...molecules, too) by catabolism.Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastro-intestinal tract.[1] These amino acids are further broken down to α-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids. This break-down of amino acids to α-keto acids occurs in the liver by a process known as transamination Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Protein metabolism is dependent on a vast number of endogenous mediators. These mediators define the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. Insulin is the major anabolic hormone and also has an important role in amino acid and protein homeostasis. During injury and stress two major alterations in insulin are noted: a catecholamine-mediated suppression of insulin release and an insulin resistance, leading to a release of skeletal muscle amino acid...
Words: 1717 - Pages: 7
...be diagnosed and 40,560 people will die in 2015 from pancreatic cancer (1). Over the years, there have been small strides made in regard to treating pancreatic cancer, but recently there has been a promising breakthrough dealing with a gene called protein kinase D1 (PKD1). Scientists have found a connection between this gene and the growth of pancreatic cancer and believe it could lead to new ways of halting the development of one of the most difficult tumors to treat (1). While it is still in early test stages, scientists are hoping this gene could unlock the secrets behind preventing and treating pancreatic cancer. Information on Pancreas and Pancreatic Cancer: The pancreas is a necessary organ in the digestive system as it helps to break down food so that the nutrients can be absorbed during the rest of the digestive process. The pancreas consists of two different glands, the exocrine and endocrine glands, and they serve two very different purposes. The exocrine gland releases pancreatic enzymes into ducts that mix with bile from the liver to break down food before it enters the small intestine; the...
Words: 1527 - Pages: 7
...Some examples of these types of organs include the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. Theses all help with assisting in digestion, they just aren’t apart of the major organs which are the major elements crucial to it. There are though, specific cells in each of these accessory organs that benefit the process. For the liver, it helps in producing bile which helps in digesting fat and breaking it down into smaller more manageable particles. Next, the gallbladder, which stores the bile produced by the liver. It is also interesting to know that humans are capable of living without a gallbladder. Last, we have the pancreas which aids in secreting enzymes into the duodenum. The pancreas is made up of Endocrine and Exocrine tissue. The Endocrine tissue produces hormones while the exocrine tissue produces digestive enzymes. In a nut shell, what is the ultimate fate of the digested chicken and rice? Well, because rice is a carbohydrate, it is much easier to digest. Simple sugars found in the rice are thus absorbed in the small intestine, and in turn, the bloodstream. As for the chicken, chicken is a protein, and...
Words: 832 - Pages: 4
...School of Nursing, Midwifery and Interprofessional Studies. With reference to acid-base balance explore the role of the respiratory system in maintaining blood pH? ‘We live and die at the cellular level’ (Reid, 2011). Homeostasis is crucial for normal cellular function. Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis and refers to the balance between the production and elimination of H+ hydrogen ions (pH) within the body fluids (William, Simpkins, 2001, p.236). Metabolic reactions within the cells often produce a huge excess of H+. Lack of any mechanism for its excretion would lead H+ levels in body fluids rise quickly to the lethal levels (Tortora, Grabowski 2006, p.1001); therefore the homeostasis of the right H+ levels is crucial for our survival. In a healthy person several systems work interdependently on maintaining blood’s pH (Sheldon, 2001, p.23): buffer, renal and respiratory systems. In this essay I will concentrate on the pH of the blood in relation to the acid-base balance and the role that respiratory system has in maintaining it. Blood pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.4 is considered neutral in the systemic arterial blood within its narrow range of around 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH is greater than 7.45 the blood is considered to be alkalotic and when the pH is lower than 7.35 then the blood is considered acidotic (Sheldon, 2001, p.23). Fig. 1: Diagram of blood pH scale: (JupiterIonizer, 2004) The acidity or alkalinity...
Words: 2965 - Pages: 12
...Maggie A. Balacua BOM25 Hormones secreted by the main Endocrine Glands: Endocrine Gland | Hormone(s) Secreted | Function(s) of Hormones | | | | (1) Hypothalamus | Part of the Brain: The Control and Relay Centre of the Endocrine System. | (2) Pituitary | Known as the "Master Gland", this part of the brain consists of three lobes called "anterior", "interior" and "posterior". | Posterior | * Oxytocin | * Stimulates utrine contraction and brest contraction for milk release. | Posterior | * Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH), also known as "vasopressin" | * Stimulates re-absorption of water from kidney tubules. * Hypo- causes Diabetes Insipidus (large amounts of urine produced). | Anterior | * Prolactin (PRL) | * Production of breast milk (works in men too). | Anterior | * Human Growth Hormone (HGH) | * Growth * Hypo- Dwarfism * Hyper- Gigantism | | * Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | * Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxin. | Anterior | * Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) | * Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce: Corticosteriods: * mineral corticoids * glucocorticoids * cortisol (natural anti-inflammatory) * androgens, e.g. acdosterone | Anterior | * Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | * Brings about ovulation and maintains the corpus luteum. | Anterior | * Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | * Stimulates growth/development of Graafin follicles (= a mature follicle in...
Words: 1186 - Pages: 5
...Heredity and Hormones BEH/225 February 6, 2013 L Heredity and Hormones Heredity and hormones work jointly to influence behavior. They both influence human behavior but from very different aspects. Heredity is qualities, traits, and characteristics passed from generation to generation through genes. Whether a person has blue or brown eyes tall or short these are things passed on through heredity, however it is not just the physical attributes that can be inherited from generation to generation, intelligence and personality traits and behavior can be inherited also. The nature vs nurture plays a role in heredity as well because even though some behavior is inherited environmental factors can have a major influence on human behavior. The environment can mold human behavior and can also reinforce heredity which contributes to behavior. The heredity aspect of human behavior is so delicate and complex that is more difficult to understand or describe. Hormones approach on the influence of human behavior is not as subtle as heredity. Hormonal changes can cause physical changes especially in stages of adolescents for girls in boys. Hormones can cause changes in men and women. Hormonal changes can also cause certain behaviors to occur such as depression and aggression and a series of other things that can be responsible for causing psychological disorders. Hormones make it easier to measure the influences it has on behavior then heredity is. The endocrine system plays a major...
Words: 551 - Pages: 3
...things such as hair and eye color, height, weight, and skin color (Morris & Maisto, 2005). They also pass genes and traits through chromosomes that help form the psychological aspects within a person’s life. This type of genetics is behavioral genetics. Disorders like schizophrenia and depression are passed through genes as part of behavioral genetics(Morris & Maisto, 2005). The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete different hormones. Some glands regulate how specific organs function while other glands regulate how a person behaves these glands fall under two categories exocrine and endocrine. Glands that help regulate how a person behaves are thyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal body, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes (Turley, 2007). While most of these glands are influenced by the secretions of the pituitary gland, they all regulate specific bodily functions and release their hormones directly into the blood and not through ducts (Turley, 2007). A normally functioning body will have the appropriate amounts of hormones released into the body, if the glands malfunction then people would notice a difference in how they feel and behave. Psychologists also research the evolutionary root of behaviors and mental processes. This is called evolutionary psychology. The limbic system is a ring of loosely connected structures located between the central core and the cerebral hemispheres in the brain (Morris & Maisto, 2005)...
Words: 416 - Pages: 2
...the Anatomical location of the Pancreas relative to the other organs in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity. The pancreas is an “elongated, tapered” organ that sits behind the stomach, across the back of the abdomen. The widest part of the pancreas is called the head and lies in the curve of the duodenum (1st section of s. intestine). The body of the pancreas extends slightly upward, and the tail of the pancreas ends near the spleen. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/liver_biliary_pancreatic_disease/pancreas_anatomy_function/Pages/index.aspx Describe the functional anatomy of the duct system that conveys bile from the liver and digestive juice from the pancreas to the lumen of the duodenum. Pancreatic juice is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes that travel through the pancreatic ducts directly into the lumen of the duodenum. Chyme is partially digested food that travels from the stomach into the duodenum, and trypsm, amylase, and lipase are the digestive enzymes which break down proteins, starches, and fats and are carried to the duodenum from the stomach. The liver manufactures and secretes Bile, which is a fluid released into the duodenum that aids in digestion of fat. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.visualhistology.com/products/atlas/VHA_Chpt14_Pancreas_Liver_And_Gallbladder.html Briefly outline the endocrine and exocrine functions of the Pancreas. The pancreas contains two glands, both the endocrine...
Words: 306 - Pages: 2
...two. She wanted to live her life to the fullest and not be sick from chemo. At that moment every minute was precious time left with mom and I wanted to be by her side every minute of every day. This is the true story of a beautiful life cut short from cancer. Her Last Days This research paper will explain the main function of the pancreas and why pancreatic cancer is it so deadly? It will reveal how a person can live without a complete pancreas? This essay will cover the five stages of grief my mother experienced. I will attempt to explain the emotional aspect my mother went through. It will also talk about hospice and how they assisted us through the process. Lastly, my paper will cover how strong my mother’s faith in God was and still is. What is the main function of the pancreas? This gland is positioned in the epigastric portion of the abdomen tuck in behind the stomach (NCBI, 2011). The pancreas has very important jobs in the body in order to sustain life. The pancreas secretes special hormones called insulin and the insulin binds with the glucose. This is a delicate balance that constantly goes on in the body. If the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin to bind with the glucose then the blood sugar goes too high and can cause a lot of different health...
Words: 1451 - Pages: 6
...The Gross Structure of Body Systems The Gross Structure of Body Systems Contents page: Cardiovascular: Page 1 Respiratory: Page 2 Digestive system: Page 3 Renal: Page 4 Nervous system: Page 5 Endocrine: Page 6, 7 Reproductive system (both genders): Page 8 Musculoskeletal: Page 9 Section through bone: Page 10 Skin: Page 11 Immune System: 12 Lymphatic System: 12 Cardiovascular: The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and about 5 litres of blood that the blood vessels transport. The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest-working organ, which is the heart. The heart: The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body’s circulatory pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the various arteries (which provide oxygen and nutrients to body tissues by transporting the blood throughout the body). The heart is located in the thoracic cavity medial to the lungs and posterior to the sternum. Arteries: The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: •The intima, is the inner layer lined...
Words: 3182 - Pages: 13
...University of Phoenix Material Body Systems and Diseases Complete the table below for the required systems listed. You are required to list four to six of the main organs of each body system, one or two sentences explaining the function of the system itself in your own words, and a short list of five to six major diseases that afflict each system. This assignment is due in Week One. |System |Organs in the System |Function of the System |Major Diseases Afflicting the System | |Nervous System |Brain |The most impost important |Alzheimer | | |Spinal Cord |system in our body which |Parkinson | | |Peripheral System |assist the nerve impulses to |Epilepsy | | | |control what is receive and |Stroke | | | |process. |Multiple sclerosis | |Cardiovascular System |Heart |The cardiovascular system |Coronary artery | | |Blood Vessels |helps food and air (oxygen) to|Heart...
Words: 566 - Pages: 3
...3U0Turner05 December 2014 | | Introduction Enzymes are proteins which help break down chemical substances such as other proteins, carbohydrates or fats that are necessary for life (Novozymes, 2014). In this experiment, the effects of water, pancreatic juice, and trypsin solutions were observed on milk. The use of the phenol red indicator helps detect the pH level. The lower pH level will cause the colour to shift from red to orange, and possibly to yellow; if no reaction takes place, then colour will stay the same red/ pink hue. Question Has each of the enzymes broken down the perspective substrate (fat molecules) in milk? Hypothesis The human digestive tract has a complex process of digesting and absorbing nutrients. The pancreas is in accessory organ that produces pancreatic juices, which contains numerous enzymes that chemically digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (Dunlop et al, 2010). Because the enzymes of the pancreatic fluid can break down lipids, with this one can assume that the test tube which contains pancreatic juices will have more of a reaction. Either test tube B, C, or D will have the greatest outcome because they contain the enzymes (lipase, trypsin) to break down the fat molecules of the milk. Materials 4 test tubesTest tube rack500mL beakerRetort stand | Milk solutionPancreatic juice solutionHot plateGlass rod | Phenol red indicatorTrypsin solutionThermometer | Procedure : 1. Water bath was prepared by using the 500mL beaker...
Words: 1463 - Pages: 6
...Acute pancreatitis is a sudden and serious swelling of the pancreas. The amount of inflammation ranges from mild swelling/fluid buildup to extreme tissue death. This disease usually and equally affects middle-aged men and women; however, the percentage of African Americans with acute pancreatitis is three times higher than in Caucasians. Many factors make up the etiology of acute pancreatitis; gallbladder disease being the number one cause (most common in women) followed by chronic alcohol intake as the second most common cause (most common in men). Other causes of acute pancreatitis include vascular diseases, viral infections, abscesses, cystic fibrosis, trauma, penetrating duodenal ulcers, metabolic disorders, certain drugs, Kaposi sarcoma,...
Words: 897 - Pages: 4
...system of glands and each gland has a type of hormone that secretes directly into the bloodstream. It helps coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactions the endocrine system, it also works with the nervous system because together they are constantly transferring chemicals to each other. The endocrine system has five glands and they all produce hormones for different things, they produce hormones and they spread through the bloodstream. We have a thyroid gland that produces thyroxin, which is a primary hormone that helps regulate the body’s metabolism. We also have a pineal gland, which creates the hormone melatonin, and this hormone helps with sleep-wake cycles. The parathyroids are four tiny organs that control balance. The pancreas controls the level of sugar in the blood this is controlled by two hormones: insulin and glucagon. The gland that produces the most hormones is the pituitary gland the hormones controls high blood pressure, thirst, sexual behavior and other body functions. The pituitary gland is the master gland because it affects other glands. Our endocrine system has a gland that produces hormones and if the hormones are not produced correctly it affects the behavior with our body. Other things affect us on in human behavior. We have two things that influences or affects the heredity on human behavior, which are behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology. The difference between behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology is that behavior genetics...
Words: 390 - Pages: 2
...FORENSIC SCIENCE 3.1 [pic] The frontalis, orbicularis oris, laris oculi, buccinators and zygomaticus are muscles that are responsible for showing facial expressions such as surprise, anger, fear, disgust, amongst other emotions. The temporalis and the masseter muscle are responsible for chewing movements. The sterncleidomastoid and trapezius are neck muscles and can be associated with the throat. 3.2 The principal organs that comprise the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. These organs also consist of various tissues including nerve, blood and connective tissue. All together the organs and various tissues carry out the activities of the nervous system. The activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three overlapping functions. The first of these functions is sensory. There are millions of sensory receptors that detect changes which occur on the inside and outside of the body. They monitor things such as temperature, light and sound from the external environment and from the internal environment they detect variations in pressure, PH, carbon dioxide. All of this gathered information is called sensory output which is converted into electrical signals called nerve impulses which are transmitted to the brain. These signals are then brought together to create sensations, to add a memory or to produce thoughts. The decisions that are made each moment based on the sensory input is the second function, integration...
Words: 2083 - Pages: 9
