of the study. There is an independent variable, which is purposefully manipulated by the researchers, and the dependent variable is measured, to see the effect of changing the IV on the DV. All other variables other than these are controlled to the best of the researchers’ ability, which are called extraneous variables, but sometimes other variables can affect the results – these are confounding variables. With laboratory experiments, cause and effect conclusions can be drawn * Careful controls mean they are replicable so can be tested for reliability – if carried out again and findings are similar, then it is likely to be reliable * Good controls mean there should be few confounding variables, so experiment is objective (e.g. there should be no subjectivity from the experimenter’s interventions and interpretations) and scientific * By isolating variables, the situation is not as in ‘real life’ so findings are not likely to be valid * Laboratory experiments usually lack validity of the task and therefore are not representative of true behaviour Milgram (1963) Study of Obedience Aim: To see whether people would obey and inflict harm on each another person using electric shocks, by following the orders of an authority figure. This was to see whether all individuals had the potential to cause harm like the Germans and the...
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...Children's Hospital: A Case Study Erika H. Powelson, and Kenneth D. Plowman, Ph.D., APR The healthcare industry in the United States is changing at record speed, especially in California. California has seen the emergence of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO's) and the drastic effects they have had on the hospital environment. These changes are occurring throughout the organization and affect everything from ordering of supplies to length of patient stay. It has also caused great changes in one particular area of the hospital—the public relations and marketing departments. The purpose of this case study was to explain communications management during a certain period of time to ensure no encroachment on the current state of public relations for the Community and Physician Relations Department (CPRD) at Lucile Salter Packard Children's hospital at Stanford (LPCH). The change in this department reflects the overall trend in healthcare marketing and the need for hospitals to promote themselves to stay profitable. The San Francisco Bay area is being hit particularly hard by all these changes and prediction that several hospitals may close in the near future. One goal of the CPRD is to educate the community about the hospital so they will use and pay for its services. Another goal is to encourage physicians to purchase phone triage services that bring in revenue and referrals to LPCH. The CPRD has several areas of focus, but this case study did not attempt to cover...
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...1577-8517 Risks and Controls in the Implementation of ERP Systems Severin V. Grabski. Michigan State University, U.S.A. grabski@pilot.msu.edu Stewart A. Leech. The University of Melbourne, Australia saleech@unimelb.edu.au Bai Lu. Colonial Mutual Group, Australia blu@colonial.com.au Abstract. The implementation of ERP systems has been problematic for many organizations. Given the many reports of substantial failures, the implementation of packaged ERP software and associated changes in business processes has proved not to be an easy task. As many organizations have discovered, the implementation of ERP systems can be a monumental disaster unless the process is handled carefully. The aim of this study is to identify the risks and controls used in ERP implementations, with the objective to understand the ways in which organizations can minimize the business risks involved. By controlling and minimizing the major business risks in the first instance, the scene can be set for the successful implementation of an ERP system. The study was motivated by the significance, for both the research and practice communities, of understanding the risks and controls critical for the successful implementation of ERP systems. Following the development of a model of risks and controls, a field study of an ERP system implementation project in an organization was conducted to provide a limited test of the model. The results from the field study provided support for risks and controls identified in the...
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...identified in particular psychological experiments will be discussed. Psychologists use several methods of research, each of which provides information about human behaviour. These methods include: naturalistic observation, survey method, correlational method, the experimental method ( laboratory, field experiments) the correlational method and case studies. In general psychological research methods attempt to: Describe mental and physical behavior; explain the reasons for that behaviour, and predict the circumstances under which it might happen again (Mcleod 2012). None of the methods is able to study all aspects of human behaviour and thought. For example, In naturalistic observation methods participants are carefully observed in their natural setting without interference by the researchers. Researchers observe and record behaviour without trying to influence or control it while participants are not aware of observation. In survey methods a large group of people are questioned about their attitudes, beliefs, etc. by using interviews and/or questionnaires. The experimental method consists of allocating participants to groups and controls all conditions other than the one or more independent variables which are then manipulated to determine their effect on some behaviour measured, a variable is any condition/factor that can be manipulated, controlled or measured...
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...I ~ i APPLIED SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS SERIES CASE Series Editors LEONARD BICKMAN, Peabody College, Vandelbilt University. Nashvine DEBRA J. ROO. Vanderbilt UnillelSity. Washington. DC I. SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS (ThIrd Edition) by FlOYD J. FOWLER, Jr. 2. SYNTHESIZING RESEARCH (ThIrd edition) by HARRIS COOPER 3. METHODS FOR POUCY RESEARCH by ANN MAJCHRZAK 4. SECONDARY RESEARCH (Second Edition) by DAVID W. STEWART and MICHAEL A. KAMINS 5. CASE sruDY RESEARCH (ThIrd edition) by ROBERT K. YIN 6. META-ANALY11C PROCEDURES FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH (Revl'" Edition) by ROBERT ROSENTHAL 7. TELEPHONE SURVEY METHODS (Second Edition) by PAUL J. LAVRAKAS 8. DIAGNOSING ORGANlZAnoNS (s.cond Edition) by MICHAEL I. HARRISON 9. GROUP TECHNIQUES FOR IDEA BUILDING (Second Edition, by CARL M. MOORE 10. NEED ANALYSI9 by JACK McKilliP II. UNKING AUDmNG AND META EVALUAnON by THOMAS A. SCHWANDT and EOINARD S. HALPERN 12. ETHICS AND VALUES IN APPUED SOCIAL RESEARCH by ALLAN J. KIMMEL 13. ON nME AND METHOD by JANICE R. KEllY and JOSEPH E. McGRATH 14. RESEARCH IN HEALTH CARE SEmNGS by KATHLEEN E. GRADY and BARBARA STRUDLER WALlSTON 15. PARnCIPANT OBSERVAnON by DANNY JORGENSEN 16. INTERPREnVE INTERACllONISM (Second Edition) by NORMAN K. DENZIN 17. ETHNOGRAPHY (Second Edition) by DAVID M. FETTERMAN 18. STANDARDIZED...
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...A GEM of a Study Abstract: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Entrepreneurial Assessment, a joint project of The Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership at Babson College (now Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship) and The London Business School, has undertaken a long-term, large-scale project to prove the causal links between a government's economic policies and initiatives, the resulting entrepreneurial activity and subsequent economic growth. This case describes multiple-stage research, including thousands of interviews in several countries by established research firms. URLs: www.london.edu www3.babson.edu/eship/aboutblank/ How/When to Use This case deals with the concept of causal studies vs. descriptive studies and what needs to be included in the research design of each study type. It also deals with what constitutes control in research design; in this context it is best used with chapters 6-9. This is also a great case to use to discuss constructs vs. concepts (Chapter 3), as Exhibit C-GEM-1.1 clearly has struggled with defining numerous constructs and multiple-measurement variables and, therefore, could be used to further explore text Exhibit 3-1. The case also mentions the use of standardized data; in this context you could use the case to explore how "standardized" data from different countries really is and where the student seeks such country-specific data. Discussion Questions: 1. What are the independent and dependent variables in this...
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...Some notes on case study methodology for Action COST project Draft (06-08-08) Salvador Parrado Table of contents CASE STUDIES AND THEIR RATIONALE 1 CASE STUDY DESIGN 2 Research question 2 Research objectives 3 Specification of variables 3 Case selection 3 Describing the variance in variables 3 Formulation of data requirements and general questions 3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR CASE STUDY DESIGN 3 Causal mechanisms and process tracing: clarification notes 3 Typological theory: clarification notes 3 APPENDIX - RESEARCH QUESTIONS FROM COST ACTION PARTICIPANTS 3 LITERATURE 3 CASE STUDIES AND THEIR RATIONALE This note sets some options for discussing a case study methodology for COST Action project -CRIPO. The note is subject to discussion (COST session in Rotterdam 5- September 2008) not only on the methodological aspects to be followed but also on the applied options for COST project. This section is devoted to justify the usefulness of case studies. Those who are already persuaded may skip it. Case studies are helpful in numerous ways. The definition offered by (Seawright and Gerring, 2008 p. 296) is useful: “the intensive (qualitative or quantitative) analysis of a single unit or a small number of units (the cases), where the researcher’s goal is to understand a larger class of similar units (a population of cases). There is thus an inherent problem of inference from the sample...
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...2011, London, U.K. A Case Study of Just-In-Time System in the Chinese Automotive Industry Bo Hou, Hing Kai Chan, and Xiaojun Wang Abstract—Just-In-Time (JIT) has been a very popular operations strategy partly because of its success in the Japanese industry. Various benefits, for example, inventory reduction, improved in operations efficiency, and faster response, have been studied widely in previous research. Therefore, successful implementation of JIT is vital to many companies. The main objective of this research is to make use of a case study to present various issues surrounding implementation of JIT for an automotive company. This case study also provides evidences for supporting the benefits of employing JIT. Semistructured interviews were organized and thus relevant data can be collected. The conclusion of this research indicates that JIT system is successful, and operating JIT system can lead to many advantages to the case company. Index Terms—Just-in-time, systems, cases study. automotive, manufacturing I. INTRODUCTION UST-IN-TIME (JIT) theory has been operating widely in the Japanese automobile industry and the electronics industry, though more and more applications can be found in many industries over the world [1]. The ideology of JIT is ‘producing the necessary item in the necessary quantity at the necessary time is an eternal diver of production and operations management’ [2]. In addition, there are many production planning and control methods, like Kanban...
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...The statistics of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in United Kingdom is just about 50,000 cases every year, in that, during 2008–2009, there were 36,097 reported cases of Clostridium difficile (Health Protection Agency, 2009). Almost the same rate is listed for Germany, highlighting a clear need for decisive action. This research examines the main causes if HCAIs, and discusses the relationship between compliance with hand hygiene guidelines and stress among nursing professionals in one German hospital (Knoll, Lautenschlaeger, & Borneff-Lipp, 2010). This paper explores the factors associated with hand hygiene compliance of nurses during routine clinical practice. The purpose of this research was to clarify whether external factors such as ward capacity, or level of nursing intensity had an influence on nursing staff compliance with hand hygiene guidelines. The research questions in this study are; does hand hygiene between healthcare workers decrease healthcare associated infections (HCAIs)? Does exterior factors influence on nurses compliance with hand hygiene guidelines? The hypothesis of this study is; workload factors like maximum ward capacity, severity of patient cases, have an influence on nurse’s compliance with proper hand hygiene guidelines. Study Variables A total of nine variants were used in this paper. Records from the descriptive interviews were used as dependent variables. The ward-specific workloads considered on one side as the rate of...
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...and making judgements on the basis of well supported evidence What am I being asked to believe or accept?- If EMDR reduces or eliminates anxiety related problems What evidence is available to support the assertion?- Experienced a reduction in her own emotional distress following certain kinds of eye movements Are there alternative ways of interpreting the evidence?- Dramatic effects might not have been due to EMDR but to people’s desire to overcome their problems or perhaps their desire to prove her right The ruling out process leads to the next step in critical thinking: conducting scientific research What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives?- The ideal method for collecting further evidence would be to identify three groups of people with anxiety- related problems who were alike in every way except for the anxiety treatment they received What conclusions are most reasonable?- The research evidence collected so far hasn’t yet ruled out alternative explanations for the effects of EMDR Only reasonable conclusions EMDR remains a controversial treatment It seems to have an impact on some clients Further research is needed in order to understand it Critical Thinking helps by prompting you to do some research on each of your options For psychologists: Researching means using scientific methods to gather information about behavior and mental processes Critical Thinking and Scientific Research Psychologists clarify their questions about behavior and...
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...Final Paper: Case Study#3 Forensic Psychology: Information Recall / Eyewitness Testimony ABS200 Instructor Clark August 18, 2014 Ashford University Applied behavioral science can be defined as a science that bases its concepts on the observations and learnings of human behavior. Science itself is all observation and learning, we try and try experiments in order to come to one or several conclusions and we observe in order to discover new things. In order to understand behaviors and what causes people do to the things they do we must observe not only the person but their surroundings and daily habits in order to understand them. In behavioral science there are many different sub-sections that can vary from clinical to criminal. Within these different sections we learn by making observations not just of one person but of every person we come across in our work and therefore have to learn how to make treatments based on these observations. In criminal cases, most of the time we are analyzing not only why a person has committed the crime they have committed but what drove them to become the person that they are. In many cases there is a mental illness whether treated or untreated that can cause the person to become unbalanced and therefore dangerous. Other times it is caused by childhood events which cause mental trauma which causes the person to act out in a certain manner. Cognitive psychology goes hand in hand with handling eye-witness testimony. With this type of psychology...
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